Randy E. Barnett
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297291
- eISBN:
- 9780191598777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297297.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Personal and local knowledge can be harnessed by either centralized or decentralized decision‐making processes. Centralized decision‐making works insofar as the decision maker has access to the ...
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Personal and local knowledge can be harnessed by either centralized or decentralized decision‐making processes. Centralized decision‐making works insofar as the decision maker has access to the relevant personal and local knowledge. Since such access is limited, such decision‐making must be limited as well. Decentralizing jurisdiction to individuals and associations who have access to the relevant knowledge permits them to act on the basis of their personal and local knowledge. Requiring that transfers of jurisdiction be consensual, it addresses the ability of individuals and associations to incorporate into their decisions, the personal and local knowledge of others by making possible a meaningful system of resource prices.Less
Personal and local knowledge can be harnessed by either centralized or decentralized decision‐making processes. Centralized decision‐making works insofar as the decision maker has access to the relevant personal and local knowledge. Since such access is limited, such decision‐making must be limited as well. Decentralizing jurisdiction to individuals and associations who have access to the relevant knowledge permits them to act on the basis of their personal and local knowledge. Requiring that transfers of jurisdiction be consensual, it addresses the ability of individuals and associations to incorporate into their decisions, the personal and local knowledge of others by making possible a meaningful system of resource prices.
Randy E. Barnett
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297291
- eISBN:
- 9780191598777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297297.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The first order problem of knowledge is identified as follows: In light of the multitude of individuals and associations, each with their own ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and ...
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The first order problem of knowledge is identified as follows: In light of the multitude of individuals and associations, each with their own ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of potential resource use, how is it possible for individuals to act on the basis of their own personal knowledge and for individuals and associations to act on the basis of their own local knowledge without producing irreconcilable and destructive conflict over resource use? In making their decisions, how are individuals and associations somehow to take into account the ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of others, to which by definition they do not, and often cannot, have access? The concept of ‘subjective scarcity’ of physical resources is also discussed.Less
The first order problem of knowledge is identified as follows: In light of the multitude of individuals and associations, each with their own ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of potential resource use, how is it possible for individuals to act on the basis of their own personal knowledge and for individuals and associations to act on the basis of their own local knowledge without producing irreconcilable and destructive conflict over resource use? In making their decisions, how are individuals and associations somehow to take into account the ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of others, to which by definition they do not, and often cannot, have access? The concept of ‘subjective scarcity’ of physical resources is also discussed.
Randy E. Barnett
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297291
- eISBN:
- 9780191598777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297297.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The second‐order problem of knowledge is the need to communicate knowledge of justice in a manner that makes the actions it requires accessible to everyone. The need for this message to be conveyed ...
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The second‐order problem of knowledge is the need to communicate knowledge of justice in a manner that makes the actions it requires accessible to everyone. The need for this message to be conveyed in advance of persons taking action (ex ante) influences the form of the message in at least eight ways: (1) general rules or principles that are (2) publicized, (3) prospective in effect, (4) understandable, (5) compossible, (6) possible to follow, (7) stable, and (8) enforced as publicized. These formal requirements that are needed to communicate the message of justice ex ante are part of what is known as the rule of law. The need for ex ante information about allocation of several property rights also influences the substance of these rights including the prohibition on force and fraud.Less
The second‐order problem of knowledge is the need to communicate knowledge of justice in a manner that makes the actions it requires accessible to everyone. The need for this message to be conveyed in advance of persons taking action (ex ante) influences the form of the message in at least eight ways: (1) general rules or principles that are (2) publicized, (3) prospective in effect, (4) understandable, (5) compossible, (6) possible to follow, (7) stable, and (8) enforced as publicized. These formal requirements that are needed to communicate the message of justice ex ante are part of what is known as the rule of law. The need for ex ante information about allocation of several property rights also influences the substance of these rights including the prohibition on force and fraud.
Alvin I. Goldman and Erik J. Olsson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199812875
- eISBN:
- 9780199933150
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812875.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, General
This chapter discusses two possible solutions to the value-of-knowledge problem. It first discusses the conditional probability solution, which was formulated and defended by Erik Olsson. It then ...
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This chapter discusses two possible solutions to the value-of-knowledge problem. It first discusses the conditional probability solution, which was formulated and defended by Erik Olsson. It then considers the “value autonomization”, which has been developed and defended by the author of this book. The chapter then stresses that the swamping problem is equally problematic for many theories of knowledge and internalist theories. The chapter also introduces the concepts of type instrumentalism and token instrumentalism.Less
This chapter discusses two possible solutions to the value-of-knowledge problem. It first discusses the conditional probability solution, which was formulated and defended by Erik Olsson. It then considers the “value autonomization”, which has been developed and defended by the author of this book. The chapter then stresses that the swamping problem is equally problematic for many theories of knowledge and internalist theories. The chapter also introduces the concepts of type instrumentalism and token instrumentalism.
Ernest Sosa
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199217250
- eISBN:
- 9780191696053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217250.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter takes up the ‘problem of easy knowledge’ posed by Stewart Cohen, one closely related to a traditional problematic of vicious circularity, the problem of the criterion. It argues that ...
