Philip Dawid, William Twining, and Mimi Vasilaki (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264843
- eISBN:
- 9780191754050
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264843.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Methodology and Statistics
Evidence — its nature and interpretation — is the key to many topical debates and concerns such as global warming, evolution, the search for weapons of mass destruction, DNA profiling, and ...
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Evidence — its nature and interpretation — is the key to many topical debates and concerns such as global warming, evolution, the search for weapons of mass destruction, DNA profiling, and evidence-based medicine. In 2004, University College London launched a cross-disciplinary research programme ‘Evidence, Inference and Enquiry’ to explore the question: ‘Can there be an integrated multidisciplinary science of evidence?’ While this question was hotly contested and no clear final consensus emerged, much was learned on the journey. This book, based on the closing conference of the programme held at the British Academy in December 2007, illustrates the complexity of the subject, with seventeen chapters written from a diversity of perspectives including Archaeology, Computer Science, Economics, Education, Health, History, Law, Psychology, Philosophy, and Statistics. General issues covered include principles and systems for handling complex evidence, evidence for policy-making, and human evidence-processing, as well as the very possibility of systematising the study of evidence.Less
Evidence — its nature and interpretation — is the key to many topical debates and concerns such as global warming, evolution, the search for weapons of mass destruction, DNA profiling, and evidence-based medicine. In 2004, University College London launched a cross-disciplinary research programme ‘Evidence, Inference and Enquiry’ to explore the question: ‘Can there be an integrated multidisciplinary science of evidence?’ While this question was hotly contested and no clear final consensus emerged, much was learned on the journey. This book, based on the closing conference of the programme held at the British Academy in December 2007, illustrates the complexity of the subject, with seventeen chapters written from a diversity of perspectives including Archaeology, Computer Science, Economics, Education, Health, History, Law, Psychology, Philosophy, and Statistics. General issues covered include principles and systems for handling complex evidence, evidence for policy-making, and human evidence-processing, as well as the very possibility of systematising the study of evidence.
Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Yongcheol Shin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199296859
- eISBN:
- 9780191603853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199296855.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter briefly reviews the econometric methods needed for the empirical analysis of cointegrating VAR models and the associated impulse response functions, including new materials (on the ...
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This chapter briefly reviews the econometric methods needed for the empirical analysis of cointegrating VAR models and the associated impulse response functions, including new materials (on the conditions under which error-correction models are mean-reverting, for example) that are particularly useful in practical macroeconometric modelling.Less
This chapter briefly reviews the econometric methods needed for the empirical analysis of cointegrating VAR models and the associated impulse response functions, including new materials (on the conditions under which error-correction models are mean-reverting, for example) that are particularly useful in practical macroeconometric modelling.
Gary A. Glatzmaier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141725
- eISBN:
- 9781400848904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141725.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter discusses double-diffusive convection, with a particular focus on the initial instability and eventual nonlinear evolution. It first considers the “salt-fingering” instability and then ...
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This chapter discusses double-diffusive convection, with a particular focus on the initial instability and eventual nonlinear evolution. It first considers the “salt-fingering” instability and then the “semiconvection” instability before discussing the possibility that the onsets of these instabilities at marginal stability have an amplitude that oscillates in time. The goal is to find the conditions that would result in a zero growth rate of the oscillation amplitude in order to determine the marginal stability constraint on the Rayleigh numbers for the onset of an oscillating instability. The chapter also shows how, after evolving beyond the onset of the instability, thermal diffusion between the moving parcel and the surroundings can alter the initial linear vertical profile of the horizontal-mean temperature into a “staircase” profile. This evolution of the temperature profile is investigated via nonlinear simulations.Less
This chapter discusses double-diffusive convection, with a particular focus on the initial instability and eventual nonlinear evolution. It first considers the “salt-fingering” instability and then the “semiconvection” instability before discussing the possibility that the onsets of these instabilities at marginal stability have an amplitude that oscillates in time. The goal is to find the conditions that would result in a zero growth rate of the oscillation amplitude in order to determine the marginal stability constraint on the Rayleigh numbers for the onset of an oscillating instability. The chapter also shows how, after evolving beyond the onset of the instability, thermal diffusion between the moving parcel and the surroundings can alter the initial linear vertical profile of the horizontal-mean temperature into a “staircase” profile. This evolution of the temperature profile is investigated via nonlinear simulations.
