Tor Hernes and Sally Maitlis (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199594566
- eISBN:
- 9780191595721
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594566.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This book is the first in a series of volumes which explore perspectives on process theories, an emerging approach to the study of organizations that focuses on (understanding) activities, ...
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This book is the first in a series of volumes which explore perspectives on process theories, an emerging approach to the study of organizations that focuses on (understanding) activities, interactions, and change as essential properties of organizations rather than structures and state — an approach which prioritizes activity over product, change over persistence, novelty over continuity, and expression over determination. Process and sensemaking may be seen as mutually interlocking phenomena and, as such, are cornerstones in process thinking, This book brings together contributions from an international group of scholars energized by process organization studies. The chapters offer perspectives from different disciplines, insights from diverse theoretical traditions and contexts, and parallels made with a range of cultural forms, including art, poetry, and cookery. The chapters exhibit a clear emphasis on a process ontology, process theorizing, and narrative thinking. Recurrent themes emerge that distinguish process theorizing from the more logico-scientific, variance-oriented research that dominates organization studies today.Less
This book is the first in a series of volumes which explore perspectives on process theories, an emerging approach to the study of organizations that focuses on (understanding) activities, interactions, and change as essential properties of organizations rather than structures and state — an approach which prioritizes activity over product, change over persistence, novelty over continuity, and expression over determination. Process and sensemaking may be seen as mutually interlocking phenomena and, as such, are cornerstones in process thinking, This book brings together contributions from an international group of scholars energized by process organization studies. The chapters offer perspectives from different disciplines, insights from diverse theoretical traditions and contexts, and parallels made with a range of cultural forms, including art, poetry, and cookery. The chapters exhibit a clear emphasis on a process ontology, process theorizing, and narrative thinking. Recurrent themes emerge that distinguish process theorizing from the more logico-scientific, variance-oriented research that dominates organization studies today.
Ann Langley and Haridimos Tsoukas
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199594566
- eISBN:
- 9780191595721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594566.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
Perspectives on Process Organization Studies is a new book series dedicated to the development of an understanding of organizations and organizing as processes in the making. This ...
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Perspectives on Process Organization Studies is a new book series dedicated to the development of an understanding of organizations and organizing as processes in the making. This opening chapter of the first volume introduces the foundations of and inspiration for process organization studies, exploring its connections to process rather than substance metaphysics, to process rather than variance theorizing, and to narrative rather than logico‐paradigmatic thinking. The chapter argues for the importance of a process perspective not only to enrich organizational theorizing, but also to contribute to organizational practice through a conception of individual and organizational action that fully recognizes context, flux, and temporality. Finally, the chapter discusses some of the choices and challenges underlying the adoption of a process perspective in empirical research, and situates the book series as a privileged outlet for rigorous scholarship that explicitly advances understanding of how the organizational world we experience is dynamically constituted, maintained, and changed.Less
Perspectives on Process Organization Studies is a new book series dedicated to the development of an understanding of organizations and organizing as processes in the making. This opening chapter of the first volume introduces the foundations of and inspiration for process organization studies, exploring its connections to process rather than substance metaphysics, to process rather than variance theorizing, and to narrative rather than logico‐paradigmatic thinking. The chapter argues for the importance of a process perspective not only to enrich organizational theorizing, but also to contribute to organizational practice through a conception of individual and organizational action that fully recognizes context, flux, and temporality. Finally, the chapter discusses some of the choices and challenges underlying the adoption of a process perspective in empirical research, and situates the book series as a privileged outlet for rigorous scholarship that explicitly advances understanding of how the organizational world we experience is dynamically constituted, maintained, and changed.
Edouard Machery
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195306880
- eISBN:
- 9780199867950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306880.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The Conclusion summarizes the book's main arguments. This book has argued that, conceptual change is an essential component of scientific progress but what is known about the psychology of concepts ...
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The Conclusion summarizes the book's main arguments. This book has argued that, conceptual change is an essential component of scientific progress but what is known about the psychology of concepts needs to be organized in a coherent framework. The Conclusion contends that current theories fail to explain all the known phenomena. The book has sketched a framework for developing multi-process theories of the higher cognitive competences, identifying several key questions that need to be answered by proponents of these theories.Less
The Conclusion summarizes the book's main arguments. This book has argued that, conceptual change is an essential component of scientific progress but what is known about the psychology of concepts needs to be organized in a coherent framework. The Conclusion contends that current theories fail to explain all the known phenomena. The book has sketched a framework for developing multi-process theories of the higher cognitive competences, identifying several key questions that need to be answered by proponents of these theories.
Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
A wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include ...
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A wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include key ontogenetic stages such as gaze following, early intention tracking, and role play, as well as the psychopathology of autism. A link between mirror-neuron dysfunction and autism provides suggestive support for the simulation approach. Our distinction between low-level and high-level simulation fits comfortably with dual-process theories in cognitive science that draw a fundamental distinction between automatic and controlled processes. A tentative conjecture is offered about the evolution of simulation and mindreading, at least for more primitive kinds of simulation.Less
A wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include key ontogenetic stages such as gaze following, early intention tracking, and role play, as well as the psychopathology of autism. A link between mirror-neuron dysfunction and autism provides suggestive support for the simulation approach. Our distinction between low-level and high-level simulation fits comfortably with dual-process theories in cognitive science that draw a fundamental distinction between automatic and controlled processes. A tentative conjecture is offered about the evolution of simulation and mindreading, at least for more primitive kinds of simulation.
John Mullarkey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199594566
- eISBN:
- 9780191595721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594566.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
What happens when a new philosophy emerges from a supposedly non‐philosophical field? Must it follow the norm whereby a form of philosophy is recognized to be at work in this area (by a recognized ...
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What happens when a new philosophy emerges from a supposedly non‐philosophical field? Must it follow the norm whereby a form of philosophy is recognized to be at work in this area (by a recognized philosopher, but one operating as an outsider), or by some kind of philosopher manqué (a native within the field) being discovered at work there (by this same outsider)? In other words, can something only be deemed “philosophical” in view of an implied subject who thinks in a particular way, discovering thoughts similar to those found in established positions of philosophy? What, alternatively, would it mean to think of a supposedly non‐philosophy realm, such as process organization theory, as immanently philosophical? This chapter explores the conditions by which, far from merely illustrating or applying extant philosophy (“Theory”), Process Organization Theory might actually be seen to create its own novel philosophical thoughts, immanently. By examining the non‐philosophy forwarded by François Laruelle, and the manner in which time and process resist any attempts to theorize them (to make sense out of them), we will outline a way of seeing process as a kind of resistant thinking (an idea first put forward by Henri Bergson) and, therewith, Process Organization Theory as a new form of philosophy. Interdisciplinary thought, on this view, is not about applying philosophy, but consists in philosophy renewing itself (making itself unrecognizable) by acknowledging how non‐philosophical realms (art, technology, science) might be capable of creating new philosophical thoughts. With that, however, must also come a transformation of what we mean by philosophy and even thought itself.Less
What happens when a new philosophy emerges from a supposedly non‐philosophical field? Must it follow the norm whereby a form of philosophy is recognized to be at work in this area (by a recognized philosopher, but one operating as an outsider), or by some kind of philosopher manqué (a native within the field) being discovered at work there (by this same outsider)? In other words, can something only be deemed “philosophical” in view of an implied subject who thinks in a particular way, discovering thoughts similar to those found in established positions of philosophy? What, alternatively, would it mean to think of a supposedly non‐philosophy realm, such as process organization theory, as immanently philosophical? This chapter explores the conditions by which, far from merely illustrating or applying extant philosophy (“Theory”), Process Organization Theory might actually be seen to create its own novel philosophical thoughts, immanently. By examining the non‐philosophy forwarded by François Laruelle, and the manner in which time and process resist any attempts to theorize them (to make sense out of them), we will outline a way of seeing process as a kind of resistant thinking (an idea first put forward by Henri Bergson) and, therewith, Process Organization Theory as a new form of philosophy. Interdisciplinary thought, on this view, is not about applying philosophy, but consists in philosophy renewing itself (making itself unrecognizable) by acknowledging how non‐philosophical realms (art, technology, science) might be capable of creating new philosophical thoughts. With that, however, must also come a transformation of what we mean by philosophy and even thought itself.
C. J. Brainerd and V. F. Reyna
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195154054
- eISBN:
- 9780199868384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154054.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines theoretical principles of false memory. It considers three early explanations of false memory: constructivism, a more detailed version of constructivism that is known as schema ...
