Michael Quinlan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199563944
- eISBN:
- 9780191721274
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563944.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book reflects the author's experience across more than forty years in assessing and helping to shape policy about nuclear weapons, mostly at senior levels close to the centre both of British ...
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This book reflects the author's experience across more than forty years in assessing and helping to shape policy about nuclear weapons, mostly at senior levels close to the centre both of British governmental decision-making and of NATO's development of plans and deployments, with much interaction also with comparable levels of United States activity in the Pentagon and the State Department. From this exceptional background of practical experience Part I of this book seeks to distill basic conceptual ways of understanding the nuclear revolution—the transformation brought about by the existence of nuclear weapons, and their significance in preventing major war. It also surveys NATO's progressive development of thinking about nuclear deterrence, and then discusses the deep moral dilemmas posed—for all possible standpoints—by the existence of such weapons. Part II considers the risks and costs of nuclear-weapon possession, including proliferation dangers, and looks at both successful and unsuccessful ideas for risk-management. Part III illustrates specific issues by reviewing the history and current policies of one long-established possessor, the United Kingdom, and two more recent ones in South Asia. Part IV turns to the future, examines the goal of the eventual abolition of all nuclear armouries, and then discusses the practical agenda, short of such a goal, which governments can usefully tackle in reducing the risks of proliferation and other dangers while not surrendering prematurely the war-prevention benefits which nuclear weapons have brought since 1945.Less
This book reflects the author's experience across more than forty years in assessing and helping to shape policy about nuclear weapons, mostly at senior levels close to the centre both of British governmental decision-making and of NATO's development of plans and deployments, with much interaction also with comparable levels of United States activity in the Pentagon and the State Department. From this exceptional background of practical experience Part I of this book seeks to distill basic conceptual ways of understanding the nuclear revolution—the transformation brought about by the existence of nuclear weapons, and their significance in preventing major war. It also surveys NATO's progressive development of thinking about nuclear deterrence, and then discusses the deep moral dilemmas posed—for all possible standpoints—by the existence of such weapons. Part II considers the risks and costs of nuclear-weapon possession, including proliferation dangers, and looks at both successful and unsuccessful ideas for risk-management. Part III illustrates specific issues by reviewing the history and current policies of one long-established possessor, the United Kingdom, and two more recent ones in South Asia. Part IV turns to the future, examines the goal of the eventual abolition of all nuclear armouries, and then discusses the practical agenda, short of such a goal, which governments can usefully tackle in reducing the risks of proliferation and other dangers while not surrendering prematurely the war-prevention benefits which nuclear weapons have brought since 1945.
Scott Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199211890
- eISBN:
- 9780191695827
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211890.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Climate change, nuclear proliferation, and the threat of a global pandemic have the potential to impact each of our lives. Preventing these threats poses a serious global challenge, but ignoring them ...
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Climate change, nuclear proliferation, and the threat of a global pandemic have the potential to impact each of our lives. Preventing these threats poses a serious global challenge, but ignoring them could have disastrous consequences. How do we engineer institutions to change incentives so that these global public goods are provided? This book provides an introduction to the issues surrounding the provision of global public goods. Using a variety of examples to illustrate past successes and failures, the book shows how international cooperation, institutional design, and the clever use of incentives can work together to ensure the effective delivery of global public goods.Less
Climate change, nuclear proliferation, and the threat of a global pandemic have the potential to impact each of our lives. Preventing these threats poses a serious global challenge, but ignoring them could have disastrous consequences. How do we engineer institutions to change incentives so that these global public goods are provided? This book provides an introduction to the issues surrounding the provision of global public goods. Using a variety of examples to illustrate past successes and failures, the book shows how international cooperation, institutional design, and the clever use of incentives can work together to ensure the effective delivery of global public goods.
Daniel H. Joyner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204908
- eISBN:
- 9780191709470
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204908.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) technologies is by no means a new concern for the international community. Indeed, since the signing of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty in ...