Jochen Clasen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199270712
- eISBN:
- 9780191603266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270716.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The chapter puts the book into the context of the contemporary discussion on welfare state reform, and reflects on major concepts and guiding notions, such as retrenchment, re-calibration, and ...
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The chapter puts the book into the context of the contemporary discussion on welfare state reform, and reflects on major concepts and guiding notions, such as retrenchment, re-calibration, and restructuring. It argues in favour of a robust conceptualisation and operationalisation of the ‘dependent variable’, combining both quantitative parameters, such as social spending, with qualitative ‘social rights’ indicators. Furthermore, the chapter underlines the interest both in capturing changes in policy direction (expansion or retrenchment) as well as in assessing policy profiles or patterns of change.Less
The chapter puts the book into the context of the contemporary discussion on welfare state reform, and reflects on major concepts and guiding notions, such as retrenchment, re-calibration, and restructuring. It argues in favour of a robust conceptualisation and operationalisation of the ‘dependent variable’, combining both quantitative parameters, such as social spending, with qualitative ‘social rights’ indicators. Furthermore, the chapter underlines the interest both in capturing changes in policy direction (expansion or retrenchment) as well as in assessing policy profiles or patterns of change.
Desmond King
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292494
- eISBN:
- 9780191599682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829249X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
King explains how segregated race relations, tolerated by the federal government, facilitated discrimination and inequality of treatment for Black Americans in federal departments and agencies. He ...
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King explains how segregated race relations, tolerated by the federal government, facilitated discrimination and inequality of treatment for Black Americans in federal departments and agencies. He focuses particularly on the two decades after Franklin Roosevelt's 1932 election and the effects of wartime mobilization. Moreover, King presents an occupational profile of the almost universally lowly positions attained by Black employees in government, and uses hearings from the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) and its successor bodies to examine how discrimination flourished and persisted within the ‘separate but equal’ framework.Less
King explains how segregated race relations, tolerated by the federal government, facilitated discrimination and inequality of treatment for Black Americans in federal departments and agencies. He focuses particularly on the two decades after Franklin Roosevelt's 1932 election and the effects of wartime mobilization. Moreover, King presents an occupational profile of the almost universally lowly positions attained by Black employees in government, and uses hearings from the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) and its successor bodies to examine how discrimination flourished and persisted within the ‘separate but equal’ framework.
Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198742005
- eISBN:
- 9780191599163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198742002.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The introduction discusses the idea of a mature welfare state, and shows that the welfare state of the 1970s can be regarded as mature basically because few, if any, major changes have occurred since ...