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This chapter examines theoretical principles of false memory. It considers three early explanations of false memory: constructivism, a more detailed version of constructivism that is known as schema theory, and the source-monitoring framework. The dual-process tradition in memory research is discussed. The chapter then considers what, at present, is the modal approach to explaining false memories: opponent-processes theories.Less
This chapter examines theoretical principles of false memory. It considers three early explanations of false memory: constructivism, a more detailed version of constructivism that is known as schema theory, and the source-monitoring framework. The dual-process tradition in memory research is discussed. The chapter then considers what, at present, is the modal approach to explaining false memories: opponent-processes theories.
Kenneth J. Gergen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199594566
- eISBN:
- 9780191595721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594566.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
The shift in focus from entities to process in organizational theory is both theoretically challenging and rich in potential. In this chapter I first consider two major challenges to the traditional ...
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The shift in focus from entities to process in organizational theory is both theoretically challenging and rich in potential. In this chapter I first consider two major challenges to the traditional science of organizations, including a shift from research devoted to establishing empirically based covering laws to a science invested in generating futures through participatory practices. I then consider a theoretical orientation to process, one that illuminates the collaborative or co‐active constitution of what we take to be entities, and the ongoing process required to sustain a world of independent events or actions. Finally, with this emphasis on co‐active process in place, I take up the possibility of understanding organizational activity in terms of confluence theory. The latter emphasizes wholistic collations of co‐constituting “entities” that are in motion across time. Such an orientation to understanding invites the scholar to engage in future building activities that are sensitized to the protean potentials for organizational re‐constitution.Less
The shift in focus from entities to process in organizational theory is both theoretically challenging and rich in potential. In this chapter I first consider two major challenges to the traditional science of organizations, including a shift from research devoted to establishing empirically based covering laws to a science invested in generating futures through participatory practices. I then consider a theoretical orientation to process, one that illuminates the collaborative or co‐active constitution of what we take to be entities, and the ongoing process required to sustain a world of independent events or actions. Finally, with this emphasis on co‐active process in place, I take up the possibility of understanding organizational activity in terms of confluence theory. The latter emphasizes wholistic collations of co‐constituting “entities” that are in motion across time. Such an orientation to understanding invites the scholar to engage in future building activities that are sensitized to the protean potentials for organizational re‐constitution.
John F Kihlstrom
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189636
- eISBN:
- 9780199868605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189636.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The distinction between automatic and controlled cognitive processes was imported into social psychology, and formed the basis for a new generation of “dual-process” theories of social cognition and ...
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The distinction between automatic and controlled cognitive processes was imported into social psychology, and formed the basis for a new generation of “dual-process” theories of social cognition and behavior. However, some social psychologists have gone further to claim that automatic processes dominate social interaction, leaving little room for anything like free will. For these theorists, human beings are machines — automatons — after all. However, no empirical evidence supports such a strong claim about human nature. In part, the automaticity juggernaut appears to reflect a reaction to the cognitive revolution in social psychology, with its implication that social interactions are mediated by conscious, deliberate, rational thought; in part, it may be a reflection of the biologization of social psychology. But it also seems to be a reflection of an emerging “People Are Stupid” trend within social psychology, as well as a throwback to the historical alliance between situationism and radical behaviorism. Finally, the emphasis on automaticity appears to be based on the “epiphenomenalist suspicion” that consciousness plays no role in human behavior, as well as the allure of the pinball determinism of classical physics.Less
The distinction between automatic and controlled cognitive processes was imported into social psychology, and formed the basis for a new generation of “dual-process” theories of social cognition and behavior. However, some social psychologists have gone further to claim that automatic processes dominate social interaction, leaving little room for anything like free will. For these theorists, human beings are machines — automatons — after all. However, no empirical evidence supports such a strong claim about human nature. In part, the automaticity juggernaut appears to reflect a reaction to the cognitive revolution in social psychology, with its implication that social interactions are mediated by conscious, deliberate, rational thought; in part, it may be a reflection of the biologization of social psychology. But it also seems to be a reflection of an emerging “People Are Stupid” trend within social psychology, as well as a throwback to the historical alliance between situationism and radical behaviorism. Finally, the emphasis on automaticity appears to be based on the “epiphenomenalist suspicion” that consciousness plays no role in human behavior, as well as the allure of the pinball determinism of classical physics.
Edouard Machery
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195306880
- eISBN:
- 9780199867950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306880.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter investigates the contours of those theories that assume that a single cognitive competence, for instance, inductive reasoning, is underwritten by several cognitive processes (a branch of ...
