Margaret Brazier
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545520
- eISBN:
- 9780191721113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso:acprof/9780199545520.003.0025
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter considers the relevance of studying the history of medical law. The history of medical law has been little explored, at least by legal scholars. It is argued that even a brief excursion ...
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This chapter considers the relevance of studying the history of medical law. The history of medical law has been little explored, at least by legal scholars. It is argued that even a brief excursion into past centuries demonstrates that many of the fundamental questions of medical law and ethics today have an ancient lineage. By treating too many developments as wholly ‘new’, we fail to learn from the past.Less
This chapter considers the relevance of studying the history of medical law. The history of medical law has been little explored, at least by legal scholars. It is argued that even a brief excursion into past centuries demonstrates that many of the fundamental questions of medical law and ethics today have an ancient lineage. By treating too many developments as wholly ‘new’, we fail to learn from the past.
Caroline M. Barron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257775
- eISBN:
- 9780191717758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.003.11
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter explores the ways in which the city corporately, working together with religious houses and city companies, and much assisted by charitable individuals, provided welfare support for the ...
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This chapter explores the ways in which the city corporately, working together with religious houses and city companies, and much assisted by charitable individuals, provided welfare support for the young, the ill, the poor, and the old. Provision was made for orphans, for the destitute poor, for the sick, those who were terminally ill, and for the old. The role played by hospitals and the medical profession in the care of the sick is examined. The gradual invasion of lay professionals into areas previously the exclusive domain of the Church is observed and discussed.Less
This chapter explores the ways in which the city corporately, working together with religious houses and city companies, and much assisted by charitable individuals, provided welfare support for the young, the ill, the poor, and the old. Provision was made for orphans, for the destitute poor, for the sick, those who were terminally ill, and for the old. The role played by hospitals and the medical profession in the care of the sick is examined. The gradual invasion of lay professionals into areas previously the exclusive domain of the Church is observed and discussed.
David Albert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213009
- eISBN:
- 9780191707179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213009.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter highlights emerging themes from the study, including regional variations; the relationship between the regions and London, the centre and localities; the role of clergy as gatherers and ...
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This chapter highlights emerging themes from the study, including regional variations; the relationship between the regions and London, the centre and localities; the role of clergy as gatherers and disseminators of information, both from and to the centre and localities; and the role of clergy as opinion-formers. It is suggested that clergy were unifying influences in society. The clergy were closely integrated with their local economies and local society, but they formed a distinct social and professional group, which distanced them from their neighbours. The clergy were not an archaic group compared to other professional bodies, but provided something of a model for the reformation and regulation of the legal and medical professions in the 1820s and 1830s.Less
This chapter highlights emerging themes from the study, including regional variations; the relationship between the regions and London, the centre and localities; the role of clergy as gatherers and disseminators of information, both from and to the centre and localities; and the role of clergy as opinion-formers. It is suggested that clergy were unifying influences in society. The clergy were closely integrated with their local economies and local society, but they formed a distinct social and professional group, which distanced them from their neighbours. The clergy were not an archaic group compared to other professional bodies, but provided something of a model for the reformation and regulation of the legal and medical professions in the 1820s and 1830s.
John H. Evans
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199860852
- eISBN:
- 9780199932474
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860852.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
Seemingly every day society faces a new ethical challenge raised by a scientific innovation. Human genetic engineering, stem cell research, face transplantation, synthetic biology – all were science ...
