Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter presents three more crucial ideas in the interpretation of the Tractatus. The first is ‘resolution’; it discusses attempts to articulate quite what ‘resolute readings’ of the Tractatus ...
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This chapter presents three more crucial ideas in the interpretation of the Tractatus. The first is ‘resolution’; it discusses attempts to articulate quite what ‘resolute readings’ of the Tractatus involve and introduces some of the main criticisms that critics of ‘resolution’ offer. The second is an understanding of what it might be to ‘elucidate’ nonsense. This understanding, which is presented partly through an exploration of examples of nonsense from Lewis Carroll’s work, shows a certain sense in talking about ‘understanding nonsense’ and nonsense having a ‘logic’. The third is an interpretation of the intent behind Wittgenstein’s remarks about ‘internal relations’ and ‘internal properties’. These ideas are drawn upon in the interpretation of the Tractatus as a working-through of the confused pseudo-logic of con-formism.Less
This chapter presents three more crucial ideas in the interpretation of the Tractatus. The first is ‘resolution’; it discusses attempts to articulate quite what ‘resolute readings’ of the Tractatus involve and introduces some of the main criticisms that critics of ‘resolution’ offer. The second is an understanding of what it might be to ‘elucidate’ nonsense. This understanding, which is presented partly through an exploration of examples of nonsense from Lewis Carroll’s work, shows a certain sense in talking about ‘understanding nonsense’ and nonsense having a ‘logic’. The third is an interpretation of the intent behind Wittgenstein’s remarks about ‘internal relations’ and ‘internal properties’. These ideas are drawn upon in the interpretation of the Tractatus as a working-through of the confused pseudo-logic of con-formism.
Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter presents some of the crucial proposals that the Tractatus offers concerning the nature of objects, facts, propositions, names, and what he calls ‘the internal relation of depicting that ...
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This chapter presents some of the crucial proposals that the Tractatus offers concerning the nature of objects, facts, propositions, names, and what he calls ‘the internal relation of depicting that holds between language and world’. It explores how Wittgenstein defends these proposals on the grounds that they free us from any commitment to there being impossibly ‘substantial’ logical truths. It sketches a possible interpretation of those proposals as articulating, nonetheless, a species of what is called ‘con-formism’ (cf. Ch.1), a species which is distinctive in being, strictly speaking, inexpressible. It goes on to argue that this interpretation is mistaken. An argument against con-formism is presented and how Wittgenstein’s sign/symbol distinction helps to articulate the confusion that con-formism embodies is explained.Less
This chapter presents some of the crucial proposals that the Tractatus offers concerning the nature of objects, facts, propositions, names, and what he calls ‘the internal relation of depicting that holds between language and world’. It explores how Wittgenstein defends these proposals on the grounds that they free us from any commitment to there being impossibly ‘substantial’ logical truths. It sketches a possible interpretation of those proposals as articulating, nonetheless, a species of what is called ‘con-formism’ (cf. Ch.1), a species which is distinctive in being, strictly speaking, inexpressible. It goes on to argue that this interpretation is mistaken. An argument against con-formism is presented and how Wittgenstein’s sign/symbol distinction helps to articulate the confusion that con-formism embodies is explained.
Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter reviews how the author’s reading presents those features of the Tractatus (described in Ch. 1) that Wittgenstein himself described as crucial. It clarifies the interpretation of the ...