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Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) technologies is by no means a new concern for the international community. Indeed, since the signing of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty in 1968, tremendous energies have been expended upon diplomatic efforts to create a web of treaties and international organizations regulating the production and stockpiling of WMD sensitive materials within states, as well as their spread through the increasingly globalized channels of international trade to other states and non-state actors. However, the intervention in 2003 by Western powers in Iraq has served as an illustration of the importance of greater understanding of and attention to this area of law, as disagreements over its content and application have once again lead to a potentially destabilizing armed intervention by members of the United Nations into the sovereign territory of another member state. Other ongoing disputes between states regarding the character of obligations work assumed under non-proliferation treaty instruments, and the effect of international organizations' decisions in this area, form some of the most contentious and potentially destabilizing issues of foreign policy concern for many states.Less
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) technologies is by no means a new concern for the international community. Indeed, since the signing of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty in 1968, tremendous energies have been expended upon diplomatic efforts to create a web of treaties and international organizations regulating the production and stockpiling of WMD sensitive materials within states, as well as their spread through the increasingly globalized channels of international trade to other states and non-state actors. However, the intervention in 2003 by Western powers in Iraq has served as an illustration of the importance of greater understanding of and attention to this area of law, as disagreements over its content and application have once again lead to a potentially destabilizing armed intervention by members of the United Nations into the sovereign territory of another member state. Other ongoing disputes between states regarding the character of obligations work assumed under non-proliferation treaty instruments, and the effect of international organizations' decisions in this area, form some of the most contentious and potentially destabilizing issues of foreign policy concern for many states.
Harsh Pant (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073963
- eISBN:
- 9780199080809
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073963.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
In October 2008, United States President, George W. Bush signed a law allowing civilian nuclear trade with India. The US-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Non-proliferation Enhancement Act was a ...
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In October 2008, United States President, George W. Bush signed a law allowing civilian nuclear trade with India. The US-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Non-proliferation Enhancement Act was a historic turning point in relations between two countries that used to distrust each other but eventually decided to form a ‘strategic partnership’. Their nuclear energy cooperation agreement has important implications for Indian foreign policy and broader international relations. This book presents a thorough and insightful analysis of the process of negotiations that culminated in the 2008 nuclear pact between India and the United States. It examines the agreement in the broader context of the role played by international institutions in international politics, emphasizing how the nuclear weapons non-proliferation priorities of major powers are often overridden by strategic considerations. In particular, the book discusses the structural as well as domestic determinants of the US-India entente, the determinants of the entente at the individual level, India's ‘two-level’ negotiations, and the nuclear agreement's challenge to the nuclear non-proliferation regime.Less
In October 2008, United States President, George W. Bush signed a law allowing civilian nuclear trade with India. The US-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Non-proliferation Enhancement Act was a historic turning point in relations between two countries that used to distrust each other but eventually decided to form a ‘strategic partnership’. Their nuclear energy cooperation agreement has important implications for Indian foreign policy and broader international relations. This book presents a thorough and insightful analysis of the process of negotiations that culminated in the 2008 nuclear pact between India and the United States. It examines the agreement in the broader context of the role played by international institutions in international politics, emphasizing how the nuclear weapons non-proliferation priorities of major powers are often overridden by strategic considerations. In particular, the book discusses the structural as well as domestic determinants of the US-India entente, the determinants of the entente at the individual level, India's ‘two-level’ negotiations, and the nuclear agreement's challenge to the nuclear non-proliferation regime.
Robert Eric Frykenberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198263777
- eISBN:
- 9780191714191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263777.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the initial expansions of the ‘Word of God’ and Christianity across the world. It then discusses the primal religions and Christianity, and ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the initial expansions of the ‘Word of God’ and Christianity across the world. It then discusses the primal religions and Christianity, and attempts to write a history of Christianity in India.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the initial expansions of the ‘Word of God’ and Christianity across the world. It then discusses the primal religions and Christianity, and attempts to write a history of Christianity in India.
Daniel H. Joyner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199227358
- eISBN:
- 9780191728488
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227358.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The 1968 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty has proven the most complicated and controversial of all arms control treaties, both in principle and in practice. Statements of nuclear-weapon States from ...