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Seemingly every day society faces a new ethical challenge raised by a scientific innovation. Human genetic engineering, stem cell research, face transplantation, synthetic biology – all were science fiction only a few decades ago, but are now all are reality. How do we as a society decide whether these technologies are ethical? For decades professional bioethicists have served as a mediator between a busy public and decision-makers, helping people understand their own ethical concerns, framing arguments, discrediting illogical claims and lifting up promising ones. These bioethicists operate in multiple venues such as hospital decision-making, institutions that conduct research on humans, and recommending ethical policy to the government. While functioning quite well for many years, the bioethics profession is in crisis. Policy-makers are less inclined to take the advice of bioethics professionals, with many observers saying that bioethics debates have simply become partisan politics with dueling democratic and republican bioethicists. While this crisis is contained to the task of recommending ethical policy to the government, there is risk that it will spread to the other tasks conducted by bioethicists. To understand how this situation came into being, and the solution to this problem, this book closely examines the history of the bioethics profession. Bioethics debates were originally dominated by theologians, but came to be dominated by the emerging profession of bioethics due to the subtle and slow involvement of the government as the primary consumer of bioethical arguments. However, after the 1980s the views of the government changed, making bioethical arguments not quite so legitimate. With this knowledge of the sociological processes that lead to this evolution, the book proposes a radical solution to the crisis, which is for the bioethics profession to give up on some of the work that it currently does so that it can focus upon its strengths, and change the way the profession makes ethical arguments.Less
Seemingly every day society faces a new ethical challenge raised by a scientific innovation. Human genetic engineering, stem cell research, face transplantation, synthetic biology – all were science fiction only a few decades ago, but are now all are reality. How do we as a society decide whether these technologies are ethical? For decades professional bioethicists have served as a mediator between a busy public and decision-makers, helping people understand their own ethical concerns, framing arguments, discrediting illogical claims and lifting up promising ones. These bioethicists operate in multiple venues such as hospital decision-making, institutions that conduct research on humans, and recommending ethical policy to the government. While functioning quite well for many years, the bioethics profession is in crisis. Policy-makers are less inclined to take the advice of bioethics professionals, with many observers saying that bioethics debates have simply become partisan politics with dueling democratic and republican bioethicists. While this crisis is contained to the task of recommending ethical policy to the government, there is risk that it will spread to the other tasks conducted by bioethicists. To understand how this situation came into being, and the solution to this problem, this book closely examines the history of the bioethics profession. Bioethics debates were originally dominated by theologians, but came to be dominated by the emerging profession of bioethics due to the subtle and slow involvement of the government as the primary consumer of bioethical arguments. However, after the 1980s the views of the government changed, making bioethical arguments not quite so legitimate. With this knowledge of the sociological processes that lead to this evolution, the book proposes a radical solution to the crisis, which is for the bioethics profession to give up on some of the work that it currently does so that it can focus upon its strengths, and change the way the profession makes ethical arguments.
Jeremy Gregory
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208303
- eISBN:
- 9780191677977
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208303.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, History of Religion
This wide-ranging and original book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the Church of England in the eighteenth century. It explores the nature of the Restoration ecclesiastical ...
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This wide-ranging and original book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the Church of England in the eighteenth century. It explores the nature of the Restoration ecclesiastical regime, the character of the clerical profession, the quality of the clergy's pastoral work, and the question of Church reform through a detailed study of the diocese of the Archbishops of Canterbury. In so doing the book covers the political, social, economic, cultural, intellectual and pastoral functions of the Church and, by adopting a broad chronological span, it allows the problems and difficulties often ascribed to the eighteenth-century Church to be viewed as emerging from the seventeenth century and as continuing well into the nineteenth century. Moreover, the author argues that some of the traditional periodisations and characterisations of conventional religious history need modification. Much of the evidence presented here indicates that clergy in the one hundred and seventy years after 1660 were preoccupied with difficulties that had concerned their forebears and would concern their successors. In many ways, clergy in the diocese of Canterbury between 1660 and 1828 continued the work of seventeenth-century clergy, particularly in following through, and in some instances instigating, the pastoral and professional aims of the Reformation, as well as participating in processes relating to Church reform, and further anticipating some of the deals of the Evangelical and Oxford Movements. Reluctance to recognise this has led historians to neglect the strengths of the Church between the Restoration and the 1830s, which, it is argued, should not be judged primarily for its failure to attain the ideals of these other movements, but as an institution possessing its own coherent and positive rationale.Less
This wide-ranging and original book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the Church of England in the eighteenth century. It explores the nature of the Restoration ecclesiastical regime, the character of the clerical profession, the quality of the clergy's pastoral work, and the question of Church reform through a detailed study of the diocese of the Archbishops of Canterbury. In so doing the book covers the political, social, economic, cultural, intellectual and pastoral functions of the Church and, by adopting a broad chronological span, it allows the problems and difficulties often ascribed to the eighteenth-century Church to be viewed as emerging from the seventeenth century and as continuing well into the nineteenth century. Moreover, the author argues that some of the traditional periodisations and characterisations of conventional religious history need modification. Much of the evidence presented here indicates that clergy in the one hundred and seventy years after 1660 were preoccupied with difficulties that had concerned their forebears and would concern their successors. In many ways, clergy in the diocese of Canterbury between 1660 and 1828 continued the work of seventeenth-century clergy, particularly in following through, and in some instances instigating, the pastoral and professional aims of the Reformation, as well as participating in processes relating to Church reform, and further anticipating some of the deals of the Evangelical and Oxford Movements. Reluctance to recognise this has led historians to neglect the strengths of the Church between the Restoration and the 1830s, which, it is argued, should not be judged primarily for its failure to attain the ideals of these other movements, but as an institution possessing its own coherent and positive rationale.
John H. Evans
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199860852
- eISBN:
- 9780199932474
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860852.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
This chapter summarizes the response to the crisis by mainstream bioethicists, and then summarize my argument for the proper response to the crisis. In general, the bioethics profession needs to pay ...