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The introduction discusses the idea of a mature welfare state, and shows that the welfare state of the 1970s can be regarded as mature basically because few, if any, major changes have occurred since then. Not only did the welfare state stabilize but so also did the embracing welfare regime. Looks at the welfare state crisis and the paradoxes within this, noting (as at the beginning of the book) that the shocks come principally from the labour market and declining family stability, thus bringing growing pressures on the welfare state itself, and implying that it needs to be examined. Suggests that it would be much more fruitful to analyse the crisis as pertaining to welfare regimes. Argues that the essence of the problem lies in the growing disjuncture between existing institutional arrangements and emerging risk profiles: the bottom‐line analytical question is how and under what conditions welfare regimes are being recast to respond to the new—post‐industrial—economic realities. The first two sections look at the public attitudes to the welfare state, and the welfare state as a Trojan horse. The following sections discuss new risks and new equalities of welfare regimes—how they deal with the Trojan horse—under the following headings: Managing the Labour Market; Labour Market Risks and Welfare Regimes; Family Risks and Welfare Regimes; and Welfare State Adaptation to Exogenous Shocks and New Risks.Less
The introduction discusses the idea of a mature welfare state, and shows that the welfare state of the 1970s can be regarded as mature basically because few, if any, major changes have occurred since then. Not only did the welfare state stabilize but so also did the embracing welfare regime. Looks at the welfare state crisis and the paradoxes within this, noting (as at the beginning of the book) that the shocks come principally from the labour market and declining family stability, thus bringing growing pressures on the welfare state itself, and implying that it needs to be examined. Suggests that it would be much more fruitful to analyse the crisis as pertaining to welfare regimes. Argues that the essence of the problem lies in the growing disjuncture between existing institutional arrangements and emerging risk profiles: the bottom‐line analytical question is how and under what conditions welfare regimes are being recast to respond to the new—post‐industrial—economic realities. The first two sections look at the public attitudes to the welfare state, and the welfare state as a Trojan horse. The following sections discuss new risks and new equalities of welfare regimes—how they deal with the Trojan horse—under the following headings: Managing the Labour Market; Labour Market Risks and Welfare Regimes; Family Risks and Welfare Regimes; and Welfare State Adaptation to Exogenous Shocks and New Risks.
Miki L. Caul and Mark M. Gray
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253098
- eISBN:
- 9780191599026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253099.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Examines whether the role of parties in policy‐making has changed substantially since the 1950s. The chapter uses data from the Comparative Manifestos Project and aggregate policy measures to assess ...
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Examines whether the role of parties in policy‐making has changed substantially since the 1950s. The chapter uses data from the Comparative Manifestos Project and aggregate policy measures to assess long‐term trends in parties’ policy positions, and governing parties’ impacts on policy outcomes for 15 advanced industrial democracies. The chapter first analyses how the parties’ policy profiles have changed over time. Second, it examines whether parties are becoming increasingly flexible in terms of the issues they emphasize, moving from a strategy of selling a consistent package of policies toward marketing an increasingly volatile variety of issues. Third, it analyses changes in the degree of partisan impact on policy outputs, concluding that despite a pattern of ideological convergence, there is less evidence that the policy impact of parties has eroded over time.Less
Examines whether the role of parties in policy‐making has changed substantially since the 1950s. The chapter uses data from the Comparative Manifestos Project and aggregate policy measures to assess long‐term trends in parties’ policy positions, and governing parties’ impacts on policy outcomes for 15 advanced industrial democracies. The chapter first analyses how the parties’ policy profiles have changed over time. Second, it examines whether parties are becoming increasingly flexible in terms of the issues they emphasize, moving from a strategy of selling a consistent package of policies toward marketing an increasingly volatile variety of issues. Third, it analyses changes in the degree of partisan impact on policy outputs, concluding that despite a pattern of ideological convergence, there is less evidence that the policy impact of parties has eroded over time.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Constructions are characterized in terms of four basic factors: correspondences, profiling, elaboration, and constituency. Correspondences are the basis for semantic and grammatical integration; they ...
