Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The constellation of post-1978 economic policy changes could, in principle, explain the accelerating pace of rural industrial growth, and this explanation features prominently in literature. The ...
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The constellation of post-1978 economic policy changes could, in principle, explain the accelerating pace of rural industrial growth, and this explanation features prominently in literature. The explanation offered by the orthodoxy is that private enterprise, both domestic and foreign, was crucial. In contrast, revisionist scholars emphasize the role played by fiscal decentralization. Neither explanation is compelling; the orthodoxy exaggerates the contribution of the private sector, whereas the revisionist approach understates the extensive decentralization of the Chinese fiscal system, which had already occurred before 1978. Both approaches err in neglecting the contribution made by the development of skills during the Maoist era to subsequent rural industrialization.Less
The constellation of post-1978 economic policy changes could, in principle, explain the accelerating pace of rural industrial growth, and this explanation features prominently in literature. The explanation offered by the orthodoxy is that private enterprise, both domestic and foreign, was crucial. In contrast, revisionist scholars emphasize the role played by fiscal decentralization. Neither explanation is compelling; the orthodoxy exaggerates the contribution of the private sector, whereas the revisionist approach understates the extensive decentralization of the Chinese fiscal system, which had already occurred before 1978. Both approaches err in neglecting the contribution made by the development of skills during the Maoist era to subsequent rural industrialization.
Tetsuji Okazaki
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198294917
- eISBN:
- 9780191715501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294917.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter describes the workings of a government-sponsored Council for Industrial Rationalization for resolving particular investment coordination problems facing Japan in the postwar economic ...
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This chapter describes the workings of a government-sponsored Council for Industrial Rationalization for resolving particular investment coordination problems facing Japan in the postwar economic recovery period. The newly formed market economy was faced with serious coordination failure due to complementarity among industries, economics of scale, and incomplete information. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry intended to coordinate the coordination failure by an industrial rationalization policy.Less
This chapter describes the workings of a government-sponsored Council for Industrial Rationalization for resolving particular investment coordination problems facing Japan in the postwar economic recovery period. The newly formed market economy was faced with serious coordination failure due to complementarity among industries, economics of scale, and incomplete information. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry intended to coordinate the coordination failure by an industrial rationalization policy.
Jianjun Li and Sara Hsu (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380644
- eISBN:
- 9780199869329
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380644.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International, South and East Asia
Informal finance consists of non-bank financing activities, whether conducted through family and friends, local money houses, or other types of financial associations. Informal finance has provided ...
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Informal finance consists of non-bank financing activities, whether conducted through family and friends, local money houses, or other types of financial associations. Informal finance has provided much-needed financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in particular, in the face of a tightly constrained, overburdened formal banking system. Unable to obtain a bank loan, firms have relied upon individuals and informal organizations outside of the banking system in order to obtain financing for their ventures. Informal finance has played a critical role in China's economic boom of the last thirty years. This book describes the evolution, characteristics, and variation of informal finance in China, from American and Chinese perspectives. Literature by Jiang Shuxia, Jiang Xuzhao, and Li Jianjun has heretofore been available only in Chinese, while work by Kellee Tsai, Jianwen Liao, Harold Welsch, David Pistrui, and Sara Hsu has been available in English. For the first time, they come together to discuss informal financing and its many aspects. Much of the work stems from detailed surveys conducted locally, since this type of data is not normally collected by the government. Informal finance is a local and personal activity, but it also affects the macroeconomy; particularly in China, where it is pervasive.Less
Informal finance consists of non-bank financing activities, whether conducted through family and friends, local money houses, or other types of financial associations. Informal finance has provided much-needed financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in particular, in the face of a tightly constrained, overburdened formal banking system. Unable to obtain a bank loan, firms have relied upon individuals and informal organizations outside of the banking system in order to obtain financing for their ventures. Informal finance has played a critical role in China's economic boom of the last thirty years. This book describes the evolution, characteristics, and variation of informal finance in China, from American and Chinese perspectives. Literature by Jiang Shuxia, Jiang Xuzhao, and Li Jianjun has heretofore been available only in Chinese, while work by Kellee Tsai, Jianwen Liao, Harold Welsch, David Pistrui, and Sara Hsu has been available in English. For the first time, they come together to discuss informal financing and its many aspects. Much of the work stems from detailed surveys conducted locally, since this type of data is not normally collected by the government. Informal finance is a local and personal activity, but it also affects the macroeconomy; particularly in China, where it is pervasive.