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This chapter investigates the contours of those theories that assume that a single cognitive competence, for instance, inductive reasoning, is underwritten by several cognitive processes (a branch of theories called here “multi-process theories”). Three types of multi-process theories (including, Ashby's theory of categorization, dual-process theories of reasoning and decision-making, and Gigerenzer's adaptive toolbox) are examined critically. The relevance of dissociations for multi-process theories is discussed.Less
This chapter investigates the contours of those theories that assume that a single cognitive competence, for instance, inductive reasoning, is underwritten by several cognitive processes (a branch of theories called here “multi-process theories”). Three types of multi-process theories (including, Ashby's theory of categorization, dual-process theories of reasoning and decision-making, and Gigerenzer's adaptive toolbox) are examined critically. The relevance of dissociations for multi-process theories is discussed.
Mikkel Gerken
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693702
- eISBN:
- 9780191741265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693702.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The chapter develops an epistemic focal bias account of certain patterns of judgments about knowledge ascriptions by integrating it with a general dual process framework of human cognition. According ...
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The chapter develops an epistemic focal bias account of certain patterns of judgments about knowledge ascriptions by integrating it with a general dual process framework of human cognition. According to such account, judgments about knowledge ascriptions are generally reliable but systematically fallible, as the cognitive processes that generate them are affected by what is in focus. Some puzzling patters of judgments about knowledge ascriptions and sketching show how a basic focal bias account seeks to account for them as compatible with strict invariantism. It is argued that the basic focal bias account should be integrated in a more general framework of human cognition. Central aspects of a prominent general dual process theory of human cognition are presented, with discussion of how focal bias figures at various levels of processing. A provisional categorization of the relevant judgments about knowledge ascriptions is outlined. It is argued that the basic epistemic focal bias account of certain contrast effects and salient alternatives effects can be plausibly integrated with the dual process framework. The absence of strong intuitions in cases of far-fetched salient alternatives is explained. Some methodological issues concerning the relationship between cognitive psychology, experimental data and epistemological theorizing are considered.Less
The chapter develops an epistemic focal bias account of certain patterns of judgments about knowledge ascriptions by integrating it with a general dual process framework of human cognition. According to such account, judgments about knowledge ascriptions are generally reliable but systematically fallible, as the cognitive processes that generate them are affected by what is in focus. Some puzzling patters of judgments about knowledge ascriptions and sketching show how a basic focal bias account seeks to account for them as compatible with strict invariantism. It is argued that the basic focal bias account should be integrated in a more general framework of human cognition. Central aspects of a prominent general dual process theory of human cognition are presented, with discussion of how focal bias figures at various levels of processing. A provisional categorization of the relevant judgments about knowledge ascriptions is outlined. It is argued that the basic epistemic focal bias account of certain contrast effects and salient alternatives effects can be plausibly integrated with the dual process framework. The absence of strong intuitions in cases of far-fetched salient alternatives is explained. Some methodological issues concerning the relationship between cognitive psychology, experimental data and epistemological theorizing are considered.
Alan Gilchrist
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195187168
- eISBN:
- 9780199786725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187168.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Chronologically the fourth period of lightness theory, also known as the contrast period, extended from World War II until the end of the 1960s. Ideologically, however, it began at the end of the ...
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Chronologically the fourth period of lightness theory, also known as the contrast period, extended from World War II until the end of the 1960s. Ideologically, however, it began at the end of the 19th century, ignoring the intervening work of David Katz and the Gestalt psychologists. The contrast period was dominated by the behaviorists, who believed in the physiological mechanism of lateral inhibition. Contrast theorists took up the debate right where it had been left off in 1900, amidst the Ewald Hering/Hermann von Helmholtz controversy — and they sided overwhelmingly with Hering. Two theories came to dominate this period, those of D. Jameson and L. Hurvich and of Tom Cornsweet, both derived from Hering. Other important theories of the time, such as Harry Helson's adaptation-level theory and Hans Wallach's ratio theory, were assimilated to Hering's theory of contrast.Less
Chronologically the fourth period of lightness theory, also known as the contrast period, extended from World War II until the end of the 1960s. Ideologically, however, it began at the end of the 19th century, ignoring the intervening work of David Katz and the Gestalt psychologists. The contrast period was dominated by the behaviorists, who believed in the physiological mechanism of lateral inhibition. Contrast theorists took up the debate right where it had been left off in 1900, amidst the Ewald Hering/Hermann von Helmholtz controversy — and they sided overwhelmingly with Hering. Two theories came to dominate this period, those of D. Jameson and L. Hurvich and of Tom Cornsweet, both derived from Hering. Other important theories of the time, such as Harry Helson's adaptation-level theory and Hans Wallach's ratio theory, were assimilated to Hering's theory of contrast.