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This chapter summarizes the response to the crisis by mainstream bioethicists, and then summarize my argument for the proper response to the crisis. In general, the bioethics profession needs to pay more attention to the jurisdictions it is competing for and the characteristics of those who give jurisdiction in each of these task-spaces.Less
This chapter summarizes the response to the crisis by mainstream bioethicists, and then summarize my argument for the proper response to the crisis. In general, the bioethics profession needs to pay more attention to the jurisdictions it is competing for and the characteristics of those who give jurisdiction in each of these task-spaces.
W. M. Jacob
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213009
- eISBN:
- 9780191707179
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213009.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ ...
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This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ between 1680 and 1840. It concentrates on the ‘lower clergy’, that is parish clergy, and their role within the broader social context of later Stuart and Georgian society. It considers the nature of professions during the period, and examines the social backgrounds; recruitment and selection; education, at school and university or otherwise; career development; and finances of the clergy. It also investigates what they actually did in their parishes in terms of conducting worship, exercising pastoral care, and providing education in the Christian faith, and their relations with the people amongst whom they lived and worked. It takes account of changing expectations during the period, especially the pressure for, and steps towards, ‘reform’ from the 1780s onwards, and, where possible, offers comparisons with people in other professions, especially doctors, lawyers, and ministers of dissenting churches. It also considers the evidence of the accountability and acceptability of the clergy to their congregations, and the extent of anticlericalism, and the means by which they were supervised by bishops and their officers. The clergy emerge as the most carefully recruited and educated of the ‘learned professions’ with a strong supervisory role exercised by bishops, in relation to a generally responsive but not uncritical or subservient laity. The book effectively challenges the received view that the majority of the clergy were inappropriately educated, poverty-stricken, and inattentive to their canonical duties.Less
This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ between 1680 and 1840. It concentrates on the ‘lower clergy’, that is parish clergy, and their role within the broader social context of later Stuart and Georgian society. It considers the nature of professions during the period, and examines the social backgrounds; recruitment and selection; education, at school and university or otherwise; career development; and finances of the clergy. It also investigates what they actually did in their parishes in terms of conducting worship, exercising pastoral care, and providing education in the Christian faith, and their relations with the people amongst whom they lived and worked. It takes account of changing expectations during the period, especially the pressure for, and steps towards, ‘reform’ from the 1780s onwards, and, where possible, offers comparisons with people in other professions, especially doctors, lawyers, and ministers of dissenting churches. It also considers the evidence of the accountability and acceptability of the clergy to their congregations, and the extent of anticlericalism, and the means by which they were supervised by bishops and their officers. The clergy emerge as the most carefully recruited and educated of the ‘learned professions’ with a strong supervisory role exercised by bishops, in relation to a generally responsive but not uncritical or subservient laity. The book effectively challenges the received view that the majority of the clergy were inappropriately educated, poverty-stricken, and inattentive to their canonical duties.
Henning Grunwald
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199609048
- eISBN:
- 9780191744280
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609048.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
What role did the courts play in the demise of Germany's first democracy and Hitler's rise to power? This book challenges the orthodox interpretation of Weimar political justice. It argues that an ...
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What role did the courts play in the demise of Germany's first democracy and Hitler's rise to power? This book challenges the orthodox interpretation of Weimar political justice. It argues that an exclusive focus on reactionary judges and a preoccupation with number-crunching verdicts has obscured precisely that aspect of trials most fascinating to contemporary observers: its drama. Drawing on untapped sources and material previously inaccessible in English, it shows how an innovative group of party lawyers transformed dry legal proceedings into spectacular ideological clashes. Supported by powerful party legal offices (hitherto almost entirely disregarded), they developed a sophisticated repertoire of techniques at the intersection of criminal law, politics, and public relations. Harnessing the emotional appeal of tens of thousands of trials, Communists and (emulating them) National Socialist institutionalized party legal aid in order to build their ideological communities. Defendants turned into martyrs, trials into performances of ideological self-sacrifice, and the courtroom into a ‘revolutionary stage’, as one prominent party lawyer put it. This political justice as ‘revolutionary stage’ powerfully impacted Weimar political culture. This book's argument about the theatricality of justice helps explain Weimar's demise but transcends interwar Germany. Trials were compelling not because they offered instruction about the revolutionary struggle, but because in a sense they were the revolutionary struggle, admittedly for the time being played out in the grit-your-teeth, clench-your-fist mode of the theatrical ‘as if’. The ideological struggle, their message ran, left no room for fairness, no possibility of a ‘neutral platform’: justice was unattainable until the Republic was destroyed.Less
