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This essay focuses on the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on low- and middle-income countries’ health care. There are two different reasons why poor countries may not have access to needed vaccines and drugs. In the case of global diseases, such as diabetes or cancer, patents may hinder the diffusion of pharmaceuticals. In the case of neglected or tropical diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis, the corresponding vaccines or drugs are not developed because of low profitability due to the poverty of potential customers. The important role of compulsory licensing for low- and middle-income countries is discussed.

This essay focuses on the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on low-and middle-income countries’ health care. There are two different reasons why poor countries may not have access to needed vaccines and drugs. In the case of global diseases, such as diabetes or cancer, patents may hinder the diffusion of pharmaceuticals. In the case of neglected or tropical diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, and leishmaniasis, the corresponding vaccines or drugs are not developed because of low profitability due to the poverty of potential customers. The important role of compulsory licensing for low- and middle-income countries is discussed.

Steven Weinberg is a public intellectual and the best-selling author of The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, Dreams of a Final Theory: The Scientist’s Search for the Ultimate Laws of Nature, Glory and Terror: The Coming Nuclear Danger, and many other books. Weinberg is known for being an atheist and anti-religious, and for winning the Nobel Prize in physics for his electroweak interaction theory, showing how the weak nuclear interaction related to electromagnetism in 1979. Weinberg joined the small scientific army waging war on religion. His book, Dreams of a Final Theory, written to rally support for the supercollider, contains a powerful assault on God and religion, making one wonder about the connection.

Edward O. Wilson is a public intellectual and the best-selling author of On Human Nature, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Biophilia, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, and many other books. Wilson is also a world authority on ants. In 1990, in collaboration with the German biologist Bert Hölldobler, Wilson published the Pulitzer prize-winning The Ants, a massive work of 732 beautifully illustrated pages. Moving beyond ants, he has expanded into the study of social insects, social animals, and human beings. Wilson is also known as an environmentalist and for his work in evolutionary psychology.

This chapter confronts the problem of conferring meaning on the violence of armed conflict – is it crime, or is it war? – and addresses the questions of treason and loyalty that arose during the Reconstruction as the U.S. reached for reconciliation between North and South. These oppositions are illuminated in discussions of the treatment of John Brown following his raid on Harper's Ferry; the fate of Jefferson Davis; and the problem of the Prize Cases, in which the Supreme Court determined the legality of the Southern blockade.

This chapter chronicles Prokofiev's two summers in Ivanovo, where he composed his illustrious Fifth Symphony, the prizes and medals awarded to him by Stalinist cultural agencies, his largely futile efforts to bring War and Peace to the stage, and the serious illness (ventricular hypertrophy) that would periodically incapacitate him. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the conception and reception of his Sixth Symphony, and the darkening of the political and cultural climate on the eve of the anti-formalist campaign of 1948.

This chapter focuses on Austrian-born molecular biologist Max Perutz (1914–2002). Perutz was one of twenty scientific refugees from continental Europe who went on to win Nobel Prizes. A chemist and molecular biologist, he led the first successful attempt to discover the three-dimensional structure of protein molecules using X-ray crystallography, for which he shared the 1962 Nobel Prize. He was the founding chairman of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, an institution that continues to thrive and counts thirteen Nobel Prize-winners among those who have spent time in its laboratories. Although Perutz applied to the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL) for funding, in the event he did not need their money. His case, however, offers an excellent example of the emotional and practical support SPSL's officers extended to all academics who found themselves in precarious situations in the years following the rise to power of the Nazis in Germany and their subsequent conquest or annexation of neighbouring countries.

This chapter explores the early years of the songwriting partnership between Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick, who began writing songs together in 1957 for a Broadway musical about boxing, The Body Beautiful. Though the show, which opened in 1958, was not a success, Bock and Harnick worked together again on songs for a musical based on the life of Fiorello La Guardia, the beloved New York City mayor, congressman, and war hero. Fiorello! (1959) was a huge success, earning them and their collaborators—writer-director George Abbott and his co-author Jerome Weidman—Tony Awards and a Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Bock and Harnick quickly became known not only for their stylish, singable melodies and clever lyrics, but also for their attentiveness as songwriters to the dramatic circumstances of each song in the show.