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This chapter reviews how the author’s reading presents those features of the Tractatus (described in Ch. 1) that Wittgenstein himself described as crucial. It clarifies the interpretation of the say/show distinction and explains how that theme runs through the many and superficially diverse interests of the book. It offers an interpretation of why Wittgenstein said that the ‘point’ of the Tractatus is ethical and connects this interpretation to his reflections on logical truth. Crucial to the diverse forms of philosophical confusion discussed is a spiritually significant willingness to confusedly endow words with a life of their own: this enchanting of, and enchantment by words transposes on to them, and the world which we then see them as ‘fitting’, responsibilities that are actually ours to bear.Less
This chapter reviews how the author’s reading presents those features of the Tractatus (described in Ch. 1) that Wittgenstein himself described as crucial. It clarifies the interpretation of the say/show distinction and explains how that theme runs through the many and superficially diverse interests of the book. It offers an interpretation of why Wittgenstein said that the ‘point’ of the Tractatus is ethical and connects this interpretation to his reflections on logical truth. Crucial to the diverse forms of philosophical confusion discussed is a spiritually significant willingness to confusedly endow words with a life of their own: this enchanting of, and enchantment by words transposes on to them, and the world which we then see them as ‘fitting’, responsibilities that are actually ours to bear.
Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
Guided by the picture analogy, this chapter explores further how we succumb to the illusion that a con-formity between language and world underpins meaningful language use. It is argued that this ...
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Guided by the picture analogy, this chapter explores further how we succumb to the illusion that a con-formity between language and world underpins meaningful language use. It is argued that this illusion emerges as a result of our both having adopted particular ‘methods of comparison’ and failing to recognize that very adoption; certain equivocations over what we mean by ‘objects’ and ‘names’ — in other words, yet more sign/symbol conflations — serve to disguise this confusion, and hence, to conjure up this illusion. The role of Wittgenstein’s remarks about the ‘internal relatedness’ of propositions and names, and objects and names, in articulating and drawing our attention to the above confusions is further explored.Less
Guided by the picture analogy, this chapter explores further how we succumb to the illusion that a con-formity between language and world underpins meaningful language use. It is argued that this illusion emerges as a result of our both having adopted particular ‘methods of comparison’ and failing to recognize that very adoption; certain equivocations over what we mean by ‘objects’ and ‘names’ — in other words, yet more sign/symbol conflations — serve to disguise this confusion, and hence, to conjure up this illusion. The role of Wittgenstein’s remarks about the ‘internal relatedness’ of propositions and names, and objects and names, in articulating and drawing our attention to the above confusions is further explored.
Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter returns to Wittgenstein’s proposals about ‘objects’ in order to reveal how they can also be seen as reflecting our failure to ascribe sense to the notion of the thinker ‘coming to’ or ...
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This chapter returns to Wittgenstein’s proposals about ‘objects’ in order to reveal how they can also be seen as reflecting our failure to ascribe sense to the notion of the thinker ‘coming to’ or indeed already being ‘in contact with’ its world. We cannot make sense of deep worries about the capacity of ‘what we think about’ to be thought about: there are no questions to be raised in connection with the referents of the terms of the ultimate analyses of our propositions, about ‘their existence’, ‘their composition’, or ‘how they can combine to form facts’. But that points not to how the world must be constituted in order for thought to be possible, but to a confusion at the root of the idea of ‘thought being possible’.Less
This chapter returns to Wittgenstein’s proposals about ‘objects’ in order to reveal how they can also be seen as reflecting our failure to ascribe sense to the notion of the thinker ‘coming to’ or indeed already being ‘in contact with’ its world. We cannot make sense of deep worries about the capacity of ‘what we think about’ to be thought about: there are no questions to be raised in connection with the referents of the terms of the ultimate analyses of our propositions, about ‘their existence’, ‘their composition’, or ‘how they can combine to form facts’. But that points not to how the world must be constituted in order for thought to be possible, but to a confusion at the root of the idea of ‘thought being possible’.
Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter examines the Tractatus’ discussion of thought and subjectivity, particularly its remarks concerning the ‘internal relatedness’ of thoughts and their constituents, thoughts and facts, and ...