What role did the courts play in the demise of Germany's first democracy and Hitler's rise to power? This book challenges the orthodox interpretation of Weimar political justice. It argues that an exclusive focus on reactionary judges and a preoccupation with number-crunching verdicts has obscured precisely that aspect of trials most fascinating to contemporary observers: its drama. Drawing on untapped sources and material previously inaccessible in English, it shows how an innovative group of party lawyers transformed dry legal proceedings into spectacular ideological clashes. Supported by powerful party legal offices (hitherto almost entirely disregarded), they developed a sophisticated repertoire of techniques at the intersection of criminal law, politics, and public relations. Harnessing the emotional appeal of tens of thousands of trials, Communists and (emulating them) National Socialist institutionalized party legal aid in order to build their ideological communities. Defendants turned into martyrs, trials into performances of ideological self-sacrifice, and the courtroom into a ‘revolutionary stage’, as one prominent party lawyer put it. This political justice as ‘revolutionary stage’ powerfully impacted Weimar political culture. This book's argument about the theatricality of justice helps explain Weimar's demise but transcends interwar Germany. Trials were compelling not because they offered instruction about the revolutionary struggle, but because in a sense they were the revolutionary struggle, admittedly for the time being played out in the grit-your-teeth, clench-your-fist mode of the theatrical ‘as if’. The ideological struggle, their message ran, left no room for fairness, no possibility of a ‘neutral platform’: justice was unattainable until the Republic was destroyed.
David Albert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213009
- eISBN:
- 9780191707179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213009.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This introductory chapter discusses the concept of ‘profession’ during the period and considers the clergy in relation to the other ‘learned professions’, law, medicine, the civil service, and the ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the concept of ‘profession’ during the period and considers the clergy in relation to the other ‘learned professions’, law, medicine, the civil service, and the ministry of dissenting churches. It considers the central role of the Christian religion and the established Church in English and Welsh society throughout the period 1680 to 1840, and the central and distinctive role of clergy in English and Welsh society. The tensions within the Church in relation to government policies are discussed, especially referring to the crises under James II and the Settlement of 1689, and during Queen Anne's reign, and in the 1820s and 1830s. Programmes for reforming and improving the pastoral ministry of the Church, especially during the periods 1660 to 1720 and 1780 to 1840 are discussed. The impact of theological differences within the Church, manifested in ‘party’ disputes, especially among the clergy, is examined.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the concept of ‘profession’ during the period and considers the clergy in relation to the other ‘learned professions’, law, medicine, the civil service, and the ministry of dissenting churches. It considers the central role of the Christian religion and the established Church in English and Welsh society throughout the period 1680 to 1840, and the central and distinctive role of clergy in English and Welsh society. The tensions within the Church in relation to government policies are discussed, especially referring to the crises under James II and the Settlement of 1689, and during Queen Anne's reign, and in the 1820s and 1830s. Programmes for reforming and improving the pastoral ministry of the Church, especially during the periods 1660 to 1720 and 1780 to 1840 are discussed. The impact of theological differences within the Church, manifested in ‘party’ disputes, especially among the clergy, is examined.
David Albert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213009
- eISBN:
- 9780191707179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213009.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter investigates evidence for the level of clergy incomes, and compares the results with evidence for the income-levels of other professional groups. Attention is paid to the evidence for ...
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This chapter investigates evidence for the level of clergy incomes, and compares the results with evidence for the income-levels of other professional groups. Attention is paid to the evidence for the incomes of curates and ‘perpetual curates’. Initiatives to augment the endowments of benefices to increase the incomes of clergy are investigated and evaluated. The sources of clergy incomes are investigated: from fees, cultivating or letting glebe land and collecting tithes, and the difficulties that might be involved in collecting tithes. The very significant increase in incomes from glebe, and especially from tithes, over much of England and Wales from 1770 onwards as a result of agricultural improvements, is discussed.Less
This chapter investigates evidence for the level of clergy incomes, and compares the results with evidence for the income-levels of other professional groups. Attention is paid to the evidence for the incomes of curates and ‘perpetual curates’. Initiatives to augment the endowments of benefices to increase the incomes of clergy are investigated and evaluated. The sources of clergy incomes are investigated: from fees, cultivating or letting glebe land and collecting tithes, and the difficulties that might be involved in collecting tithes. The very significant increase in incomes from glebe, and especially from tithes, over much of England and Wales from 1770 onwards as a result of agricultural improvements, is discussed.
Louise Fitzgerald and Sue Dopson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199259014
- eISBN:
- 9780191718113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259014.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management
This chapter dissects the social processes that lead to evidence being established as credible. It draws on the literature on knowledge and knowledge utilization to frame our understanding. It also ...