Leng Jing
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099319
- eISBN:
- 9789882206786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099319.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
In this chapter, the design and the implementation of corporate governance mechanisms in the four types of Chinese enterprises—state-owned enterprises (SOEs), listed companies, village enterprises ...
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In this chapter, the design and the implementation of corporate governance mechanisms in the four types of Chinese enterprises—state-owned enterprises (SOEs), listed companies, village enterprises (TVEs), and private enterprises—are examined in terms of the impact they all have on the Chinese economy's growth prospects and on firm performance. Aside from investigating the reform strategies for the different enterprises and identifying the common problems across the reforms, the chapter studies the reform and restrictions imposed on improvements in corporate governance. This chapter reveals how the need for further reform or better implementation arose, how privatization was carried out in a decentralized manner, how efficiency gains were achieved, and how private enterprises served as the major contributor to employment expansion and economic growth.Less
In this chapter, the design and the implementation of corporate governance mechanisms in the four types of Chinese enterprises—state-owned enterprises (SOEs), listed companies, village enterprises (TVEs), and private enterprises—are examined in terms of the impact they all have on the Chinese economy's growth prospects and on firm performance. Aside from investigating the reform strategies for the different enterprises and identifying the common problems across the reforms, the chapter studies the reform and restrictions imposed on improvements in corporate governance. This chapter reveals how the need for further reform or better implementation arose, how privatization was carried out in a decentralized manner, how efficiency gains were achieved, and how private enterprises served as the major contributor to employment expansion and economic growth.
Stephen D. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179354
- eISBN:
- 9780199783779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179354.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Only the most rabid opponents deny the potential for MNCs and FDI to provide significant benefits for large numbers of people and countries. This chapter is the equivalent of a law brief, one-sidedly ...
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Only the most rabid opponents deny the potential for MNCs and FDI to provide significant benefits for large numbers of people and countries. This chapter is the equivalent of a law brief, one-sidedly expounding on the merits of one side of a case being litigated. As such, it deliberately drops the emphasis in previous chapters on the need for a balanced, objective approach to a subject dominated by heterogeneity, complexity, and subjectivity. The virtues of MNCs and FDI are discussed in terms of their demonstrable contributions to the overall economic growth and prosperity of most host countries as well as their emphasis on efficiency and product innovation. More specific contributions such as creation of relatively well-paying jobs, enhancement of workers' skills, transfer of new technology, and generation of both tax revenue and hard currency earnings through increased exports, are also discussed.Less
Only the most rabid opponents deny the potential for MNCs and FDI to provide significant benefits for large numbers of people and countries. This chapter is the equivalent of a law brief, one-sidedly expounding on the merits of one side of a case being litigated. As such, it deliberately drops the emphasis in previous chapters on the need for a balanced, objective approach to a subject dominated by heterogeneity, complexity, and subjectivity. The virtues of MNCs and FDI are discussed in terms of their demonstrable contributions to the overall economic growth and prosperity of most host countries as well as their emphasis on efficiency and product innovation. More specific contributions such as creation of relatively well-paying jobs, enhancement of workers' skills, transfer of new technology, and generation of both tax revenue and hard currency earnings through increased exports, are also discussed.
Sanjaya Lall
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296058
- eISBN:
- 9780191596209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296053.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This case study looks at the consequences of technological change and globalization for the organization of economic activity in East Asia, focusing on Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. ...