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This chapter examines the Tractatus’ discussion of thought and subjectivity, particularly its remarks concerning the ‘internal relatedness’ of thoughts and their constituents, thoughts and facts, and subject and world. By reflecting on the notion of first language learning, a sense is identified in which subject and world might be said to be ‘internally related’: we can make no sense of the notion of the subject ‘coming to’ or indeed already being ‘in contact with’ its world. On this basis, a reading is presented of Wittgenstein’s puzzling and apparently sympathetic remarks about solipsism. In discussing and criticising alternative interpretations of the ‘internal relation’ between subject and world, further light is shed on the notion that Wittgenstein is casting doubt on whether we have a clear idea of what it is for thought to be ‘intelligible’ and for language to be ‘meaningful’ to ‘work’.Less
This chapter examines the Tractatus’ discussion of thought and subjectivity, particularly its remarks concerning the ‘internal relatedness’ of thoughts and their constituents, thoughts and facts, and subject and world. By reflecting on the notion of first language learning, a sense is identified in which subject and world might be said to be ‘internally related’: we can make no sense of the notion of the subject ‘coming to’ or indeed already being ‘in contact with’ its world. On this basis, a reading is presented of Wittgenstein’s puzzling and apparently sympathetic remarks about solipsism. In discussing and criticising alternative interpretations of the ‘internal relation’ between subject and world, further light is shed on the notion that Wittgenstein is casting doubt on whether we have a clear idea of what it is for thought to be ‘intelligible’ and for language to be ‘meaningful’ to ‘work’.
Robert Brenner
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264034
- eISBN:
- 9780191734601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264034.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
During the first half of the twentieth century there was widespread agreement as to whether the way to understand the historical emergence of economic development in the West was through the ...
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During the first half of the twentieth century there was widespread agreement as to whether the way to understand the historical emergence of economic development in the West was through the theoretical lens provided by Adam Smith. This chapter critiques Smith's view of the transition through which the pre-capitalist social property relations were transformed into capitalist property relations – a transition that is believed to have been mistakenly attributed by Smith to the expansion of trade. It is argued instead that the rise of capitalist social property relations in England, which led to economic development, was instead catalyzed by the growth of specialization, investment, and the rising labour productivity in agriculture. In addition, it is argued that industrial and economic development were caused by the separation of the manufacturing from the peasantry.Less
During the first half of the twentieth century there was widespread agreement as to whether the way to understand the historical emergence of economic development in the West was through the theoretical lens provided by Adam Smith. This chapter critiques Smith's view of the transition through which the pre-capitalist social property relations were transformed into capitalist property relations – a transition that is believed to have been mistakenly attributed by Smith to the expansion of trade. It is argued instead that the rise of capitalist social property relations in England, which led to economic development, was instead catalyzed by the growth of specialization, investment, and the rising labour productivity in agriculture. In addition, it is argued that industrial and economic development were caused by the separation of the manufacturing from the peasantry.
Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter looks back once again at Wittgenstein’s methodology, picking out aspects that may be more easily understood in the light of Chs. 5-9. It examines further the ‘elucidatory’ method ...
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This chapter looks back once again at Wittgenstein’s methodology, picking out aspects that may be more easily understood in the light of Chs. 5-9. It examines further the ‘elucidatory’ method Wittgenstein uses in the Tractatus, its ‘therapeutic’ character, its necessarily ‘argumentative’ form, and its relationship to what he calls ‘the only strictly correct method in philosophy’. The author’s interpretation is placed in relation to claims made by other ‘resolute’ readers and criticisms made of ‘resolute’ approaches.Less
This chapter looks back once again at Wittgenstein’s methodology, picking out aspects that may be more easily understood in the light of Chs. 5-9. It examines further the ‘elucidatory’ method Wittgenstein uses in the Tractatus, its ‘therapeutic’ character, its necessarily ‘argumentative’ form, and its relationship to what he calls ‘the only strictly correct method in philosophy’. The author’s interpretation is placed in relation to claims made by other ‘resolute’ readers and criticisms made of ‘resolute’ approaches.
Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter argues that Wittgenstein’s proposal that ethics is ‘inexpressible’ represents a rung on a ‘ladder’ that is to be ‘climbed’ and then ‘thrown away’. Evidence presented in the previous ...
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This chapter argues that Wittgenstein’s proposal that ethics is ‘inexpressible’ represents a rung on a ‘ladder’ that is to be ‘climbed’ and then ‘thrown away’. Evidence presented in the previous chapter is reviewed and other aspects of that evidence explored. It is argued that the forms of ‘inexpressible knowledge’ to which Wittgenstein leads us in his reflections on ethics — and logic — only loom if one is already under the influence of confused notions of what ‘knowledge’, ‘reasons’, and ‘expression’ represent in these spheres; confusions to a recognition of which Wittgenstein’s talk of ‘the inexpressible’ is meant to lead us. As elsewhere in the Tractatus, such talk leads us to recognize that confusions underpin philosophical projects to which we are committed, confusions that, once again, arise out of certain sign/symbol equivocations. How this realisation modulates the previous chapter’s proposals concerning ‘conscience’ and ‘decency’ is explored.Less
This chapter argues that Wittgenstein’s proposal that ethics is ‘inexpressible’ represents a rung on a ‘ladder’ that is to be ‘climbed’ and then ‘thrown away’. Evidence presented in the previous chapter is reviewed and other aspects of that evidence explored. It is argued that the forms of ‘inexpressible knowledge’ to which Wittgenstein leads us in his reflections on ethics — and logic — only loom if one is already under the influence of confused notions of what ‘knowledge’, ‘reasons’, and ‘expression’ represent in these spheres; confusions to a recognition of which Wittgenstein’s talk of ‘the inexpressible’ is meant to lead us. As elsewhere in the Tractatus, such talk leads us to recognize that confusions underpin philosophical projects to which we are committed, confusions that, once again, arise out of certain sign/symbol equivocations. How this realisation modulates the previous chapter’s proposals concerning ‘conscience’ and ‘decency’ is explored.
Gernot Grabher and David Stark
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290209
- eISBN:
- 9780191684791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290209.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Political Economy
Recombinant property is a form of organizational hedging, or portfolio management, in which actors respond to uncertainty in the organizational environment by diversifying their assets, and ...
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Recombinant property is a form of organizational hedging, or portfolio management, in which actors respond to uncertainty in the organizational environment by diversifying their assets, and redefining and recombining resources. It is an attempt to hold resources that can be justified or assessed by more than one standard of measure. This chapter investigates the recombinatory logic of organizational innovation in the restructuring of property relations in Hungary. It asks: are the recombinant processes resulting in a new type of mixed economy as a distinctively East European capitalism? It also looks into the decentralized reorganization of assets. The last section considers three aspects of recombinant property in terms of three underlying concepts — mixture, diversity, and complexity.Less
Recombinant property is a form of organizational hedging, or portfolio management, in which actors respond to uncertainty in the organizational environment by diversifying their assets, and redefining and recombining resources. It is an attempt to hold resources that can be justified or assessed by more than one standard of measure. This chapter investigates the recombinatory logic of organizational innovation in the restructuring of property relations in Hungary. It asks: are the recombinant processes resulting in a new type of mixed economy as a distinctively East European capitalism? It also looks into the decentralized reorganization of assets. The last section considers three aspects of recombinant property in terms of three underlying concepts — mixture, diversity, and complexity.
Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter presents an interpretation of Wittgenstein’s proposal that we see propositions as analogous to pictures. Thinking through this analogy in the way that Wittgenstein suggests reveals both ...