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Constructions are characterized in terms of four basic factors: correspondences, profiling, elaboration, and constituency. Correspondences are the basis for semantic and grammatical integration; they specify the conceptual and phonological overlap between component structures, as well as between the component and composite structures. Semantic integration often involves multiple correspondences. Semantic anomaly arises when corresponding elements have inconsistent properties. Usually the composite structure inherits its profile (and thus its grammatical category) from one of the component structures, which is thus the constructional head (or profile determinant). It is also usual for one component structure to elaborate a schematic substructure (an elaboration site) within the other component. A component which makes salient schematic reference to another in this manner is said to be dependent on it. Organization in relationships of autonomy/dependence (A/D-alignment) is a basic feature of language structure. The difference between complements and modifiers is a matter of whether these component structures are autonomous or dependent with respect to the constructional head. Constituency is the hierarchical aspect of symbolic assemblies. Contrary to standard views, constituency is neither fundamental nor essential to grammar, and while it does emerge, it is neither invariant nor exhaustive of grammatical structure. Grammatical relations (like subject and object) are defined on the basis of semantic factors and correspondences, and are thus independent of particular constituency configurations.Less
Constructions are characterized in terms of four basic factors: correspondences, profiling, elaboration, and constituency. Correspondences are the basis for semantic and grammatical integration; they specify the conceptual and phonological overlap between component structures, as well as between the component and composite structures. Semantic integration often involves multiple correspondences. Semantic anomaly arises when corresponding elements have inconsistent properties. Usually the composite structure inherits its profile (and thus its grammatical category) from one of the component structures, which is thus the constructional head (or profile determinant). It is also usual for one component structure to elaborate a schematic substructure (an elaboration site) within the other component. A component which makes salient schematic reference to another in this manner is said to be dependent on it. Organization in relationships of autonomy/dependence (A/D-alignment) is a basic feature of language structure. The difference between complements and modifiers is a matter of whether these component structures are autonomous or dependent with respect to the constructional head. Constituency is the hierarchical aspect of symbolic assemblies. Contrary to standard views, constituency is neither fundamental nor essential to grammar, and while it does emerge, it is neither invariant nor exhaustive of grammatical structure. Grammatical relations (like subject and object) are defined on the basis of semantic factors and correspondences, and are thus independent of particular constituency configurations.
David W. DeLong
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170979
- eISBN:
- 9780199789719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter provides an outline of how to start implementing knowledge retention programs. It illustrates the uses of a risk assessment or a knowledge audit, as well as an attrition profile and ...
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This chapter provides an outline of how to start implementing knowledge retention programs. It illustrates the uses of a risk assessment or a knowledge audit, as well as an attrition profile and social network analysis, to identify where turnover and lost knowledge will have the greatest impacts. These steps are necessary to build the business case for investing in the implementation of a variety of knowledge retention initiatives. In addition, change management strategies are outlined to address the cultural barriers and resource constraints that can threaten to undermine the implementation process.Less
This chapter provides an outline of how to start implementing knowledge retention programs. It illustrates the uses of a risk assessment or a knowledge audit, as well as an attrition profile and social network analysis, to identify where turnover and lost knowledge will have the greatest impacts. These steps are necessary to build the business case for investing in the implementation of a variety of knowledge retention initiatives. In addition, change management strategies are outlined to address the cultural barriers and resource constraints that can threaten to undermine the implementation process.
Sydney Shoemaker
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199214396
- eISBN:
- 9780191706738
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214396.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
If physicalism is true, all property instances must be realized in microphysical states of affairs. Microphysical states of affairs will fall into types having causal profiles, and when a property ...
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If physicalism is true, all property instances must be realized in microphysical states of affairs. Microphysical states of affairs will fall into types having causal profiles, and when a property instance is realized by a microphysical state of affairs, there will be an isomorphism between the causal profile of the property and that of a type to which the microphysical state of affairs belongs. Corresponding to every type of microphysical state of affairs realizer there will be a property — an MSE property — that something has, just in case its career embeds such a state of affairs. So every case of microphysical realization will be a case of property instantiation in which the realizer is an MSE property. Instantiations of higher-order properties will have microphysical realizers that are parts of the microphysical realizers of instantiations of the lower-order properties, that are their property realizers.Less
If physicalism is true, all property instances must be realized in microphysical states of affairs. Microphysical states of affairs will fall into types having causal profiles, and when a property instance is realized by a microphysical state of affairs, there will be an isomorphism between the causal profile of the property and that of a type to which the microphysical state of affairs belongs. Corresponding to every type of microphysical state of affairs realizer there will be a property — an MSE property — that something has, just in case its career embeds such a state of affairs. So every case of microphysical realization will be a case of property instantiation in which the realizer is an MSE property. Instantiations of higher-order properties will have microphysical realizers that are parts of the microphysical realizers of instantiations of the lower-order properties, that are their property realizers.
Sydney Shoemaker
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199214396
- eISBN:
- 9780191706738
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214396.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter argues that there can be coincident entities, numerically different things, having different persistence conditions, that are composed of exactly the same micro-entities. This means that ...