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This chapter dissects the social processes that lead to evidence being established as credible. It draws on the literature on knowledge and knowledge utilization to frame our understanding. It also presents the empirical hierarchy that exists in health care settings, explores the nature of this hierarchy, and demonstrates a hierarchy of evidence.Less
This chapter dissects the social processes that lead to evidence being established as credible. It draws on the literature on knowledge and knowledge utilization to frame our understanding. It also presents the empirical hierarchy that exists in health care settings, explores the nature of this hierarchy, and demonstrates a hierarchy of evidence.
Lynn M. Sargeant
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199735266
- eISBN:
- 9780199894505
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199735266.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music, History, Western
This book explores the complex development of Russian musical life during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It focuses on the Russian Musical Society, which was both unique as a driving ...
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This book explores the complex development of Russian musical life during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It focuses on the Russian Musical Society, which was both unique as a driving force behind the institutionalization of musical life and representative of the growing importance of voluntary associations in public life. Sustained by both private initiative and cooperative relationships with the state, the Russian Musical Society played a key role in the creation of Russia's infrastructure for music and music education. The book's exploration of the broad scope of musical life, including not only the “leading lights” of the era but also rank‐and‐file musicians, teachers, and students, prompts a consideration of the fluid nature of Russian social identity. Although Russian musicians longed for a secure place within the new hierarchy of professions, their social status remained ambiguous throughout the nineteenth century; the traditional reliance on serf musicians and foreigners left lasting scars that drove musicians' efforts to secure both legal rights and social respectability. The increasing visibility of women in musical life provoked acrimonious debates that were, at heart, efforts by male musicians to strengthen their claims to professional status by denying the legitimacy of female participation. At the same time, the successful development of a Russian musical infrastructure salved persistent anxieties about Russia's place vis‐à‐vis its European cultural competitors. Remarkably, the institutions developed by the Russian Musical Society survived the upheavals of war and revolution to become the foundation for the Soviet musical system.Less
This book explores the complex development of Russian musical life during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It focuses on the Russian Musical Society, which was both unique as a driving force behind the institutionalization of musical life and representative of the growing importance of voluntary associations in public life. Sustained by both private initiative and cooperative relationships with the state, the Russian Musical Society played a key role in the creation of Russia's infrastructure for music and music education. The book's exploration of the broad scope of musical life, including not only the “leading lights” of the era but also rank‐and‐file musicians, teachers, and students, prompts a consideration of the fluid nature of Russian social identity. Although Russian musicians longed for a secure place within the new hierarchy of professions, their social status remained ambiguous throughout the nineteenth century; the traditional reliance on serf musicians and foreigners left lasting scars that drove musicians' efforts to secure both legal rights and social respectability. The increasing visibility of women in musical life provoked acrimonious debates that were, at heart, efforts by male musicians to strengthen their claims to professional status by denying the legitimacy of female participation. At the same time, the successful development of a Russian musical infrastructure salved persistent anxieties about Russia's place vis‐à‐vis its European cultural competitors. Remarkably, the institutions developed by the Russian Musical Society survived the upheavals of war and revolution to become the foundation for the Soviet musical system.
Christopher Humphrey and Anne Loft
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546350
- eISBN:
- 9780191720048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546350.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
In 1994, Anthony Hopwood wrote about the ‘very active politics’ in the emergent international arena in accounting and auditing, analyzing the institutional interfaces between the international ...
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In 1994, Anthony Hopwood wrote about the ‘very active politics’ in the emergent international arena in accounting and auditing, analyzing the institutional interfaces between the international regulators and the international accounting profession. In doing this he touched on a set of relationships and arrangements that over the subsequent fifteen years have developed into what is now widely recognized as the New International Financial Architecture (NIFA). In terms of global accounting regulation, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has attracted significant research attention. However, far less attention has been paid to the global audit regulatory arena and, in particular, to the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), which has standard setting boards responsible for international standards on auditing practice, ethics, and education. Responding to this gap, this chapter seeks to assess the contemporary pertinence of Hopwood's (1994) observations and reflections, using empirical and theoretical insights from the rapidly growing literature in the global governance field. What emerges in the field of global auditing regulation is a more complex and interlocking set of relationships than the ‘interfaces’ and ‘lobbying activities’ that Hopwood identified as taking place between regulators and the profession. The chapter describes this as a form of ‘coordinated network governance’ which is binding together international regulators and the international profession in an ongoing project attempting global governance in the audit arena.Less
In 1994, Anthony Hopwood wrote about the ‘very active politics’ in the emergent international arena in accounting and auditing, analyzing the institutional interfaces between the international regulators and the international accounting profession. In doing this he touched on a set of relationships and arrangements that over the subsequent fifteen years have developed into what is now widely recognized as the New International Financial Architecture (NIFA). In terms of global accounting regulation, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has attracted significant research attention. However, far less attention has been paid to the global audit regulatory arena and, in particular, to the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), which has standard setting boards responsible for international standards on auditing practice, ethics, and education. Responding to this gap, this chapter seeks to assess the contemporary pertinence of Hopwood's (1994) observations and reflections, using empirical and theoretical insights from the rapidly growing literature in the global governance field. What emerges in the field of global auditing regulation is a more complex and interlocking set of relationships than the ‘interfaces’ and ‘lobbying activities’ that Hopwood identified as taking place between regulators and the profession. The chapter describes this as a form of ‘coordinated network governance’ which is binding together international regulators and the international profession in an ongoing project attempting global governance in the audit arena.