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This chapter presents an interpretation of Wittgenstein’s proposal that we see propositions as analogous to pictures. Thinking through this analogy in the way that Wittgenstein suggests reveals both a certain truth in his proposal that propositions and the names that make up those propositions are ‘internally related’, and a confusion in the belief that there is a substantial and philosophically interesting ‘relation’ to be found here. It is argued that the picture analogy helps us recognize ‘the illogical’ as merely the product of sign/symbol confusions, something that is not recognized by those who attempt to explain how ‘the logical’ differs from ‘the illogical’ on the basis of a substantial philosophy of thought and language.Less
This chapter presents an interpretation of Wittgenstein’s proposal that we see propositions as analogous to pictures. Thinking through this analogy in the way that Wittgenstein suggests reveals both a certain truth in his proposal that propositions and the names that make up those propositions are ‘internally related’, and a confusion in the belief that there is a substantial and philosophically interesting ‘relation’ to be found here. It is argued that the picture analogy helps us recognize ‘the illogical’ as merely the product of sign/symbol confusions, something that is not recognized by those who attempt to explain how ‘the logical’ differs from ‘the illogical’ on the basis of a substantial philosophy of thought and language.
Denis McManus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288021
- eISBN:
- 9780191713446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288021.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter discusses how Wittgenstein’s conception of ‘the illogical’ as sign/symbol confusion affects our understanding of logical and ontological ‘types’. It explores the notion that the ...
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This chapter discusses how Wittgenstein’s conception of ‘the illogical’ as sign/symbol confusion affects our understanding of logical and ontological ‘types’. It explores the notion that the confusion that ‘the illogical’ embodies needs to be addressed by introducing novel notations rather than constructing theories of logical and ontological ‘types’. It considers what talk of such ‘types’ amounts to if there is no real task for such theories to perform.Less
This chapter discusses how Wittgenstein’s conception of ‘the illogical’ as sign/symbol confusion affects our understanding of logical and ontological ‘types’. It explores the notion that the confusion that ‘the illogical’ embodies needs to be addressed by introducing novel notations rather than constructing theories of logical and ontological ‘types’. It considers what talk of such ‘types’ amounts to if there is no real task for such theories to perform.
Joel Bernstein
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199236565
- eISBN:
- 9780191707940
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236565.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Polymorphism — the multiplicity of structures or forms — is a term used in many disciplines. In chemistry, it refers to the existence of more than one crystal structure for a particular chemical ...
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Polymorphism — the multiplicity of structures or forms — is a term used in many disciplines. In chemistry, it refers to the existence of more than one crystal structure for a particular chemical substance. The properties of a substance are determined by its composition and by its structure. In the last three decades there has been a sharp rise in the interest in polymorphic systems, as an intrinsically interesting phenomenon and as an increasingly important component in the development and marketing of a variety of materials based on organic molecules (e.g., pharmaceuticals, dyes, pigments, explosives, etc.). This book summarizes and brings up to date (as of 2002) the current knowledge and understanding of polymorphism of molecular crystals, and concentrates it in one comprehensive source. The opening chapter deals with nomenclature, a historical perspective of the phenomenon, and the industrial and commercial importance of polymorphism. This is followed by chapters covering fundamental concepts used in the description and study of polymorphism, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of polymorph formation, the control of the polymorph obtained, analytical techniques for studying and characterizing polymorphs, conformational polymorphism, and the use of polymorphism to study structure-property relations in molecular crystals. Three individual chapters cover aspects of polymorphism in pharmaceuticals, dyes and pigments, and high energy materials. A final chapter covers some aspects of polymorphism and patents, another aspect of the subject of particular importance to the pharmaceutical industry.Less
Polymorphism — the multiplicity of structures or forms — is a term used in many disciplines. In chemistry, it refers to the existence of more than one crystal structure for a particular chemical substance. The properties of a substance are determined by its composition and by its structure. In the last three decades there has been a sharp rise in the interest in polymorphic systems, as an intrinsically interesting phenomenon and as an increasingly important component in the development and marketing of a variety of materials based on organic molecules (e.g., pharmaceuticals, dyes, pigments, explosives, etc.). This book summarizes and brings up to date (as of 2002) the current knowledge and understanding of polymorphism of molecular crystals, and concentrates it in one comprehensive source. The opening chapter deals with nomenclature, a historical perspective of the phenomenon, and the industrial and commercial importance of polymorphism. This is followed by chapters covering fundamental concepts used in the description and study of polymorphism, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of polymorph formation, the control of the polymorph obtained, analytical techniques for studying and characterizing polymorphs, conformational polymorphism, and the use of polymorphism to study structure-property relations in molecular crystals. Three individual chapters cover aspects of polymorphism in pharmaceuticals, dyes and pigments, and high energy materials. A final chapter covers some aspects of polymorphism and patents, another aspect of the subject of particular importance to the pharmaceutical industry.