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This chapter argues that there can be coincident entities, numerically different things, having different persistence conditions, that are composed of exactly the same micro-entities. This means that the higher-order properties of such entities do not supervene on, and are not realized by, the ‘thin’ physical properties that are shared by the coincident entities. They are realized by ‘thick’ physical properties, ones individuated by the persistence conditions of the things that have them. The nature of the causal profiles of properties is argued to be incompatible with the four-dimensionalist, perdurance account of the nature of persisting entities. It is argued that these causal profiles provide a basis for saying what it is for a set of microentities to make up a single object.Less
This chapter argues that there can be coincident entities, numerically different things, having different persistence conditions, that are composed of exactly the same micro-entities. This means that the higher-order properties of such entities do not supervene on, and are not realized by, the ‘thin’ physical properties that are shared by the coincident entities. They are realized by ‘thick’ physical properties, ones individuated by the persistence conditions of the things that have them. The nature of the causal profiles of properties is argued to be incompatible with the four-dimensionalist, perdurance account of the nature of persisting entities. It is argued that these causal profiles provide a basis for saying what it is for a set of microentities to make up a single object.
Melvin Delgado and Lee Staples
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195182767
- eISBN:
- 9780199865192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182767.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations, Children and Families
This chapter begins with discussions of the importance of the youth to a nation, the socio-demographic profile of the youth in the United States, and youth organizing. It then discusses the book’s ...
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This chapter begins with discussions of the importance of the youth to a nation, the socio-demographic profile of the youth in the United States, and youth organizing. It then discusses the book’s goals, target audience, author’s qualifications and interests, and other books on community organizing.Less
This chapter begins with discussions of the importance of the youth to a nation, the socio-demographic profile of the youth in the United States, and youth organizing. It then discusses the book’s goals, target audience, author’s qualifications and interests, and other books on community organizing.
N. K. Hansen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198501688
- eISBN:
- 9780191718045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198501688.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter describes how the three-dimensional electron density distribution can be reconstructed from measured one-dimensional projections (the directional Compton profiles) by the Fourier-Bessel ...
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This chapter describes how the three-dimensional electron density distribution can be reconstructed from measured one-dimensional projections (the directional Compton profiles) by the Fourier-Bessel reconstruction method, which is based upon an expansion of the momentum density and the reciprocal form factor in lattice harmonics. The propagation of random errors and the optimization of the experiment are discussed and illustrated with published results.Less
This chapter describes how the three-dimensional electron density distribution can be reconstructed from measured one-dimensional projections (the directional Compton profiles) by the Fourier-Bessel reconstruction method, which is based upon an expansion of the momentum density and the reciprocal form factor in lattice harmonics. The propagation of random errors and the optimization of the experiment are discussed and illustrated with published results.
Andrea Braides
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507840
- eISBN:
- 9780191709890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507840.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
Phase transitions with sharp interfaces are interpreted as segmentation problems, and are approximated with perturbations of non-convex energies (gradient theory of phase transitions). The ...
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Phase transitions with sharp interfaces are interpreted as segmentation problems, and are approximated with perturbations of non-convex energies (gradient theory of phase transitions). The Modica-Mortola theorem is proved, with different formulas characterizing the segmentation energy (optimal-profile problems).Less
Phase transitions with sharp interfaces are interpreted as segmentation problems, and are approximated with perturbations of non-convex energies (gradient theory of phase transitions). The Modica-Mortola theorem is proved, with different formulas characterizing the segmentation energy (optimal-profile problems).
N. Shiotani, H. M. Fretwell, and M. J. Cooper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198501688
- eISBN:
- 9780191718045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198501688.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter places the work presented in the previous chapters on the electron momentum density and band structure in condensed matter in the context of other probes. Specifically, studies by ...