This chapter examines the professionalization of the poetic vocation in the wake of the expansion of the American system of higher education during the post-1945 era. The teaching of poetry writing in colleges and universities redefined poetry as something that could, at least in some sense, be taught, and it rendered the traditional image of the poet as an “untutored genius” highly problematic. First-book prizes for poetry proliferated in this new literary environment largely because they served to reinforce its central values. For the institutions to which they were in many cases linked, such prizes functioned as an assertion of cultural authority. They strengthened poetry's status as a profession by presenting its hierarchy as a meritocracy, open, like other professions, to anyone with talent and drive, and also affirmed the authority of contest judges.

This concluding chapter brings up to date the history of first-book prizes begun in Chapter 2. Supplementing the interpretation of poems with the interpretation of debut paratexts, this chapter shows how the prize-winning debut—framed by lyrical prefaces, elaborate acknowledgments, and other, often tellingly overwrought, textual devices and conventions—continues at the turn of the millennium to legitimate virtually all the figures and institutions operating in the field of poetic production. It highlights the ways in which debut paratexts evoke the ideal of poetic autonomy even as they call it into question, and furthermore the chapter looks at recent poems that illustrate poets' ongoing engagement with the complex issue of imagining careers at the moment before their careers have properly begun.

Publication of Patrons and Painters (1963), which dealt with art in 17th-century Rome and 18th-century Venice, established Francis Haskell as one of the leading art historians of his generation. He held posts at King's College Cambridge and was then appointed Professor of the History of Art at Oxford University with a Fellowship at Trinity College. Haskell turned to studying French painting of the 19th century. Rediscoveries in Art: Some Aspects of Taste, Fashion and Collecting in England and France (1976) won the Mitchell Prize for Art History. Haskell was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971. Obituary by Charles Hope.

Robert (Bobbie) Robins was a pioneer in the establishment of linguistics as an academic subject in Britain and the leading scholar throughout the world in the history of linguistics whose undergraduate career was interrupted by service in the RAF, in which he was required to learn Japanese and then teach it to service personnel. He joined the new Department of Phonetics and Linguistics at SOAS, University of London, in 1948 and became a professor in 1966. Robins published General Linguistics: an introductory survey in 1964 (4th edition 1989). His textbook, A Short History of Linguistics (1967), was the most comprehensive published, and he was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1986. After his death, the Philological Society established an annual Robins Prize and the University of Luton has the R. H. Robins Memorial Prize for linguistics. Obituary by F. R. Palmer FBA and Vivien Law FBA.

One measure of writers' rising status is by their receiving honours, titles, and prizes. This period saw the first writer to be raised to the peerage solely for services to literature — Tennyson in 1883 — yet in this instance and in many others, where writers accepted or refused knighthoods, politics mattered too. Case studies involving J. M. Barrie, Arnold Bennett, Walter Besant, Thomas Carlyle, Conan Doyle, Galsworthy, Kipling, Lewis Morris, Quiller-Couch, Walter Raleigh, Leslie Stephen, Rabindranath Tagore, H. G. Wells, and W. B. Yeats, are examined. Comparisons are made with artists and actors, and publishers and newspaper proprietors and editors, upon whom titles were also conferred in this period. The efforts of writers to organise themselves and to exert influence, as by the Society of Authors or by a British equivalent of the Academie Francaise, are analysed. Finally, the chapter looks at the rival candidatures for the most prestigious domestic literary award, the Poet Laureateship, held in this period by Tennyson, Alfred Austin, and Robert Bridges; likewise international honours, such as the Nobel Prize for Literature, which was won by Kipling but which saw nominated at different times Swinburne, Herbert Spencer, and Thomas Hardy.