John Hatcher and Mark Bailey
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199244119
- eISBN:
- 9780191697333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244119.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, Economic History
This chapter deals with the explanation that the key to economic development is in the social relations and political and legal institutions of society. Whereas population and resources models ...
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This chapter deals with the explanation that the key to economic development is in the social relations and political and legal institutions of society. Whereas population and resources models concentrate on such matters as the density of settlement, soil quality, agricultural yields, rents, prices, wages, standards of living, and population trends, the models discussed in this chapter stress the leading roles played by the contrasting lifestyles and priorities of lords and peasants, the conflictive relations between landlords and tenants, and the institutions of feudalism, vassalage, and villeinage in determining the pace and direction of economic change. The last part of the chapter presents some general remarks about the strengths and weaknesses of Marxist models of economic and social development. It assesses the main Marxist models as they relate to the periods before and after the Black Death.Less
This chapter deals with the explanation that the key to economic development is in the social relations and political and legal institutions of society. Whereas population and resources models concentrate on such matters as the density of settlement, soil quality, agricultural yields, rents, prices, wages, standards of living, and population trends, the models discussed in this chapter stress the leading roles played by the contrasting lifestyles and priorities of lords and peasants, the conflictive relations between landlords and tenants, and the institutions of feudalism, vassalage, and villeinage in determining the pace and direction of economic change. The last part of the chapter presents some general remarks about the strengths and weaknesses of Marxist models of economic and social development. It assesses the main Marxist models as they relate to the periods before and after the Black Death.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The differenciae specificae of prairie and pampean development lay in their property relation regimes. The distribution and use of land, labour, and capital established the context in which ...
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The differenciae specificae of prairie and pampean development lay in their property relation regimes. The distribution and use of land, labour, and capital established the context in which individuals — landowners, landless, tenants, and wage labourers — forged their strategies of material advancement. Property relations implied unforeseeable consequences in the long run: by buttressing property relations based on owner-occupation of the means of production, individuals undermined the financial stability of the regional economy of the prairies; and by enhancing the estancia-dominated pampas, individuals inhibited the development of technology or the forces of production.Less
The differenciae specificae of prairie and pampean development lay in their property relation regimes. The distribution and use of land, labour, and capital established the context in which individuals — landowners, landless, tenants, and wage labourers — forged their strategies of material advancement. Property relations implied unforeseeable consequences in the long run: by buttressing property relations based on owner-occupation of the means of production, individuals undermined the financial stability of the regional economy of the prairies; and by enhancing the estancia-dominated pampas, individuals inhibited the development of technology or the forces of production.
Loren Schweninger
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807835692
- eISBN:
- 9781469601625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807837504_schweninger
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In the antebellum South, divorce was an explosive issue. As one lawmaker put it, divorce was to be viewed as a form of “madness,” and as another asserted, divorce reduced communities to the “lowest ...