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This chapter places the work presented in the previous chapters on the electron momentum density and band structure in condensed matter in the context of other probes. Specifically, studies by techniques such as positron annihilation, which is traditionally used to reconstruct Fermi surface topology and angle-resolved photo-emission (ARPES) used to reconstruct k-space density of states. Electron scattering coincidence spectroscopy, which reveals the three-dimensional momentum density in gaseous molecules for each shell of electrons, is then compared to Compton coincidence spectroscopy. The insight that is afforded by spin dependent x-ray Compton scattering is compared to resonant x-ray diffraction studies of magnetization. The chapter finishes with a comparison between x-ray Compton scattering studies of electron density distributions and Deep Inelastic Neutron Scattering (DINS) studies of nuclear momentum distributions.Less
This chapter places the work presented in the previous chapters on the electron momentum density and band structure in condensed matter in the context of other probes. Specifically, studies by techniques such as positron annihilation, which is traditionally used to reconstruct Fermi surface topology and angle-resolved photo-emission (ARPES) used to reconstruct k-space density of states. Electron scattering coincidence spectroscopy, which reveals the three-dimensional momentum density in gaseous molecules for each shell of electrons, is then compared to Compton coincidence spectroscopy. The insight that is afforded by spin dependent x-ray Compton scattering is compared to resonant x-ray diffraction studies of magnetization. The chapter finishes with a comparison between x-ray Compton scattering studies of electron density distributions and Deep Inelastic Neutron Scattering (DINS) studies of nuclear momentum distributions.
Takashi Fujimoto
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198530282
- eISBN:
- 9780191713149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530282.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The Doppler broadening, the natural broadening, and the quasi-static broadening are introduced. The last broadening is due to the Stark effect in the Holtsmark micro-field with the Debye shielding. ...
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The Doppler broadening, the natural broadening, and the quasi-static broadening are introduced. The last broadening is due to the Stark effect in the Holtsmark micro-field with the Debye shielding. Plasma electrons give rise to the impact broadening, which is discussed in detail. For neutral hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions for which the linear Stark effect is dominant, the quasi-static broadening tends to be important. For other atom (ion) species, which are subjected to the quadratic Stark effect, the impact broadening tends to be dominant. The Inglis-Teller limit, which results from the line broadening becoming comparable with the line separation, is useful for a rough estimate of plasma density. Convolution of a Lorentzian profile and a Gaussian profile yields a Voigt profile.Less
The Doppler broadening, the natural broadening, and the quasi-static broadening are introduced. The last broadening is due to the Stark effect in the Holtsmark micro-field with the Debye shielding. Plasma electrons give rise to the impact broadening, which is discussed in detail. For neutral hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions for which the linear Stark effect is dominant, the quasi-static broadening tends to be important. For other atom (ion) species, which are subjected to the quadratic Stark effect, the impact broadening tends to be dominant. The Inglis-Teller limit, which results from the line broadening becoming comparable with the line separation, is useful for a rough estimate of plasma density. Convolution of a Lorentzian profile and a Gaussian profile yields a Voigt profile.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The distinction between coordination and subordination is not clear-cut. The essence of coordination is the mental juxtaposition of structures construed as parallel and co-equal. Subordination has a ...