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This chapter takes up the ‘problem of easy knowledge’ posed by Stewart Cohen, one closely related to a traditional problematic of vicious circularity, the problem of the criterion. It argues that this problematic admits a resolution that embraces virtuous circularity.Less
This chapter takes up the ‘problem of easy knowledge’ posed by Stewart Cohen, one closely related to a traditional problematic of vicious circularity, the problem of the criterion. It argues that this problematic admits a resolution that embraces virtuous circularity.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226723402
- eISBN:
- 9780226723419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226723419.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This introduction discusses the theme of this book, which is the role of Immanuel Kant's ideas in phenomenological approaches to epistemology. The book highlights the importance of Kant's critical ...
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This introduction discusses the theme of this book, which is the role of Immanuel Kant's ideas in phenomenological approaches to epistemology. The book highlights the importance of Kant's critical philosophy in understanding the epistemological thrust of phenomenology and argues that all later phenomenologists stand in Kant's debt. It analyzes the works of the most post-Kantian phenomenologists—including Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty—and describes how they reacted to the works of Kant in developing a distinctive phenomenological theory centered on the problem of knowledge.Less
This introduction discusses the theme of this book, which is the role of Immanuel Kant's ideas in phenomenological approaches to epistemology. The book highlights the importance of Kant's critical philosophy in understanding the epistemological thrust of phenomenology and argues that all later phenomenologists stand in Kant's debt. It analyzes the works of the most post-Kantian phenomenologists—including Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty—and describes how they reacted to the works of Kant in developing a distinctive phenomenological theory centered on the problem of knowledge.
Tom Rockmore
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300104509
- eISBN:
- 9780300129588
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300104509.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This book—a large-scale survey of the complex relationship between Hegel's idealism and Anglo-American analytic philosophy—argues that analytic philosophy has consistently misread and misappropriated ...
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This book—a large-scale survey of the complex relationship between Hegel's idealism and Anglo-American analytic philosophy—argues that analytic philosophy has consistently misread and misappropriated Hegel. According to the book, the first generation of British analytic philosophers to engage Hegel possessed a limited understanding of his philosophy and of idealism. Succeeding generations continued to misinterpret him, and recent analytic thinkers have turned Hegel into a pragmatist by ignoring his idealism. The book explains why this has happened, defends Hegel's idealism, and points out the ways that Hegel is a key figure for analytic concerns, focusing in particular on the fact that he and analytic philosophers both share an interest in the problem of knowledge.Less
This book—a large-scale survey of the complex relationship between Hegel's idealism and Anglo-American analytic philosophy—argues that analytic philosophy has consistently misread and misappropriated Hegel. According to the book, the first generation of British analytic philosophers to engage Hegel possessed a limited understanding of his philosophy and of idealism. Succeeding generations continued to misinterpret him, and recent analytic thinkers have turned Hegel into a pragmatist by ignoring his idealism. The book explains why this has happened, defends Hegel's idealism, and points out the ways that Hegel is a key figure for analytic concerns, focusing in particular on the fact that he and analytic philosophers both share an interest in the problem of knowledge.
Brian Weatherson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199696536
- eISBN:
- 9780191876028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199696536.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
If we reject level-crossing principles, some apparently circular reasoning becomes licensed. This looks like a problem for normative externalism. This chapter responds to the problem. The response ...
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If we reject level-crossing principles, some apparently circular reasoning becomes licensed. This looks like a problem for normative externalism. This chapter responds to the problem. The response takes some time, because it turns out there are many different ways to understand what it is for reasoning to be circular. The ultimate argument is that for every such way, either it is not problematic, or normative externalism does not license it. But there is no quick proof of this; each way to understand circular reasoning has to be treated separately. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Problem of Easy Knowledge, and of the norms for proper testing of measuring devices.Less
If we reject level-crossing principles, some apparently circular reasoning becomes licensed. This looks like a problem for normative externalism. This chapter responds to the problem. The response takes some time, because it turns out there are many different ways to understand what it is for reasoning to be circular. The ultimate argument is that for every such way, either it is not problematic, or normative externalism does not license it. But there is no quick proof of this; each way to understand circular reasoning has to be treated separately. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Problem of Easy Knowledge, and of the norms for proper testing of measuring devices.
Tom Rockmore
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300104509
- eISBN:
- 9780300129588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300104509.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This book calls attention to Hegel's often unsuspected contribution to the problem of knowledge while highlighting deep differences limiting most, perhaps all, effort to appropriate Hegel for ...
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This book calls attention to Hegel's often unsuspected contribution to the problem of knowledge while highlighting deep differences limiting most, perhaps all, effort to appropriate Hegel for traditional analytic purposes. Hegel's interest for the contemporary debate on knowledge is not often recognized since even today his difficult position is still not well understood. He was refuted as part of the emergence of Anglo-American analytic philosophy in England a century ago. He is widely thought to be out of step with our historical moment, and even to have been “overcome,” for instance, by the results of modern science. The book examines Hegel's influence on three philosophical tendencies that emerged around the beginning of the last century, and which later came to dominate philosophical debate: American pragmatism, analytic philosophy, and the so-called phenomenological movement.Less
This book calls attention to Hegel's often unsuspected contribution to the problem of knowledge while highlighting deep differences limiting most, perhaps all, effort to appropriate Hegel for traditional analytic purposes. Hegel's interest for the contemporary debate on knowledge is not often recognized since even today his difficult position is still not well understood. He was refuted as part of the emergence of Anglo-American analytic philosophy in England a century ago. He is widely thought to be out of step with our historical moment, and even to have been “overcome,” for instance, by the results of modern science. The book examines Hegel's influence on three philosophical tendencies that emerged around the beginning of the last century, and which later came to dominate philosophical debate: American pragmatism, analytic philosophy, and the so-called phenomenological movement.