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This case study looks at the consequences of technological change and globalization for the organization of economic activity in East Asia, focusing on Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The author points out in his chapter that most of East Asia—partly for cultural and sociological reasons—has followed the Japanese style of market‐based capitalism. Strong governments, with the close cooperation of private enterprise, have patterned the course of economic development, although, as the development has proceeded, the operational intervention of the state has been greatly reduced. However, while acknowledging the similarities in intent and philosophy, Sanjaya Lall also emphasizes the differences in the interface between the public and private sector, explaining, for example, that whereas in the Chinese tradition the role of the small entrepreneurial firm has been of critical importance, in South Korea, as in Japan, industrial development has been more concentrated within the hands of the large trading companies—the Chaebol. Lall also evaluates the success and failures of the two systems and the lessons to be drawn from them.Less
This case study looks at the consequences of technological change and globalization for the organization of economic activity in East Asia, focusing on Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The author points out in his chapter that most of East Asia—partly for cultural and sociological reasons—has followed the Japanese style of market‐based capitalism. Strong governments, with the close cooperation of private enterprise, have patterned the course of economic development, although, as the development has proceeded, the operational intervention of the state has been greatly reduced. However, while acknowledging the similarities in intent and philosophy, Sanjaya Lall also emphasizes the differences in the interface between the public and private sector, explaining, for example, that whereas in the Chinese tradition the role of the small entrepreneurial firm has been of critical importance, in South Korea, as in Japan, industrial development has been more concentrated within the hands of the large trading companies—the Chaebol. Lall also evaluates the success and failures of the two systems and the lessons to be drawn from them.
Simon J. Potter
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199265121
- eISBN:
- 9780191718427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265121.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on the effect of the conflict brought by the First World War on the imperial press system. It also explains that the imperial system survived the First World War and was ...
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This chapter focuses on the effect of the conflict brought by the First World War on the imperial press system. It also explains that the imperial system survived the First World War and was successfully mobilized as part of the empire's broader war effort. It then discusses the new relationship formed between Reuters and the British government and that the relationship proved to be the precursor to a wider attempt to move official propaganda arrangements onto a more effective basis. It investigated the private enterprise and news services throughout the war. It then examines the Britishness and the imperial press system in the wake of the war.Less
This chapter focuses on the effect of the conflict brought by the First World War on the imperial press system. It also explains that the imperial system survived the First World War and was successfully mobilized as part of the empire's broader war effort. It then discusses the new relationship formed between Reuters and the British government and that the relationship proved to be the precursor to a wider attempt to move official propaganda arrangements onto a more effective basis. It investigated the private enterprise and news services throughout the war. It then examines the Britishness and the imperial press system in the wake of the war.
Yingyi Qian
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262534246
- eISBN:
- 9780262342728
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262534246.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
We study China’s township-village enterprises (TVEs) from an organizational perspective with a focus on governance. Unlike most previous studies, we interpret the firm boundaries of TVEs at the ...
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We study China’s township-village enterprises (TVEs) from an organizational perspective with a focus on governance. Unlike most previous studies, we interpret the firm boundaries of TVEs at the community level rather than the enterprise level. From this perspective, we analyze the central role that community governments play in TVE governance as an organizational response to the imperfect institutional environment of both state and market. Specifically, we show that the community government’s involvement in TVEs helps overcome the problems of state predation and under-financing of private enterprises. We also explain why TVE governance leads to harder budget constraints than state-owned enterprises.Less
We study China’s township-village enterprises (TVEs) from an organizational perspective with a focus on governance. Unlike most previous studies, we interpret the firm boundaries of TVEs at the community level rather than the enterprise level. From this perspective, we analyze the central role that community governments play in TVE governance as an organizational response to the imperfect institutional environment of both state and market. Specifically, we show that the community government’s involvement in TVEs helps overcome the problems of state predation and under-financing of private enterprises. We also explain why TVE governance leads to harder budget constraints than state-owned enterprises.
Daniel Ritschel
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206477
- eISBN:
- 9780191677151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206477.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
This chapter discusses Political and Economic Planning, which was the first and best known of the capitalist planning groups. It explains that PEP set itself the goal of drafting an explicitly ...