Leandre R. Fabrigar, Duane T. Wegener, and Tara K. MacDonald
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377798
- eISBN:
- 9780199864522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377798.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
The authors present a general framework for organizing the moderators of the attitude-behavior relationships suggested in the literature, focusing on several central distinctions. First, they ...
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The authors present a general framework for organizing the moderators of the attitude-behavior relationships suggested in the literature, focusing on several central distinctions. First, they distinguish between predictions of behavior and mechanisms that might actually mediate the underlying attitude-behavior link. The first category of moderators includes the kinds of measurement issues postulated by Fishbein and his colleagues—issues that are potentially germane to efforts to predict behavior from any individual difference variable. The chapter distinguishes mediational mechanisms further along lines suggested by dual-processing theory, into those involving low-deliberation behaviors and those involving high deliberation behaviors. The former includes perceptual and behavioral cuing effects that could implicate habitual or nonconscious processes similar to those described in Chapters 5 and 6. The latter arguably encompasses both higher-level propositional reasoning and biased information processing.Less
The authors present a general framework for organizing the moderators of the attitude-behavior relationships suggested in the literature, focusing on several central distinctions. First, they distinguish between predictions of behavior and mechanisms that might actually mediate the underlying attitude-behavior link. The first category of moderators includes the kinds of measurement issues postulated by Fishbein and his colleagues—issues that are potentially germane to efforts to predict behavior from any individual difference variable. The chapter distinguishes mediational mechanisms further along lines suggested by dual-processing theory, into those involving low-deliberation behaviors and those involving high deliberation behaviors. The former includes perceptual and behavioral cuing effects that could implicate habitual or nonconscious processes similar to those described in Chapters 5 and 6. The latter arguably encompasses both higher-level propositional reasoning and biased information processing.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches ...
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This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches to develop an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects as competing pressures on, and sources of diversity among, overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The operations of these factories are influenced by such contextual features as corporate structures, sector dynamics, the local setting, and wider national institutions and traditions, but these features are themselves mediated and manipulated in power struggles between collective and individual agents at workplace level. Thus, changes in work and employment relations cannot be read off from existing organizational templates or external constraints, but involve tensions and contention between different groupings within management and between managers and workers. The implications of these arguments are drawn out by considering rival interpretations of the operations of overseas subsidiaries, as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants.Less
This chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches to develop an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects as competing pressures on, and sources of diversity among, overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The operations of these factories are influenced by such contextual features as corporate structures, sector dynamics, the local setting, and wider national institutions and traditions, but these features are themselves mediated and manipulated in power struggles between collective and individual agents at workplace level. Thus, changes in work and employment relations cannot be read off from existing organizational templates or external constraints, but involve tensions and contention between different groupings within management and between managers and workers. The implications of these arguments are drawn out by considering rival interpretations of the operations of overseas subsidiaries, as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants.
Jeffrey A. Gray and Neil McNaughton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198522713
- eISBN:
- 9780191712517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
The chapter reviews two-process theories of learning, and justifies the equation of reward with punishment omission and of punishment with reward omission. Learning is presented as a means of ...
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The chapter reviews two-process theories of learning, and justifies the equation of reward with punishment omission and of punishment with reward omission. Learning is presented as a means of endowing neutral stimuli with the properties of associated innate stimuli and, whether innate or learned, inputs to the behavioural inhibition system are defined as stimuli that elicit conflicting (particularly approach-avoidance) tendencies. As with the innate behaviours of Chapter 2, a key point is that behaviours attributed to the behavioural inhibition system are sensitive to anti-anxiety drugs.Less
The chapter reviews two-process theories of learning, and justifies the equation of reward with punishment omission and of punishment with reward omission. Learning is presented as a means of endowing neutral stimuli with the properties of associated innate stimuli and, whether innate or learned, inputs to the behavioural inhibition system are defined as stimuli that elicit conflicting (particularly approach-avoidance) tendencies. As with the innate behaviours of Chapter 2, a key point is that behaviours attributed to the behavioural inhibition system are sensitive to anti-anxiety drugs.