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The distinction between coordination and subordination is not clear-cut. The essence of coordination is the mental juxtaposition of structures construed as parallel and co-equal. Subordination has a number of dimensions, including form, the participation of one clause in the relationship profiled by another, and a clause's profile being overridden at the composite structure level. Constituency and profiling are often flexible, depending on factors like the size of clauses and their discourse function. The traditional division into adverbial, relative, and complement clauses is based primarily on how clauses are connected with one another. To the extent that these distinctions hold, they are based on semantic function rather than specific structural configurations. In the case of complements, the classic distinction between control and raising constructions is non-fundamental, the latter being just a special case of the former. Finite and nonfinite complements differ not just in form but in meaning and typical function. Predicates taking finite complements pertain to the epistemic status of propositions; those taking nonfinite complements pertain to the realization of occurrences. Complementation involves multiple conceptualizers and levels of conception. Different conceptualizers apprehend the same proposition each from their own perspective, assessing it with respect to their own conception of reality. Complement-taking predicates refer to different phases of this assessment. Impersonal constructions invoke a conceptualizer and the relevant scope of awareness in generalized fashion, suggesting that anyone would make the assessment under the circumstances.Less
The distinction between coordination and subordination is not clear-cut. The essence of coordination is the mental juxtaposition of structures construed as parallel and co-equal. Subordination has a number of dimensions, including form, the participation of one clause in the relationship profiled by another, and a clause's profile being overridden at the composite structure level. Constituency and profiling are often flexible, depending on factors like the size of clauses and their discourse function. The traditional division into adverbial, relative, and complement clauses is based primarily on how clauses are connected with one another. To the extent that these distinctions hold, they are based on semantic function rather than specific structural configurations. In the case of complements, the classic distinction between control and raising constructions is non-fundamental, the latter being just a special case of the former. Finite and nonfinite complements differ not just in form but in meaning and typical function. Predicates taking finite complements pertain to the epistemic status of propositions; those taking nonfinite complements pertain to the realization of occurrences. Complementation involves multiple conceptualizers and levels of conception. Different conceptualizers apprehend the same proposition each from their own perspective, assessing it with respect to their own conception of reality. Complement-taking predicates refer to different phases of this assessment. Impersonal constructions invoke a conceptualizer and the relevant scope of awareness in generalized fashion, suggesting that anyone would make the assessment under the circumstances.
Roberto Cipolla and Kwan-Yee K. Wong
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262962
- eISBN:
- 9780191734533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262962.003.0014
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter discusses profiles or outlines which are dominant features of images. Profiles can be extracted easily and reliably from the images and can provide information on the shape and motion of ...
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This chapter discusses profiles or outlines which are dominant features of images. Profiles can be extracted easily and reliably from the images and can provide information on the shape and motion of an object. Classical techniques for motion estimation and model reconstruction are highly dependent on point and line correspondences, hence they cannot be applied directly to profiles which are viewpoint dependent. The limitations of classical techniques paved the way for the creation of different sets of algorithms specific to profiles. In this chapter, the focus is on state-of-the-art algorithms for model reconstruction and model estimation from profiles. These new sets of algorithms are capable of reconstructing any kind of objects including smooth and textureless surfaces. They also render convincing 3D models, reinforcing the practicality of the algorithm.Less
This chapter discusses profiles or outlines which are dominant features of images. Profiles can be extracted easily and reliably from the images and can provide information on the shape and motion of an object. Classical techniques for motion estimation and model reconstruction are highly dependent on point and line correspondences, hence they cannot be applied directly to profiles which are viewpoint dependent. The limitations of classical techniques paved the way for the creation of different sets of algorithms specific to profiles. In this chapter, the focus is on state-of-the-art algorithms for model reconstruction and model estimation from profiles. These new sets of algorithms are capable of reconstructing any kind of objects including smooth and textureless surfaces. They also render convincing 3D models, reinforcing the practicality of the algorithm.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
An expression's meaning depends not only on the conceptual content it evokes but also on the construal it imposes on that content. Broad classes of construal phenomena include specificity, focusing, ...