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In the antebellum South, divorce was an explosive issue. As one lawmaker put it, divorce was to be viewed as a form of “madness,” and as another asserted, divorce reduced communities to the “lowest ebb of degeneracy.” How was it that in this climate, the number of divorces rose steadily during the antebellum era? This book uses previously unexplored records to argue that the difficulties these divorcing families faced reveal much about the reality of life in a slave-holding society as well as the myriad difficulties confronted by white southern families who chose not to divorce. Basing his argument on almost 800 divorce cases from the southern United States, the author explores the impact of divorce and separation on white families and on the enslaved, and provides insights on issues including domestic violence, interracial adultery, alcoholism, insanity, and property relations. He examines how divorce and separation laws changed, how married women's property rights expanded, how definitions of inhuman treatment of wives evolved, and how these divorces challenged conventional mores.Less
In the antebellum South, divorce was an explosive issue. As one lawmaker put it, divorce was to be viewed as a form of “madness,” and as another asserted, divorce reduced communities to the “lowest ebb of degeneracy.” How was it that in this climate, the number of divorces rose steadily during the antebellum era? This book uses previously unexplored records to argue that the difficulties these divorcing families faced reveal much about the reality of life in a slave-holding society as well as the myriad difficulties confronted by white southern families who chose not to divorce. Basing his argument on almost 800 divorce cases from the southern United States, the author explores the impact of divorce and separation on white families and on the enslaved, and provides insights on issues including domestic violence, interracial adultery, alcoholism, insanity, and property relations. He examines how divorce and separation laws changed, how married women's property rights expanded, how definitions of inhuman treatment of wives evolved, and how these divorces challenged conventional mores.
Jeremy Adelman
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This book provides a study of settlement and expansions on the frontier lands in Canada and Argentina during their ‘Golden Years’ of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This book challenges many ...
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This book provides a study of settlement and expansions on the frontier lands in Canada and Argentina during their ‘Golden Years’ of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This book challenges many of the assumptions made about the economic ‘success’ of North America and the ‘failure’ of Latin America. Based on extensive primary research in Argentina, Canada, and Britain, this book points to the central importance of property relations in economic history. The distribution, control, and use of land, labour, and capital shaped these emerging economies. At the centre of the analysis is the development of family farming in Canada, and large estates in Argentina. Each system presented opportunities and posed costs — Argentine estates proving more efficient than hitherto argued, while Canadian farms involved high social and economic costs. The approach taken here suggests directions for future research for comparative historians.Less
This book provides a study of settlement and expansions on the frontier lands in Canada and Argentina during their ‘Golden Years’ of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This book challenges many of the assumptions made about the economic ‘success’ of North America and the ‘failure’ of Latin America. Based on extensive primary research in Argentina, Canada, and Britain, this book points to the central importance of property relations in economic history. The distribution, control, and use of land, labour, and capital shaped these emerging economies. At the centre of the analysis is the development of family farming in Canada, and large estates in Argentina. Each system presented opportunities and posed costs — Argentine estates proving more efficient than hitherto argued, while Canadian farms involved high social and economic costs. The approach taken here suggests directions for future research for comparative historians.
Karen R. Merrill
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520228627
- eISBN:
- 9780520926882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520228627.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter considers the Taylor Grazing Act as a political instrument to adjudicate existing property relations and rights. It also investigates a range of angles on the act, beginning with the ...
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This chapter considers the Taylor Grazing Act as a political instrument to adjudicate existing property relations and rights. It also investigates a range of angles on the act, beginning with the view from Washington at the time the bill was under consideration. It then describes how organized ranchers and the new grazing officials in the Department of the Interior understood the implications of the Taylor Grazing Act on ranchers' property interests. It explores how the rearrangement of property relations sparked an administrative battle in Washington indicative of the powerful attachments that public land agencies had to public property. When Harold Ickes spoke of the department's “custodianship of a vast national estate,” he also signaled an important shift in the relationship of the West to the federal government and to the rest of the country. Real property was at the center of the two departments' desires to consolidate their administrative control.Less
This chapter considers the Taylor Grazing Act as a political instrument to adjudicate existing property relations and rights. It also investigates a range of angles on the act, beginning with the view from Washington at the time the bill was under consideration. It then describes how organized ranchers and the new grazing officials in the Department of the Interior understood the implications of the Taylor Grazing Act on ranchers' property interests. It explores how the rearrangement of property relations sparked an administrative battle in Washington indicative of the powerful attachments that public land agencies had to public property. When Harold Ickes spoke of the department's “custodianship of a vast national estate,” he also signaled an important shift in the relationship of the West to the federal government and to the rest of the country. Real property was at the center of the two departments' desires to consolidate their administrative control.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Creating a credit system to encourage the flow of resources to the frontier posed an enormous challenge to frontier expansion. Without credit, rapid commercialization for credit helped finance the ...