Sajay Samuel, Mark A. Covaleski, and Mark W. Dirsmith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546350
- eISBN:
- 9780191720048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546350.003.0017
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
The credibility of what accountants do and say depends, ultimately, on their professionalism. This chapter explores the idea of professionalism in three movements. First, it documents the centrality ...
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The credibility of what accountants do and say depends, ultimately, on their professionalism. This chapter explores the idea of professionalism in three movements. First, it documents the centrality of this notion, usually exposed in moments of crisis. Second, the chapter offers an historical reading of the ‘professional ideal’ to emphasize that three discursive practices circumscribe professionalism: selfless service, collegial self-regulation, and learned expertise. These dimensions of professionalism are historical events and some evidence is offered for ‘professionalism’ as an idea whose time may have passed, enabled paradoxically by accounting practices that enfeeble professionalism while simultaneously invoking it. Third, the chapter explores a consequence of the eclipse of professionalism. The debility of professionalism raises a disquieting political question: if technologically advanced societies demand the rule of experts, and these experts are not professionals, then by what principle is their rule legitimized?Less
The credibility of what accountants do and say depends, ultimately, on their professionalism. This chapter explores the idea of professionalism in three movements. First, it documents the centrality of this notion, usually exposed in moments of crisis. Second, the chapter offers an historical reading of the ‘professional ideal’ to emphasize that three discursive practices circumscribe professionalism: selfless service, collegial self-regulation, and learned expertise. These dimensions of professionalism are historical events and some evidence is offered for ‘professionalism’ as an idea whose time may have passed, enabled paradoxically by accounting practices that enfeeble professionalism while simultaneously invoking it. Third, the chapter explores a consequence of the eclipse of professionalism. The debility of professionalism raises a disquieting political question: if technologically advanced societies demand the rule of experts, and these experts are not professionals, then by what principle is their rule legitimized?
Peter Coss
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199560004
- eISBN:
- 9780191723094
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560004.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This book examines the formative years of the English gentry. In doing so, it explains their lasting characteristics during a long history as a social elite, including adaptability to change and ...
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This book examines the formative years of the English gentry. In doing so, it explains their lasting characteristics during a long history as a social elite, including adaptability to change and openness to upward mobility from below, chiefly from the professions. Revolving around the rich archive left by the Multons of Frampton in South Lincolnshire, the book explores the material culture of the gentry, their concern with fashion, and their obsession with display. It pays close attention to the visitors to their homes, and to the social relationships between men and women. The book shows that the gentry household was a literate community, within a literate local world, and he studies closely the consumption of literature, paying particular attention to household entertainment. Beyond their households, the gentry could assert their pre-eminence in the local community through involvement with the Church and the management of their estates. Treating the relationship between gentry and Church in both devotional and institutional terms, the book shows how religious practice was a means for the gentry to assert social dominance, and they increasingly treated the Church as a career path for their kin. Protecting their estates was of similar importance, and legal expertise was highly prized — it consequently provided a major means of entry into the gentry, as well as offering further opportunities for younger sons. Overall, the book reveals that the cultural horizons of the gentry were essentially local. Nevertheless there were wider dimensions, and the book concludes with observations on how national and chivalric concerns interacted with the rhythms of regional life.Less
This book examines the formative years of the English gentry. In doing so, it explains their lasting characteristics during a long history as a social elite, including adaptability to change and openness to upward mobility from below, chiefly from the professions. Revolving around the rich archive left by the Multons of Frampton in South Lincolnshire, the book explores the material culture of the gentry, their concern with fashion, and their obsession with display. It pays close attention to the visitors to their homes, and to the social relationships between men and women. The book shows that the gentry household was a literate community, within a literate local world, and he studies closely the consumption of literature, paying particular attention to household entertainment. Beyond their households, the gentry could assert their pre-eminence in the local community through involvement with the Church and the management of their estates. Treating the relationship between gentry and Church in both devotional and institutional terms, the book shows how religious practice was a means for the gentry to assert social dominance, and they increasingly treated the Church as a career path for their kin. Protecting their estates was of similar importance, and legal expertise was highly prized — it consequently provided a major means of entry into the gentry, as well as offering further opportunities for younger sons. Overall, the book reveals that the cultural horizons of the gentry were essentially local. Nevertheless there were wider dimensions, and the book concludes with observations on how national and chivalric concerns interacted with the rhythms of regional life.