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The 1968 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty has proven the most complicated and controversial of all arms control treaties, both in principle and in practice. Statements of nuclear-weapon States from the Cold War to the present, led by the United States, show a disproportionate prioritization of the non-proliferation pillar of the Treaty, and an unwarranted underprioritization of the civilian energy development and disarmament pillars of the treaty. This book argues that the way in which nuclear-weapon States have interpreted the Treaty has laid the legal foundation for a number of policies related to trade in civilian nuclear energy technologies and nuclear weapons disarmament. These policies circumscribe the rights of non-nuclear-weapon States under Article IV of the Treaty by imposing conditions on the supply of civilian nuclear technologies. They also provide for the renewal and maintenance, and in some cases further development, of the nuclear weapons arsenals of nuclear-weapon States. The book provides a legal analysis of this trend in treaty interpretation by nuclear-weapon States and the policies for which it has provided legal justification. It argues, through a close and systematic examination of the Treaty by reference to the rules of treaty interpretation found in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, that this disproportionate prioritization of the non-proliferation pillar of the Treaty leads to erroneous legal interpretations in light of the original balance of principles underlying the Treaty, prejudicing the legitimate legal interests of non-nuclear-weapon States.Less
The 1968 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty has proven the most complicated and controversial of all arms control treaties, both in principle and in practice. Statements of nuclear-weapon States from the Cold War to the present, led by the United States, show a disproportionate prioritization of the non-proliferation pillar of the Treaty, and an unwarranted underprioritization of the civilian energy development and disarmament pillars of the treaty. This book argues that the way in which nuclear-weapon States have interpreted the Treaty has laid the legal foundation for a number of policies related to trade in civilian nuclear energy technologies and nuclear weapons disarmament. These policies circumscribe the rights of non-nuclear-weapon States under Article IV of the Treaty by imposing conditions on the supply of civilian nuclear technologies. They also provide for the renewal and maintenance, and in some cases further development, of the nuclear weapons arsenals of nuclear-weapon States. The book provides a legal analysis of this trend in treaty interpretation by nuclear-weapon States and the policies for which it has provided legal justification. It argues, through a close and systematic examination of the Treaty by reference to the rules of treaty interpretation found in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, that this disproportionate prioritization of the non-proliferation pillar of the Treaty leads to erroneous legal interpretations in light of the original balance of principles underlying the Treaty, prejudicing the legitimate legal interests of non-nuclear-weapon States.
Michael Quinlan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199563944
- eISBN:
- 9780191721274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563944.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter first recapitulates the history of Indian and Pakistani approaches to nuclear-weapon capability, leading up to the 1998 explosive tests. It considers the significance of the 1999 Kargil ...
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This chapter first recapitulates the history of Indian and Pakistani approaches to nuclear-weapon capability, leading up to the 1998 explosive tests. It considers the significance of the 1999 Kargil crisis and the 2001–2 mobilization stand-off, and notes the damaging Pakistani episode of A. Q. Khan's ‘nuclear black market’. It summarizes what is publicly known about the nuclear doctrines and operational capabilities of the two countries, and notes the complication of achieving war-prevention stability amid the asymmetries between them. It observes that recent relaxations in tension, as over Kashmir, are not irreversible, and posits a set of principles that might help to enhance stability and reduce costs in their deterrent interface. Finally, it looks at their relationship to the global non-proliferation regime, including the controversial US/India deal on nuclear energy.Less
This chapter first recapitulates the history of Indian and Pakistani approaches to nuclear-weapon capability, leading up to the 1998 explosive tests. It considers the significance of the 1999 Kargil crisis and the 2001–2 mobilization stand-off, and notes the damaging Pakistani episode of A. Q. Khan's ‘nuclear black market’. It summarizes what is publicly known about the nuclear doctrines and operational capabilities of the two countries, and notes the complication of achieving war-prevention stability amid the asymmetries between them. It observes that recent relaxations in tension, as over Kashmir, are not irreversible, and posits a set of principles that might help to enhance stability and reduce costs in their deterrent interface. Finally, it looks at their relationship to the global non-proliferation regime, including the controversial US/India deal on nuclear energy.
Michael Quinlan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199563944
- eISBN:
- 9780191721274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563944.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This final chapter considers what action might be taken, short of the at-best-distant abolitionist goal, to constrain the risks and costs and to optimize the peace-maintaining contribution of nuclear ...