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This chapter discusses Political and Economic Planning, which was the first and best known of the capitalist planning groups. It explains that PEP set itself the goal of drafting an explicitly ‘capitalist’ plan of national reconstruction as the programmatic basis for a ‘Planning Party’ and, ultimately, a ‘planned society’ in Britain. It notes that the group never fulfilled this modest ambition and eventually abandoned the very ideal of planning itself, retreating by the end of the decade to its better-known later role as an independent research institute. It emphasizes however, that its early efforts to develop a programme of ‘capitalist planning’ are of crucial importance in the context of planning debate. It explains that PEP's search for a formula of planning that would reconcile the techniques of planning with a private enterprise economy illustrates the ideological complexities both of the debate and the paradoxical ideal itself.Less
This chapter discusses Political and Economic Planning, which was the first and best known of the capitalist planning groups. It explains that PEP set itself the goal of drafting an explicitly ‘capitalist’ plan of national reconstruction as the programmatic basis for a ‘Planning Party’ and, ultimately, a ‘planned society’ in Britain. It notes that the group never fulfilled this modest ambition and eventually abandoned the very ideal of planning itself, retreating by the end of the decade to its better-known later role as an independent research institute. It emphasizes however, that its early efforts to develop a programme of ‘capitalist planning’ are of crucial importance in the context of planning debate. It explains that PEP's search for a formula of planning that would reconcile the techniques of planning with a private enterprise economy illustrates the ideological complexities both of the debate and the paradoxical ideal itself.
Nabila Assaf, Michael Engman, Alexandros Ragoussis, and Sarthak Agrawal
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198853091
- eISBN:
- 9780191887437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198853091.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Conflict and poverty are interrelated: conflict impoverishes communities, and poor communities are more vulnerable to conflict. Private enterprises are essential to break this cycle. As a source of ...
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Conflict and poverty are interrelated: conflict impoverishes communities, and poor communities are more vulnerable to conflict. Private enterprises are essential to break this cycle. As a source of jobs, livelihoods, taxes, and public goods and services, they support resilience and build the foundations of peaceful societies. This paper looks at the role that the private sector plays in fragile situations and studies the failures that prevent it from realizing its potential. To foster the private sector’s contribution to development in fragile situations, we argue that the development community needs to support the resilience of private enterprise on the one hand and promote growth on the other. A combination of institutional and regulatory reforms risk reducing instruments, and public investments are needed, with an emphasis on those that increase predictability, mitigate risk, and expand opportunities for market entry and growth in difficult contexts.Less
Conflict and poverty are interrelated: conflict impoverishes communities, and poor communities are more vulnerable to conflict. Private enterprises are essential to break this cycle. As a source of jobs, livelihoods, taxes, and public goods and services, they support resilience and build the foundations of peaceful societies. This paper looks at the role that the private sector plays in fragile situations and studies the failures that prevent it from realizing its potential. To foster the private sector’s contribution to development in fragile situations, we argue that the development community needs to support the resilience of private enterprise on the one hand and promote growth on the other. A combination of institutional and regulatory reforms risk reducing instruments, and public investments are needed, with an emphasis on those that increase predictability, mitigate risk, and expand opportunities for market entry and growth in difficult contexts.
Richard R. John
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807828892
- eISBN:
- 9781469605241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807898833_pasley.16
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter explores the movement that flourished between 1839 and 1851 that limited the involvement of the federal government on the postal system and the telegraph network, which at the time ...
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This chapter explores the movement that flourished between 1839 and 1851 that limited the involvement of the federal government on the postal system and the telegraph network, which at the time provided the two principal forms of long-distance communication: mail delivery and telegraphy. It highlights certain features of this regulatory regime to provide better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of what is called communications deregulation, or what contemporaries called private enterprise.Less
This chapter explores the movement that flourished between 1839 and 1851 that limited the involvement of the federal government on the postal system and the telegraph network, which at the time provided the two principal forms of long-distance communication: mail delivery and telegraphy. It highlights certain features of this regulatory regime to provide better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of what is called communications deregulation, or what contemporaries called private enterprise.
Steven J. Ericson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501746918
- eISBN:
- 9781501746925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501746918.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter shows how the Matsukata reform brought about a shift in industrial policy. This indicated a move away from direct state intervention in the economy and toward the creation of a favorable ...