George F. DeMartino
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199730568
- eISBN:
- 9780199896776
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730568.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their ...
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Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their leadership of and staff-level positions in important government and multilateral agencies, consulting firms, investment banks and other economic institutions. And yet, the economics profession consistently has refused to explore the ethical aspects of its work. There is no field of professional economic ethics. As a consequence, economists are largely unprepared for the ethical challenges they face in their work. This book challenges the economic orthodoxy on the matter of professional ethics. It builds the case for professional economic ethics step by step—first by rebutting the economist’s arguments against and then by presenting an escalating positive case for professional economic ethics. The book surveys what economists do and demonstrates that this work is ethically fraught. It explores the principles, questions and debates that inform professional ethics in other fields, and identifies the lessons that economics can take from the best established bodies of professional ethics. The book demonstrates that in the absence of professional ethics, well-meaning economists have committed basic, preventable ethical errors that have caused severe harm for societies across the globe. The book investigates the reforms in economic education that would be necessary were the profession to recognize its professional ethical obligations; and it concludes with the Economist’s Oath that draws on the book’s central insights and highlights the virtues that are required of the “ethical economist.”Less
Economists alter the course of economic affairs and thereby affect the life chances of current and future generations. They do this through their scholarship and teaching, and through their leadership of and staff-level positions in important government and multilateral agencies, consulting firms, investment banks and other economic institutions. And yet, the economics profession consistently has refused to explore the ethical aspects of its work. There is no field of professional economic ethics. As a consequence, economists are largely unprepared for the ethical challenges they face in their work. This book challenges the economic orthodoxy on the matter of professional ethics. It builds the case for professional economic ethics step by step—first by rebutting the economist’s arguments against and then by presenting an escalating positive case for professional economic ethics. The book surveys what economists do and demonstrates that this work is ethically fraught. It explores the principles, questions and debates that inform professional ethics in other fields, and identifies the lessons that economics can take from the best established bodies of professional ethics. The book demonstrates that in the absence of professional ethics, well-meaning economists have committed basic, preventable ethical errors that have caused severe harm for societies across the globe. The book investigates the reforms in economic education that would be necessary were the profession to recognize its professional ethical obligations; and it concludes with the Economist’s Oath that draws on the book’s central insights and highlights the virtues that are required of the “ethical economist.”
William A. Silverman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192630889
- eISBN:
- 9780191723568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192630889.003.0022
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents a 1993 commentary on the medical profession. Despite the availability of scientific information and the dependence of medical practice on it, the medical practitioner is still ...
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This chapter presents a 1993 commentary on the medical profession. Despite the availability of scientific information and the dependence of medical practice on it, the medical practitioner is still under social pressure to adopt a different point of view about his/her work as compared to the outlook of the academic investigator. The practitioner is very likely convinced about the utility of what he/she is doing, and that intervention makes the difference between success and failure, rather than no difference at all.Less
This chapter presents a 1993 commentary on the medical profession. Despite the availability of scientific information and the dependence of medical practice on it, the medical practitioner is still under social pressure to adopt a different point of view about his/her work as compared to the outlook of the academic investigator. The practitioner is very likely convinced about the utility of what he/she is doing, and that intervention makes the difference between success and failure, rather than no difference at all.
Frank Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199282838
- eISBN:
- 9780191712487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282838.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter opens with an examination of the evolution of the professional orientation to public responsibilities, in particular civic engagement. The traditional commitments to serve the public are ...
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This chapter opens with an examination of the evolution of the professional orientation to public responsibilities, in particular civic engagement. The traditional commitments to serve the public are seen to have given way to more technical market-oriented approaches that emphasize the delivery of services on a contractual basis. The turn away from public commitments was challenged by progressive movements within a number of the major professions in the late 1960s and 1970s, but these efforts failed in part because of a problematic understanding of the relation of expert knowledge to the politics of community struggle and change. The chapter concludes by examining the less radical orientation that replaced the approach of these earlier movements, emphasizing newer forms of collaborative relations between citizens and experts.Less
This chapter opens with an examination of the evolution of the professional orientation to public responsibilities, in particular civic engagement. The traditional commitments to serve the public are seen to have given way to more technical market-oriented approaches that emphasize the delivery of services on a contractual basis. The turn away from public commitments was challenged by progressive movements within a number of the major professions in the late 1960s and 1970s, but these efforts failed in part because of a problematic understanding of the relation of expert knowledge to the politics of community struggle and change. The chapter concludes by examining the less radical orientation that replaced the approach of these earlier movements, emphasizing newer forms of collaborative relations between citizens and experts.