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This final chapter considers what action might be taken, short of the at-best-distant abolitionist goal, to constrain the risks and costs and to optimize the peace-maintaining contribution of nuclear armouries while they continue to exist. Drawing largely upon earlier chapters, it summarizes what needs to be done in the non-proliferation field both over problem countries and in remedying wider systemic weaknesses. It reviews the potential for further steps, especially though not only by the United States and Russia, on nuclear disarmament and related issues such as transparency and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). It notes the scope for improving doctrines and postures, for example, by clarifying the ‘no first use’ issue and by ending any remaining arrangements for holding nuclear forces at short notice to launch. Finally, it recalls that though this direct nuclear-weapon agenda is still important, the central path to dependable peace and security must still be primarily a matter of basic political advance in resolving disputes and improving structures for managing them.Less
This final chapter considers what action might be taken, short of the at-best-distant abolitionist goal, to constrain the risks and costs and to optimize the peace-maintaining contribution of nuclear armouries while they continue to exist. Drawing largely upon earlier chapters, it summarizes what needs to be done in the non-proliferation field both over problem countries and in remedying wider systemic weaknesses. It reviews the potential for further steps, especially though not only by the United States and Russia, on nuclear disarmament and related issues such as transparency and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). It notes the scope for improving doctrines and postures, for example, by clarifying the ‘no first use’ issue and by ending any remaining arrangements for holding nuclear forces at short notice to launch. Finally, it recalls that though this direct nuclear-weapon agenda is still important, the central path to dependable peace and security must still be primarily a matter of basic political advance in resolving disputes and improving structures for managing them.
Michael Quinlan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199563944
- eISBN:
- 9780191721274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563944.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter considers why the spread of nuclear weapons to new possessors has been generally recognized as dangerous, and then notes the array of instruments, centred upon the 1968 Nuclear ...
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This chapter considers why the spread of nuclear weapons to new possessors has been generally recognized as dangerous, and then notes the array of instruments, centred upon the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), that has been built up to prevent this. It discusses problems about the asymmetrical character of the Treaty, and brings out that the Treaty embodies three main bargains of which disarmament by the tolerated nuclear-weapon possessors is only one. It acknowledges nevertheless that such disarmament needs to be taken further if whole-hearted support for the Treaty-centred regime, pressure upon problem states like North Korea and Iran, and acceptance of the burdens and constraints which the regime entails are to be maintained, and if the need is to be acted upon, preferably at the 2010 Treaty review conference, to remedy regime weaknesses concerning verification, the right of withdrawal, and reconciling the prevention of wider weapon-proliferation potential with the likely spread of nuclear energy.Less
This chapter considers why the spread of nuclear weapons to new possessors has been generally recognized as dangerous, and then notes the array of instruments, centred upon the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), that has been built up to prevent this. It discusses problems about the asymmetrical character of the Treaty, and brings out that the Treaty embodies three main bargains of which disarmament by the tolerated nuclear-weapon possessors is only one. It acknowledges nevertheless that such disarmament needs to be taken further if whole-hearted support for the Treaty-centred regime, pressure upon problem states like North Korea and Iran, and acceptance of the burdens and constraints which the regime entails are to be maintained, and if the need is to be acted upon, preferably at the 2010 Treaty review conference, to remedy regime weaknesses concerning verification, the right of withdrawal, and reconciling the prevention of wider weapon-proliferation potential with the likely spread of nuclear energy.
Daniel H. Joyner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199227358
- eISBN:
- 9780191728488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227358.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the book. This book is a thesis driven text which applies the rules of treaty interpretation in international law to produce a so-called ‘holistic ...
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This introductory chapter presents an overview of the book. This book is a thesis driven text which applies the rules of treaty interpretation in international law to produce a so-called ‘holistic interpretation’ of the 1968 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT). The unifying thesis of this book is that the original balance of principles underlying the NPT, which can be distilled through an application of the principles of treaty interpretation contained in Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, has for over a decade been distorted particularly by nuclear-weapon-possessing governments, led by the United States, in favour of a disproportionate prioritization of non-proliferation principles, and an unwarranted under-prioritization of peaceful use and disarmament principles. It is argued that this distortion of principled balance by nuclear-weapon states has resulted in a number of erroneous legal interpretations of the NPT's provisions.Less
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the book. This book is a thesis driven text which applies the rules of treaty interpretation in international law to produce a so-called ‘holistic interpretation’ of the 1968 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT). The unifying thesis of this book is that the original balance of principles underlying the NPT, which can be distilled through an application of the principles of treaty interpretation contained in Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, has for over a decade been distorted particularly by nuclear-weapon-possessing governments, led by the United States, in favour of a disproportionate prioritization of non-proliferation principles, and an unwarranted under-prioritization of peaceful use and disarmament principles. It is argued that this distortion of principled balance by nuclear-weapon states has resulted in a number of erroneous legal interpretations of the NPT's provisions.