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This chapter shows how the Matsukata reform brought about a shift in industrial policy. This indicated a move away from direct state intervention in the economy and toward the creation of a favorable institutional setting for the growth of private enterprise. Yet, for all of Matsukata's free enterprise rhetoric—“the Government should never attempt to compete with the people in pursuing lines of industry or commerce”—he deviated from classical economic liberalism by increasing industrial spending in fiscal 1881–1885 compared to the previous four years and by maintaining fairly heavy state involvement in the economy. Likewise, his industrial policy contrasts with the emphasis of neoliberal IMF orthodoxy on privatization insofar as the Meiji government sold off hardly any of its enterprises until late in the Matsukata financial reform. Although, the paucity of sales until mid-1884 was a function more of the shortage of buyers than of Matsukata's lack of commitment to supporting private initiative.Less
This chapter shows how the Matsukata reform brought about a shift in industrial policy. This indicated a move away from direct state intervention in the economy and toward the creation of a favorable institutional setting for the growth of private enterprise. Yet, for all of Matsukata's free enterprise rhetoric—“the Government should never attempt to compete with the people in pursuing lines of industry or commerce”—he deviated from classical economic liberalism by increasing industrial spending in fiscal 1881–1885 compared to the previous four years and by maintaining fairly heavy state involvement in the economy. Likewise, his industrial policy contrasts with the emphasis of neoliberal IMF orthodoxy on privatization insofar as the Meiji government sold off hardly any of its enterprises until late in the Matsukata financial reform. Although, the paucity of sales until mid-1884 was a function more of the shortage of buyers than of Matsukata's lack of commitment to supporting private initiative.
Amelia Rosenberg Weinreb
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033693
- eISBN:
- 9780813039695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033693.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter expands the previous chapter's argument to include ethnographic cases of private enterprise and private forms of communication and protest. It notes that the Catholic press provides an ...
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This chapter expands the previous chapter's argument to include ethnographic cases of private enterprise and private forms of communication and protest. It notes that the Catholic press provides an important gray space for the expression of dissenting opinion, even if journalists, not “ordinary citizens”, write the articles and opinion pieces. The Catholic Church takes all the credit for the Palabra Nueva's sins partly to protect citizens, which makes the actual “public” more difficult to identify. It knowingly encourages the private discussion of common concerns, and takes measured stances in opposition to existing power structures. But witnessing the actual circulation of the magazine reveals how such efforts perpetuate the existence of a shadow public.Less
This chapter expands the previous chapter's argument to include ethnographic cases of private enterprise and private forms of communication and protest. It notes that the Catholic press provides an important gray space for the expression of dissenting opinion, even if journalists, not “ordinary citizens”, write the articles and opinion pieces. The Catholic Church takes all the credit for the Palabra Nueva's sins partly to protect citizens, which makes the actual “public” more difficult to identify. It knowingly encourages the private discussion of common concerns, and takes measured stances in opposition to existing power structures. But witnessing the actual circulation of the magazine reveals how such efforts perpetuate the existence of a shadow public.
Marius Emberland
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199289837
- eISBN:
- 9780191700545
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289837.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter explores whether corporate human rights protection is in agreement with the basic structures of European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) protection. It suggests a foundation upon which ...
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This chapter explores whether corporate human rights protection is in agreement with the basic structures of European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) protection. It suggests a foundation upon which the European Court of Human Rights's approach to corporate litigation may be analysed and made sense of. This is done firstly by addressing the criticism often seen and heard against the fact that companies and other corporate actors make use of human rights law for the protection of their own interests. The chapter uses illustrations from the ECHR discourse in the United Kingdom and explains further why it is that companies are principally welcomed in the ECHR's legal order, but why they nonetheless tend, on occasion, to be met with a particular type of treatment by the Court. The ECHR builds on a European liberal system which fundamentally welcomes and facilitates private enterprise. The social dimensions of European liberalism and the pervasiveness of the regulated market model may well mean that corporate reliance upon ECHR guarantees may fail if up against certain public interests.Less
This chapter explores whether corporate human rights protection is in agreement with the basic structures of European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) protection. It suggests a foundation upon which the European Court of Human Rights's approach to corporate litigation may be analysed and made sense of. This is done firstly by addressing the criticism often seen and heard against the fact that companies and other corporate actors make use of human rights law for the protection of their own interests. The chapter uses illustrations from the ECHR discourse in the United Kingdom and explains further why it is that companies are principally welcomed in the ECHR's legal order, but why they nonetheless tend, on occasion, to be met with a particular type of treatment by the Court. The ECHR builds on a European liberal system which fundamentally welcomes and facilitates private enterprise. The social dimensions of European liberalism and the pervasiveness of the regulated market model may well mean that corporate reliance upon ECHR guarantees may fail if up against certain public interests.