Verta Taylor and Mayer N. Zald
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388299
- eISBN:
- 9780199866519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388299.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter locates U.S. health institutions in the context of American society and culture, exploring “American Exceptionalism” and its implications for the particular structure and culture of ...
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This chapter locates U.S. health institutions in the context of American society and culture, exploring “American Exceptionalism” and its implications for the particular structure and culture of health institutions. This context limits and shapes the forms and processes of social movements and collective action that occur. The chapter then uses the earlier chapters, as well as the broader literature, to argue how U.S. health institutions shape, and are shaped by, social movements. The range is broad and includes research that deals with movements aimed at shaping the overall financing and governance of U.S. health institutions, the internal workings of organizations, professions, and occupations, self‐help movements, and movements about particular disease and disability entities. One of main questions raised is the relevance of contemporary social movement theory, largely dealing with political movements, for the analysis of movements oriented towards specific institutions. Key concepts of institutional theory are also discussed. The key concepts of contemporary theory, with modifications, can be usefully employed in examining institutional movements. These key concepts include fields, framing processes, political opportunities, resources, collective identity, and mobilization processes.Less
This chapter locates U.S. health institutions in the context of American society and culture, exploring “American Exceptionalism” and its implications for the particular structure and culture of health institutions. This context limits and shapes the forms and processes of social movements and collective action that occur. The chapter then uses the earlier chapters, as well as the broader literature, to argue how U.S. health institutions shape, and are shaped by, social movements. The range is broad and includes research that deals with movements aimed at shaping the overall financing and governance of U.S. health institutions, the internal workings of organizations, professions, and occupations, self‐help movements, and movements about particular disease and disability entities. One of main questions raised is the relevance of contemporary social movement theory, largely dealing with political movements, for the analysis of movements oriented towards specific institutions. Key concepts of institutional theory are also discussed. The key concepts of contemporary theory, with modifications, can be usefully employed in examining institutional movements. These key concepts include fields, framing processes, political opportunities, resources, collective identity, and mobilization processes.
John Merriman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195072532
- eISBN:
- 9780199867790
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072532.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In the first half of the 19th century, France was still characterized by extraordinary regional and linguistic diversity. However, during this period the state increasingly became a central force in ...
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In the first half of the 19th century, France was still characterized by extraordinary regional and linguistic diversity. However, during this period the state increasingly became a central force in the life of French men and women. This book examines the role of municipal policemen (commissaires de police) in this evolution, during which time the police developed into a modern profession. It describes the careers of policemen, how they were hired, the daunting challenges they faced, and the successes they enjoyed, as well as their failures. The chapters describe how the dramatic political issues of the day — including two more revolutions — could bring a sudden, inglorious end to their careers in the police. The study underscores how the police helped the state affirm its primacy, and win the allegiance, or at least the obedience, of most ordinary people. At the same time, it shows how more and more it was the state, and its administrative representatives in each department — the prefects — who called the shots, and not the mayors, further confirming the reach of the French central government. Based on research in the Archives Nationales of France and many departmental archives (archives départementales), this book chronicles the street life of France's growing cities and towns in a time of rapid urbanization as seen through the prism of the men who enforced laws and maintained the peace.Less
In the first half of the 19th century, France was still characterized by extraordinary regional and linguistic diversity. However, during this period the state increasingly became a central force in the life of French men and women. This book examines the role of municipal policemen (commissaires de police) in this evolution, during which time the police developed into a modern profession. It describes the careers of policemen, how they were hired, the daunting challenges they faced, and the successes they enjoyed, as well as their failures. The chapters describe how the dramatic political issues of the day — including two more revolutions — could bring a sudden, inglorious end to their careers in the police. The study underscores how the police helped the state affirm its primacy, and win the allegiance, or at least the obedience, of most ordinary people. At the same time, it shows how more and more it was the state, and its administrative representatives in each department — the prefects — who called the shots, and not the mayors, further confirming the reach of the French central government. Based on research in the Archives Nationales of France and many departmental archives (archives départementales), this book chronicles the street life of France's growing cities and towns in a time of rapid urbanization as seen through the prism of the men who enforced laws and maintained the peace.