Ian Bellany
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067969
- eISBN:
- 9781781701324
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067969.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book provides an introduction to the technical aspects of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. It considers nuclear weapons from varying perspectives, including the technology perspective, which ...
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This book provides an introduction to the technical aspects of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. It considers nuclear weapons from varying perspectives, including the technology perspective, which views them as spillovers from nuclear energy programmes; and the theoretical perspective, which looks at the collision between national and international security involved in nuclear proliferation. The book aims to demonstrate that international security is unlikely to benefit from encouraging the spread of nuclear weapons except in situations where the security complex is already largely nuclearised. The political constraints on nuclear spread as solutions to the security dilemma are also examined in three linked categories, including a discussion of the phenomenon of nuclear-free zones, with particular emphasis on the zone covering Latin America. The remarkably consistent anti-proliferation policies of the United States are debated, and the nuclear non-proliferation treaty itself, with special attention paid to the International Atomic Energy Agency's safeguards system, is frankly appraised.Less
This book provides an introduction to the technical aspects of nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. It considers nuclear weapons from varying perspectives, including the technology perspective, which views them as spillovers from nuclear energy programmes; and the theoretical perspective, which looks at the collision between national and international security involved in nuclear proliferation. The book aims to demonstrate that international security is unlikely to benefit from encouraging the spread of nuclear weapons except in situations where the security complex is already largely nuclearised. The political constraints on nuclear spread as solutions to the security dilemma are also examined in three linked categories, including a discussion of the phenomenon of nuclear-free zones, with particular emphasis on the zone covering Latin America. The remarkably consistent anti-proliferation policies of the United States are debated, and the nuclear non-proliferation treaty itself, with special attention paid to the International Atomic Energy Agency's safeguards system, is frankly appraised.
Daniel H. Joyner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204908
- eISBN:
- 9780191709470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204908.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations political bodies in creating, facilitating, maintaining, and enforcing international law on the subject of the proliferation of weapons of mass ...
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This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations political bodies in creating, facilitating, maintaining, and enforcing international law on the subject of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. As the cornerstone international organization in the area of international peace and security, the United Nations has had a long history of engagement with the issue of WMD proliferation, beginning with the very first General Assembly Resolution on January 24, 1946. The UN Charter itself gives to the political bodies of the organization specific powers to participate in the creation of new international law on issues of WMD proliferation, as well as special powers of enforcement of non-proliferation law to the UN Security Council.Less
This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations political bodies in creating, facilitating, maintaining, and enforcing international law on the subject of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. As the cornerstone international organization in the area of international peace and security, the United Nations has had a long history of engagement with the issue of WMD proliferation, beginning with the very first General Assembly Resolution on January 24, 1946. The UN Charter itself gives to the political bodies of the organization specific powers to participate in the creation of new international law on issues of WMD proliferation, as well as special powers of enforcement of non-proliferation law to the UN Security Council.
Gawdat Bahgat
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813031668
- eISBN:
- 9780813039114
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813031668.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
Why do some countries seek to acquire nuclear weapons? How can they be convinced to give up these aspirations? These are the underlying questions in this new study of nuclear proliferation in six key ...
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Why do some countries seek to acquire nuclear weapons? How can they be convinced to give up these aspirations? These are the underlying questions in this new study of nuclear proliferation in six key Middle East countries: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Libya, and Saudi Arabia. The book looks at the economic and political forces that shape this threat to world peace and at the prospects—“largely unrealistic”, it states—of establishing a nuclear weapons free zone in the region in the foreseeable future. While national security concerns are the main drive behind nuclear choices, other historical and military factors—national pride, regime stability, and perceptions and attitudes of leadership, among others—also contribute to weapons proliferation. Though the situation in each country examined in this book is unique, there are similarities. The book demonstrates that national security concerns must be addressed to reduce the incentives for proliferation—not only of nuclear weapons, but also missiles and chemical and biological weapons.Less
Why do some countries seek to acquire nuclear weapons? How can they be convinced to give up these aspirations? These are the underlying questions in this new study of nuclear proliferation in six key Middle East countries: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Libya, and Saudi Arabia. The book looks at the economic and political forces that shape this threat to world peace and at the prospects—“largely unrealistic”, it states—of establishing a nuclear weapons free zone in the region in the foreseeable future. While national security concerns are the main drive behind nuclear choices, other historical and military factors—national pride, regime stability, and perceptions and attitudes of leadership, among others—also contribute to weapons proliferation. Though the situation in each country examined in this book is unique, there are similarities. The book demonstrates that national security concerns must be addressed to reduce the incentives for proliferation—not only of nuclear weapons, but also missiles and chemical and biological weapons.