Lynette H. Ong
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450624
- eISBN:
- 9780801465956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450624.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This chapter examines six cases of failed local government-led industrialization in China. It first provides an overview of the socioeconomic characteristics of the six townships—Xiao, Cheng, Zhou, ...
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This chapter examines six cases of failed local government-led industrialization in China. It first provides an overview of the socioeconomic characteristics of the six townships—Xiao, Cheng, Zhou, Zhang, Sun, and Fan—that have experienced rural decay as a consequence of failed local government-led industrialization. From the 1980s to the mid-1990s, rural industrialization in China was driven predominantly by local government-owned collective enterprises. The rural landscape, however, changed drastically after the collapse of the collective enterprise sector in the mid-to late 1990s. Growth in private enterprises and household businesses has failed to fill the void created by the collapse of township and village enterprises. This chapter discusses the factors that differentiate the prospered cases of Zen and Han townships from the perished cases of the six townships. It suggests that proximity to an urban center is the key determinant for successful rural industrialization.Less
This chapter examines six cases of failed local government-led industrialization in China. It first provides an overview of the socioeconomic characteristics of the six townships—Xiao, Cheng, Zhou, Zhang, Sun, and Fan—that have experienced rural decay as a consequence of failed local government-led industrialization. From the 1980s to the mid-1990s, rural industrialization in China was driven predominantly by local government-owned collective enterprises. The rural landscape, however, changed drastically after the collapse of the collective enterprise sector in the mid-to late 1990s. Growth in private enterprises and household businesses has failed to fill the void created by the collapse of township and village enterprises. This chapter discusses the factors that differentiate the prospered cases of Zen and Han townships from the perished cases of the six townships. It suggests that proximity to an urban center is the key determinant for successful rural industrialization.
Donald J. Pisani
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520230309
- eISBN:
- 9780520927582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520230309.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter introduces the Boulder Dam, and aims to show the way it was able to blend both public and private enterprise. It emphasizes that the dam did not restrict the power of private utility ...
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This chapter introduces the Boulder Dam, and aims to show the way it was able to blend both public and private enterprise. It emphasizes that the dam did not restrict the power of private utility companies, nor did it give power to consumers at the lowest possible cost. It also states that geography placed strict limitations on dams that could generate power. The next section discusses the proponents of “public power” and how the Metropolitan Water District used irrigation district as a model.Less
This chapter introduces the Boulder Dam, and aims to show the way it was able to blend both public and private enterprise. It emphasizes that the dam did not restrict the power of private utility companies, nor did it give power to consumers at the lowest possible cost. It also states that geography placed strict limitations on dams that could generate power. The next section discusses the proponents of “public power” and how the Metropolitan Water District used irrigation district as a model.
G. C. Peden
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207078
- eISBN:
- 9780191677472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207078.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
At all times the Treasury sought to maintain rules of public finance that would restrict the propensity of ministers to spend money, and focus their minds on the need to make choices. Keynesian ...
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At all times the Treasury sought to maintain rules of public finance that would restrict the propensity of ministers to spend money, and focus their minds on the need to make choices. Keynesian macroeconomics was absorbed into official thinking in the 1940s and 1950s, but in ways that reflected the Treasury's traditional concerns about sound finance and control of public expenditure. Officials could use macroeconomic analysis to show that public expenditure commitments were too high in relation to prospective resources. Much had changed in the Treasury during the transition from Gladstonian to Keynesian public finance, but there were continuities — for example, a preference for private enterprise rather than public expenditure, and for an open rather than a closed economy. The gold standard had gone, but its place had been taken by the discipline of a fixed exchange rate that could be adjusted only in exceptional circumstances.Less
At all times the Treasury sought to maintain rules of public finance that would restrict the propensity of ministers to spend money, and focus their minds on the need to make choices. Keynesian macroeconomics was absorbed into official thinking in the 1940s and 1950s, but in ways that reflected the Treasury's traditional concerns about sound finance and control of public expenditure. Officials could use macroeconomic analysis to show that public expenditure commitments were too high in relation to prospective resources. Much had changed in the Treasury during the transition from Gladstonian to Keynesian public finance, but there were continuities — for example, a preference for private enterprise rather than public expenditure, and for an open rather than a closed economy. The gold standard had gone, but its place had been taken by the discipline of a fixed exchange rate that could be adjusted only in exceptional circumstances.