Brant R. Burleson and Lisa K. Hanasono
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380170
- eISBN:
- 9780199864355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380170.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Men and women, as well as members of different cultural groups, respond somewhat differently to the social and emotional support they receive. In particular, women discriminate somewhat more finely ...
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Men and women, as well as members of different cultural groups, respond somewhat differently to the social and emotional support they receive. In particular, women discriminate somewhat more finely than do men among qualitatively different comforting messages; European Americans also discriminate among qualitatively different messages somewhat more than do members of other cultural groups. This chapter reviews the literature on sex and cultural differences in responses to supportive communication and proposes an explanation for these differences grounded in a dual-process theory of supportive message processing. The results of several recent studies whose results support this theory are summarized, and directions for future research are sketched.Less
Men and women, as well as members of different cultural groups, respond somewhat differently to the social and emotional support they receive. In particular, women discriminate somewhat more finely than do men among qualitatively different comforting messages; European Americans also discriminate among qualitatively different messages somewhat more than do members of other cultural groups. This chapter reviews the literature on sex and cultural differences in responses to supportive communication and proposes an explanation for these differences grounded in a dual-process theory of supportive message processing. The results of several recent studies whose results support this theory are summarized, and directions for future research are sketched.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter introduces long running debates about Japanese firms, both as developers of distinctive models of production and employment relations in Japan, and as the potential disseminators of ...
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This chapter introduces long running debates about Japanese firms, both as developers of distinctive models of production and employment relations in Japan, and as the potential disseminators of these models internationally through transplantation, transfer, and work transformation within their overseas subsidiaries. It develops a distinctive contribution to these debates, which draws on labour process theory and institutionalist analyses to address the ways in which enterprise managers respond to the cross-cutting constraints of system, societal, and dominance effects. Finally, it situates the research reported elsewhere in the book in relation to these debates, outlines the structure of the book, and summarizes the contributions of each chapter to the overall analysis.Less
This chapter introduces long running debates about Japanese firms, both as developers of distinctive models of production and employment relations in Japan, and as the potential disseminators of these models internationally through transplantation, transfer, and work transformation within their overseas subsidiaries. It develops a distinctive contribution to these debates, which draws on labour process theory and institutionalist analyses to address the ways in which enterprise managers respond to the cross-cutting constraints of system, societal, and dominance effects. Finally, it situates the research reported elsewhere in the book in relation to these debates, outlines the structure of the book, and summarizes the contributions of each chapter to the overall analysis.
Edouard Machery
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195306880
- eISBN:
- 9780199867950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306880.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter considers additional evidence for the Heterogeneity Hypothesis. It focuses on the research on inductive reasoning and concept combination. Particularly, it establishes that people have ...
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This chapter considers additional evidence for the Heterogeneity Hypothesis. It focuses on the research on inductive reasoning and concept combination. Particularly, it establishes that people have several distinct processes, involving distinct kinds of concepts, for reasoning inductively. Findings from the growing field of the neuropsychology of concepts (including the noted work of Larry Squire and Barbara Knowlton on amnesic patients) are also critically assessed.Less
This chapter considers additional evidence for the Heterogeneity Hypothesis. It focuses on the research on inductive reasoning and concept combination. Particularly, it establishes that people have several distinct processes, involving distinct kinds of concepts, for reasoning inductively. Findings from the growing field of the neuropsychology of concepts (including the noted work of Larry Squire and Barbara Knowlton on amnesic patients) are also critically assessed.
Fiery Cushman, Liane Young, and Joshua D. Greene
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199582143
- eISBN:
- 9780191594496
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582143.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter argues for a synthesis of two recent projects in moral psychology. One has proposed a division between “emotional” versus “cognitive” moral judgments, while another has proposed a ...