Aslı Ü. Bâli
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199781577
- eISBN:
- 9780199932887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199781577.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter seeks to address, through the prism of recent debates about the tension between legality and legitimacy, the erosion of the norm of nonproliferation. The legality-legitimacy debate ...
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This chapter seeks to address, through the prism of recent debates about the tension between legality and legitimacy, the erosion of the norm of nonproliferation. The legality-legitimacy debate intersects with questions surrounding nonproliferation in two respects. First, arguments for counter-proliferation might employ the logic of legitimacy to justify interventions to prevent weapons proliferation in the absence of clear legal authorization. A second, and distinct, set of arguments point to a gap between legality and legitimacy in the case of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), stemming from the failure of the nuclear weapon states to implement their disarmament obligations. In this chapter, I argue that without a re-linking of the nonproliferation and disarmament components of the NPT and a retreat from the interventionist logic of counter-proliferation, the perceived legitimacy of the nonproliferation regime, and ultimately its enforceability, will be seriously damaged.Less
This chapter seeks to address, through the prism of recent debates about the tension between legality and legitimacy, the erosion of the norm of nonproliferation. The legality-legitimacy debate intersects with questions surrounding nonproliferation in two respects. First, arguments for counter-proliferation might employ the logic of legitimacy to justify interventions to prevent weapons proliferation in the absence of clear legal authorization. A second, and distinct, set of arguments point to a gap between legality and legitimacy in the case of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), stemming from the failure of the nuclear weapon states to implement their disarmament obligations. In this chapter, I argue that without a re-linking of the nonproliferation and disarmament components of the NPT and a retreat from the interventionist logic of counter-proliferation, the perceived legitimacy of the nonproliferation regime, and ultimately its enforceability, will be seriously damaged.
Vipin Narang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159829
- eISBN:
- 9781400850402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter reiterates the findings explored in this book and discusses their implications. In doing so, the chapter stresses the significance of the posited optimization theory. This theory is the ...
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This chapter reiterates the findings explored in this book and discusses their implications. In doing so, the chapter stresses the significance of the posited optimization theory. This theory is the first comparative theory of regional power nuclear postures. Against the full universe of empirical cases involving selection of nuclear posture—a decision that unfolds deliberately over many years and often over many leaders—optimization theory is the most valid theory available. It is also the first broadly comparative theory for why states select the nuclear postures they do, suggesting that states may be rational to sacrifice deterrent power in certain security environments and under particular organizational and relative endowment circumstances. In addition, the chapter closes the volume by detailing some avenues for further research, as well as some concluding insights.Less
This chapter reiterates the findings explored in this book and discusses their implications. In doing so, the chapter stresses the significance of the posited optimization theory. This theory is the first comparative theory of regional power nuclear postures. Against the full universe of empirical cases involving selection of nuclear posture—a decision that unfolds deliberately over many years and often over many leaders—optimization theory is the most valid theory available. It is also the first broadly comparative theory for why states select the nuclear postures they do, suggesting that states may be rational to sacrifice deterrent power in certain security environments and under particular organizational and relative endowment circumstances. In addition, the chapter closes the volume by detailing some avenues for further research, as well as some concluding insights.
Malcolm W. Klein and Cheryl L. Maxson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195163445
- eISBN:
- 9780199943340
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195163445.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
In the past two decades, many prevention and suppression programs have been initiated on a national and local level to combat street gangs—but what do we really know about them? Why do youths join ...