Ian Malcolm David Little
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257041
- eISBN:
- 9780191601293
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257043.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Game theory analyses the best behaviour of individuals when this depends on the reaction of others. The prisoners’ dilemma is the best‐known theorem, and has been thought to be an important reason ...
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Game theory analyses the best behaviour of individuals when this depends on the reaction of others. The prisoners’ dilemma is the best‐known theorem, and has been thought to be an important reason for government intervention in markets. This is misleading because trust and conventions play a large part in oft‐repeated economic and other transactions. The nature and provision of public goods is analysed. In practice, the state typically supplies many goods, which could, in principle, be efficiently supplied by private enterprise.Less
Game theory analyses the best behaviour of individuals when this depends on the reaction of others. The prisoners’ dilemma is the best‐known theorem, and has been thought to be an important reason for government intervention in markets. This is misleading because trust and conventions play a large part in oft‐repeated economic and other transactions. The nature and provision of public goods is analysed. In practice, the state typically supplies many goods, which could, in principle, be efficiently supplied by private enterprise.
Leng Jing
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099319
- eISBN:
- 9789882206786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099319.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The reform experienced by the “big four” (China's state-owned commercial banks) was aimed at addressing the problem of state ownership and its associated costs. China' SOE reform was fundamentally ...
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The reform experienced by the “big four” (China's state-owned commercial banks) was aimed at addressing the problem of state ownership and its associated costs. China' SOE reform was fundamentally affected by the success or failure of the “big four” given that there were banking sector reforms, foreign exchange reserve injections, shareholder restructuring, and reform on corporate governance. Also, as China's private enterprises have yet to gain equal access to state bank credit, the banking reform also affected private enterprises. This chapter considers globalization and the shift to a market economy by looking into the corporate governance reform experienced by the “big four”. Focus is drawn particularly to issues concerned with the disposal of non-performing loans (NPL) and the big four's preparation for overseas listing.Less
The reform experienced by the “big four” (China's state-owned commercial banks) was aimed at addressing the problem of state ownership and its associated costs. China' SOE reform was fundamentally affected by the success or failure of the “big four” given that there were banking sector reforms, foreign exchange reserve injections, shareholder restructuring, and reform on corporate governance. Also, as China's private enterprises have yet to gain equal access to state bank credit, the banking reform also affected private enterprises. This chapter considers globalization and the shift to a market economy by looking into the corporate governance reform experienced by the “big four”. Focus is drawn particularly to issues concerned with the disposal of non-performing loans (NPL) and the big four's preparation for overseas listing.
Charles F. McGovern
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807830338
- eISBN:
- 9781469606040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807876640_mcgovern.12
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter demonstrates the corporate counteroffensive against the New Deal, labor, and consumer activism. Leaders of corporate enterprise employed new strategies to blunt growing sentiments for ...
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This chapter demonstrates the corporate counteroffensive against the New Deal, labor, and consumer activism. Leaders of corporate enterprise employed new strategies to blunt growing sentiments for consumer protection and government regulation of private enterprise. They also continued their anti-consumer movement campaigns by contesting new legislation and regulatory reforms in the mid-1930s. Linking consumption and Americanism through corporations, advertisers drew on their own traditions of political language and national imagery. Advertisers and public relations experts designed a series of nationalist visions of “the American Way of Life”, placing consumption and private enterprise squarely at the heart of citizenship and social identity.Less
This chapter demonstrates the corporate counteroffensive against the New Deal, labor, and consumer activism. Leaders of corporate enterprise employed new strategies to blunt growing sentiments for consumer protection and government regulation of private enterprise. They also continued their anti-consumer movement campaigns by contesting new legislation and regulatory reforms in the mid-1930s. Linking consumption and Americanism through corporations, advertisers drew on their own traditions of political language and national imagery. Advertisers and public relations experts designed a series of nationalist visions of “the American Way of Life”, placing consumption and private enterprise squarely at the heart of citizenship and social identity.