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An expression's meaning depends not only on the conceptual content it evokes but also on the construal it imposes on that content. Broad classes of construal phenomena include specificity, focusing, prominence, and perspective. Specificity (or its inverse, schematicity) is the degree of precision and detail at which a situation is characterized. One kind of focusing involves various kinds of organization into foreground vs. background, such as given vs. new in a discourse, or the asymmetry in complex expressions between component elements and the composite whole (the expression's compositional path). Another dimension of focusing is organization in terms of maximal scope (the full range of content an expression evokes), immediate scope (the general locus of attention), and profile (the specific focus of attention). Focusing is a kind of prominence, of which there are many sorts. Two are especially revelevant for grammar: profiling, a matter of what an expression designates (refers to); and trajector vs. landmark, the first and second most prominent participants in a profiled relationship. Subsumed under perspective are the overall viewing arrangement, vantage point, the viewing asymmetry between the subject and object of conception, and the time course of conception (sequence of mental access). Descriptive notions are supported by converging evidence from three sources: what is known independently about cognition; what is needed for viable semantic description; and utility in an optimal account of grammar. Varied evidence can be brought to bear on particular semantic descriptions, including paths of grammaticization and predictions concerning distribution and judgments of well-formedness.Less
An expression's meaning depends not only on the conceptual content it evokes but also on the construal it imposes on that content. Broad classes of construal phenomena include specificity, focusing, prominence, and perspective. Specificity (or its inverse, schematicity) is the degree of precision and detail at which a situation is characterized. One kind of focusing involves various kinds of organization into foreground vs. background, such as given vs. new in a discourse, or the asymmetry in complex expressions between component elements and the composite whole (the expression's compositional path). Another dimension of focusing is organization in terms of maximal scope (the full range of content an expression evokes), immediate scope (the general locus of attention), and profile (the specific focus of attention). Focusing is a kind of prominence, of which there are many sorts. Two are especially revelevant for grammar: profiling, a matter of what an expression designates (refers to); and trajector vs. landmark, the first and second most prominent participants in a profiled relationship. Subsumed under perspective are the overall viewing arrangement, vantage point, the viewing asymmetry between the subject and object of conception, and the time course of conception (sequence of mental access). Descriptive notions are supported by converging evidence from three sources: what is known independently about cognition; what is needed for viable semantic description; and utility in an optimal account of grammar. Varied evidence can be brought to bear on particular semantic descriptions, including paths of grammaticization and predictions concerning distribution and judgments of well-formedness.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The standard doctrine that basic grammatical classes (parts of speech) are not semantically definable rests on erroneous assumptions about the nature of linguistic meaning. With a proper view of ...
More
The standard doctrine that basic grammatical classes (parts of speech) are not semantically definable rests on erroneous assumptions about the nature of linguistic meaning. With a proper view of meaning, basic categories—notably noun and verb—have plausible conceptual characterizations at both the prototype level (for typical examples) and the schema level (valid for all instances). The prototypes are based on conceptual archetypes: objects for nouns, and actions for verbs. The schemas are independent of any particular conceptual content, residing instead in basic cognitive abilities immanent in the archetypes: for nouns, grouping and reification; in the case of verbs, the ability to apprend relationships and to track their evolution through time. An expression's grammatical category specifically depends on the nature of its profile (not its overall content). Thus a noun profiles a thing (defined abstractly as any product of grouping and reification), while a verb profiles a process (a relationship tracked through time). Expressions that profile non-processual relationships include adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, infinitives, and participles. Relational expressions can be categorized in different ways, depending on factors like the number and type of focused participants, whether the profiled relation is simplex or complex, and whether it is apprehended holistically or sequentially. These characterizations prove efficacious in describing how relational expressions function as noun modifiers and in clausal organization.Less
The standard doctrine that basic grammatical classes (parts of speech) are not semantically definable rests on erroneous assumptions about the nature of linguistic meaning. With a proper view of meaning, basic categories—notably noun and verb—have plausible conceptual characterizations at both the prototype level (for typical examples) and the schema level (valid for all instances). The prototypes are based on conceptual archetypes: objects for nouns, and actions for verbs. The schemas are independent of any particular conceptual content, residing instead in basic cognitive abilities immanent in the archetypes: for nouns, grouping and reification; in the case of verbs, the ability to apprend relationships and to track their evolution through time. An expression's grammatical category specifically depends on the nature of its profile (not its overall content). Thus a noun profiles a thing (defined abstractly as any product of grouping and reification), while a verb profiles a process (a relationship tracked through time). Expressions that profile non-processual relationships include adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, infinitives, and participles. Relational expressions can be categorized in different ways, depending on factors like the number and type of focused participants, whether the profiled relation is simplex or complex, and whether it is apprehended holistically or sequentially. These characterizations prove efficacious in describing how relational expressions function as noun modifiers and in clausal organization.