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In the past two decades, many prevention and suppression programs have been initiated on a national and local level to combat street gangs—but what do we really know about them? Why do youths join them? Why do they proliferate? This book is a crucial update and critical examination of our understanding of gangs and major gang-control programs across the nation. Often perceived solely as an urban issue, street gangs are also a suburban and rural dilemma. The chapters focus on gang proliferation, migration, and crime patterns, and highlight known risk factors that lead youths to form and join gangs within communities. Dispelling the long-standing assumptions that the public, the media, and law enforcement have about street gangs, they present a comprehensive overview of how gangs are organized and structured. They assess the major gang programs across the nation and argue that existing prevention, intervention, and suppression methods targeting individuals, groups, and communities, have been largely ineffective. They then close by offering valuable policy guidelines for practitioners on how to intervene and control gangs more successfully. The book fills an important gap in the literature on street gangs and social control.Less
In the past two decades, many prevention and suppression programs have been initiated on a national and local level to combat street gangs—but what do we really know about them? Why do youths join them? Why do they proliferate? This book is a crucial update and critical examination of our understanding of gangs and major gang-control programs across the nation. Often perceived solely as an urban issue, street gangs are also a suburban and rural dilemma. The chapters focus on gang proliferation, migration, and crime patterns, and highlight known risk factors that lead youths to form and join gangs within communities. Dispelling the long-standing assumptions that the public, the media, and law enforcement have about street gangs, they present a comprehensive overview of how gangs are organized and structured. They assess the major gang programs across the nation and argue that existing prevention, intervention, and suppression methods targeting individuals, groups, and communities, have been largely ineffective. They then close by offering valuable policy guidelines for practitioners on how to intervene and control gangs more successfully. The book fills an important gap in the literature on street gangs and social control.
Harsh V. Pant
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073963
- eISBN:
- 9780199080809
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073963.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
After more than three years of diplomatic negotiations, India and the United States signed a nuclear pact in October 2008. The agreement, which allows civilian nuclear trade between the two ...
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After more than three years of diplomatic negotiations, India and the United States signed a nuclear pact in October 2008. The agreement, which allows civilian nuclear trade between the two countries, symbolized a turning point in US-India relations after a disagreement on the latter's nuclear weapons programme. This book examines the factors involved in the US-India nuclear agreement, focusing on actors, influences, and processes in international politics. It employs a Levels of Analysis approach to analyse issues and events in international relations at the international, state, and individual levels. It also discusses the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the debate in India over the liability bill, and President Barack Obama's priorities regarding non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.Less
After more than three years of diplomatic negotiations, India and the United States signed a nuclear pact in October 2008. The agreement, which allows civilian nuclear trade between the two countries, symbolized a turning point in US-India relations after a disagreement on the latter's nuclear weapons programme. This book examines the factors involved in the US-India nuclear agreement, focusing on actors, influences, and processes in international politics. It employs a Levels of Analysis approach to analyse issues and events in international relations at the international, state, and individual levels. It also discusses the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the debate in India over the liability bill, and President Barack Obama's priorities regarding non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
Kwesi Aning
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199578986
- eISBN:
- 9780191595202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578986.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
Ghana has had a turbulent political history with frequent military interventions in domestic politics. While such disruptions have always ended with a return to democratic governance, the ...
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Ghana has had a turbulent political history with frequent military interventions in domestic politics. While such disruptions have always ended with a return to democratic governance, the militarization of politics has also had an unintended side effect, namely the militarization of sections of Ghanaian society. This chapter discusses how small arms and light weapons (SALW) availability potentially threatens human security in Ghana, and analyses the different perceptions between the state and the people about the lethality of SALW. It argues that the extent of the challenges posed by SALW is best understood by evaluating the nature and dimensions of SALW-related crimes. It discusses contemporary crime trends in Ghana and profiles perpetrators by exploring the sources of SALW flows and its impact on the economy. Furthermore, the chapter examines the legal framework governing SALW availability, import controls, and government responses. Due to the sensitivity and politicization of SALW issues in Ghana and the broader West African sub-region, the chapter also discusses the challenges of undertaking SALW-related research in Ghana and concludes with avenues and options for policy engagement.Less
Ghana has had a turbulent political history with frequent military interventions in domestic politics. While such disruptions have always ended with a return to democratic governance, the militarization of politics has also had an unintended side effect, namely the militarization of sections of Ghanaian society. This chapter discusses how small arms and light weapons (SALW) availability potentially threatens human security in Ghana, and analyses the different perceptions between the state and the people about the lethality of SALW. It argues that the extent of the challenges posed by SALW is best understood by evaluating the nature and dimensions of SALW-related crimes. It discusses contemporary crime trends in Ghana and profiles perpetrators by exploring the sources of SALW flows and its impact on the economy. Furthermore, the chapter examines the legal framework governing SALW availability, import controls, and government responses. Due to the sensitivity and politicization of SALW issues in Ghana and the broader West African sub-region, the chapter also discusses the challenges of undertaking SALW-related research in Ghana and concludes with avenues and options for policy engagement.