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Creating a credit system to encourage the flow of resources to the frontier posed an enormous challenge to frontier expansion. Without credit, rapid commercialization for credit helped finance the procurement of technology and livestock necessary to run a farm. This chapter describes agricultural finance on the pampas and the prairies. The structure of rural finance on the pampas and the prairies differed markedly. The variance, conditioned by existing property relations, had to do with both the demand and supply of finance. The confluence of supply and demand for finance reinforced the property relations regime: ample finance allowed prairie farmers to spread across the grasslands to become the dominant class in the west, while exiguous finance kept tenants in an underclass position, and enhanced the power of the estancia, which enjoyed a better position to exploit financial resources.Less
Creating a credit system to encourage the flow of resources to the frontier posed an enormous challenge to frontier expansion. Without credit, rapid commercialization for credit helped finance the procurement of technology and livestock necessary to run a farm. This chapter describes agricultural finance on the pampas and the prairies. The structure of rural finance on the pampas and the prairies differed markedly. The variance, conditioned by existing property relations, had to do with both the demand and supply of finance. The confluence of supply and demand for finance reinforced the property relations regime: ample finance allowed prairie farmers to spread across the grasslands to become the dominant class in the west, while exiguous finance kept tenants in an underclass position, and enhanced the power of the estancia, which enjoyed a better position to exploit financial resources.
Joel Bernstein
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199655441
- eISBN:
- 9780191872853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199655441.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Chapter 6 deals with the connection between the structure and properties of solids as revealed and studied in polymorphic systems. The subject is divided into properties that depend on the one hand ...
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Chapter 6 deals with the connection between the structure and properties of solids as revealed and studied in polymorphic systems. The subject is divided into properties that depend on the one hand on the bulk—that is, the three-dimensional arrangement of the molecules and the interactions among them—and on the other hand the consideration of the crystal as an “oriented gas” serving to act as a matrix for the molecules to permit the study of molecular properties. Among the properties described in the former category are electrical conductivity, organic magnetic materials, photovoltaicity and photoconductivity, second harmonic generation, chromoisomerism, photochromism, thermochromism and mechanochromism, and the mechanosalient effect. The latter category includes a discussion of spectroscopic studies (infrared, Raman, and ultraviolet/visible), excimer phenomena, time-resolved studies of excited states, photochemical reactions and thermal and gas reactions, along with a variety of emission phenomena. The chapter closes with a brief survey of rapidly emerging and developing high pressure studiesLess
Chapter 6 deals with the connection between the structure and properties of solids as revealed and studied in polymorphic systems. The subject is divided into properties that depend on the one hand on the bulk—that is, the three-dimensional arrangement of the molecules and the interactions among them—and on the other hand the consideration of the crystal as an “oriented gas” serving to act as a matrix for the molecules to permit the study of molecular properties. Among the properties described in the former category are electrical conductivity, organic magnetic materials, photovoltaicity and photoconductivity, second harmonic generation, chromoisomerism, photochromism, thermochromism and mechanochromism, and the mechanosalient effect. The latter category includes a discussion of spectroscopic studies (infrared, Raman, and ultraviolet/visible), excimer phenomena, time-resolved studies of excited states, photochemical reactions and thermal and gas reactions, along with a variety of emission phenomena. The chapter closes with a brief survey of rapidly emerging and developing high pressure studies