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This chapter argues for a synthesis of two recent projects in moral psychology. One has proposed a division between “emotional” versus “cognitive” moral judgments, while another has proposed a division between “automatic” versus “controlled” moral judgments. These appear to describe the same underlying psychological systems: one that appears to give rise to automatic, rapid, and emotionally forceful moral intuitions, and another that appears to use controlled, effortful cognition to apply explicit moral principles. These psychological systems can explain a lot about the basic form of competing philosophical normative theories. Some core philosophical deontic principles are mirrored in ordinary people's emotional intuitions; meanwhile, people often use controlled cognitive processes to think about moral problems in utilitarian terms. The chapter concludes by arguing that this division is not hard-and-fast. There is evidence for reasoning from explicit deontic principles in ordinary people; meanwhile, utilitarian thought must depend on some underlying affective currency. This analysis is used to motivate several new questions facing the field of moral psychology.Less
This chapter argues for a synthesis of two recent projects in moral psychology. One has proposed a division between “emotional” versus “cognitive” moral judgments, while another has proposed a division between “automatic” versus “controlled” moral judgments. These appear to describe the same underlying psychological systems: one that appears to give rise to automatic, rapid, and emotionally forceful moral intuitions, and another that appears to use controlled, effortful cognition to apply explicit moral principles. These psychological systems can explain a lot about the basic form of competing philosophical normative theories. Some core philosophical deontic principles are mirrored in ordinary people's emotional intuitions; meanwhile, people often use controlled cognitive processes to think about moral problems in utilitarian terms. The chapter concludes by arguing that this division is not hard-and-fast. There is evidence for reasoning from explicit deontic principles in ordinary people; meanwhile, utilitarian thought must depend on some underlying affective currency. This analysis is used to motivate several new questions facing the field of moral psychology.
Majken Schultz, Steve Maguire, Ann Langley, and Haridimos Tsoukas (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199640997
- eISBN:
- 9780191738388
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640997.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
The constructing of identities—those processes through which actors in and around organizations claim, accept, negotiate, affirm, stabilize, maintain, reproduce, challenge, disrupt, destabilize, ...
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The constructing of identities—those processes through which actors in and around organizations claim, accept, negotiate, affirm, stabilize, maintain, reproduce, challenge, disrupt, destabilize, repair, or otherwise relate to their sense of selves and others—has become a critically important topic in the study of organizations. This volume attempts to amplify—and possibly refract—contemporary debates among identity scholars that question established notions of identity as “essence,” “entity,” or “thing.” It calls for alternative approaches to understanding identity and its significance in contexts in and around organizations by conceptualizing it as “process”—that is, being continually under construction. On the basis of diverse theoretical and philosophical traditions and contexts, contributions by leading scholars to this volume offer new perspectives on how individual and organizational identities evolve and come to be constructed through ongoing activities and interactions.Less
The constructing of identities—those processes through which actors in and around organizations claim, accept, negotiate, affirm, stabilize, maintain, reproduce, challenge, disrupt, destabilize, repair, or otherwise relate to their sense of selves and others—has become a critically important topic in the study of organizations. This volume attempts to amplify—and possibly refract—contemporary debates among identity scholars that question established notions of identity as “essence,” “entity,” or “thing.” It calls for alternative approaches to understanding identity and its significance in contexts in and around organizations by conceptualizing it as “process”—that is, being continually under construction. On the basis of diverse theoretical and philosophical traditions and contexts, contributions by leading scholars to this volume offer new perspectives on how individual and organizational identities evolve and come to be constructed through ongoing activities and interactions.
Mary Ellen O'Connell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368949
- eISBN:
- 9780199871100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368949.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Responding to Henkin's compliance theory, Goldsmith and Posner asserted in 2005 that “rational choice” theory proves that few states ever truly “comply” with international law. What looks like ...
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Responding to Henkin's compliance theory, Goldsmith and Posner asserted in 2005 that “rational choice” theory proves that few states ever truly “comply” with international law. What looks like compliance is pursuit of “self” interest. They conclude that violations of international law, therefore, cannot be condemned as violations of law. To apply their theory, however, they make a series of implausible assumptions and fail to incorporate developments in behavioral economics or the insights of post-modernism. Both support the importance of such human impulses as altruism and belief. And it is these that actually support the claim that international law is law and that coercive means may be used to enforce it — as was always understood in natural law theory. Reviving natural law theory to explain the basis of international law's authority can best be done by incorporating process theory and retaining the centrality of positivism.Less
Responding to Henkin's compliance theory, Goldsmith and Posner asserted in 2005 that “rational choice” theory proves that few states ever truly “comply” with international law. What looks like compliance is pursuit of “self” interest. They conclude that violations of international law, therefore, cannot be condemned as violations of law. To apply their theory, however, they make a series of implausible assumptions and fail to incorporate developments in behavioral economics or the insights of post-modernism. Both support the importance of such human impulses as altruism and belief. And it is these that actually support the claim that international law is law and that coercive means may be used to enforce it — as was always understood in natural law theory. Reviving natural law theory to explain the basis of international law's authority can best be done by incorporating process theory and retaining the centrality of positivism.