Daniel W. Drezner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199970087
- eISBN:
- 9780199333295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In recent years there has been a proliferation of international rules, laws, and institutional forms in world politics. Some policy makers, a fair number of international relations scholars, and many ...
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In recent years there has been a proliferation of international rules, laws, and institutional forms in world politics. Some policy makers, a fair number of international relations scholars, and many international lawyers posit that these trends will lead to more rule-based outcomes in world politics. This chapter suggests a contrary position: institutional thickness paradoxically weakens global governance structures. Institutional proliferation erodes the causal pathways through which regimes ostensibly strengthen international cooperation. After a certain point, therefore, the proliferation of regimes shifts global governance from rule-based outcomes to power-based outcomes. To demonstrate these effects, the chapter examines two cases: the aftermath of the 2001 Doha Declaration on intellectual property rights and public health, and recent efforts to create a WMD interdiction regime that permits the boarding of ships on the high seas. These cases show that state power can break down “viscosity” within global governance structures.Less
In recent years there has been a proliferation of international rules, laws, and institutional forms in world politics. Some policy makers, a fair number of international relations scholars, and many international lawyers posit that these trends will lead to more rule-based outcomes in world politics. This chapter suggests a contrary position: institutional thickness paradoxically weakens global governance structures. Institutional proliferation erodes the causal pathways through which regimes ostensibly strengthen international cooperation. After a certain point, therefore, the proliferation of regimes shifts global governance from rule-based outcomes to power-based outcomes. To demonstrate these effects, the chapter examines two cases: the aftermath of the 2001 Doha Declaration on intellectual property rights and public health, and recent efforts to create a WMD interdiction regime that permits the boarding of ships on the high seas. These cases show that state power can break down “viscosity” within global governance structures.
Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781503600362
- eISBN:
- 9781503601994
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503600362.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Because authoritarian regimes like North Korea can impose the costs of sanctions on their citizens, they constitute “hard targets.” Yet such regimes may also be immune—and even hostile—to economic ...
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Because authoritarian regimes like North Korea can impose the costs of sanctions on their citizens, they constitute “hard targets.” Yet such regimes may also be immune—and even hostile—to economic inducements if those inducements imply reform and opening. Can economic carrots and sticks by used effectively with respect to such systems? This book draws on an array of evidence—trade data, surveys of Chinese and South Korea firms doing business in North Korea, and an analysis of the country’s political structure—to capture the effects of sanctions and inducements. The book also provides a detailed reconstruction of the role of economic incentives in the bargaining over North Korea’s nuclear program. While it highlights the difficulties sanctions have faced, it also shows the reluctance of the leadership to weaken its grip on foreign economic activity, suggesting that inducements may have limited effect as well. The case is made through a detailed reconstruction of negotiations over North Korea’s nuclear program. Discussing parallels to Iran, the book urges policy makers to think in terms of gradual strategies—including informational ones—that may have effects only over the long run.Less
Because authoritarian regimes like North Korea can impose the costs of sanctions on their citizens, they constitute “hard targets.” Yet such regimes may also be immune—and even hostile—to economic inducements if those inducements imply reform and opening. Can economic carrots and sticks by used effectively with respect to such systems? This book draws on an array of evidence—trade data, surveys of Chinese and South Korea firms doing business in North Korea, and an analysis of the country’s political structure—to capture the effects of sanctions and inducements. The book also provides a detailed reconstruction of the role of economic incentives in the bargaining over North Korea’s nuclear program. While it highlights the difficulties sanctions have faced, it also shows the reluctance of the leadership to weaken its grip on foreign economic activity, suggesting that inducements may have limited effect as well. The case is made through a detailed reconstruction of negotiations over North Korea’s nuclear program. Discussing parallels to Iran, the book urges policy makers to think in terms of gradual strategies—including informational ones—that may have effects only over the long run.
