Tsuneo Ishikawa
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288626
- eISBN:
- 9780191596469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828862X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter discusses the basic determinants of the generation of wealth and its distribution across households; it has four sections. Section 7.1 considers the life cycle motive as a basis of ...
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This chapter discusses the basic determinants of the generation of wealth and its distribution across households; it has four sections. Section 7.1 considers the life cycle motive as a basis of household saving behaviour, paying particular attention to the role played by the pension annuity system. Section 7.2 discusses the role of education in transmitting wealth between parents and children. Section 7.3 turns to the topic of macroeconomics and looks at how the rate of return is determined in the long term, thereby showing how the theoretical discussions in this book form a general equilibrium framework. Section 7.4 takes up the question of asset and related expectations––asset price fluctuation is considered one of the major causes of generation of huge wealth in the short term, but there are various conflicting dimensions to this problem.Less
This chapter discusses the basic determinants of the generation of wealth and its distribution across households; it has four sections. Section 7.1 considers the life cycle motive as a basis of household saving behaviour, paying particular attention to the role played by the pension annuity system. Section 7.2 discusses the role of education in transmitting wealth between parents and children. Section 7.3 turns to the topic of macroeconomics and looks at how the rate of return is determined in the long term, thereby showing how the theoretical discussions in this book form a general equilibrium framework. Section 7.4 takes up the question of asset and related expectations––asset price fluctuation is considered one of the major causes of generation of huge wealth in the short term, but there are various conflicting dimensions to this problem.
Alfred Maizels, Robert Bacon, and George Mavrotas
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198233381
- eISBN:
- 9780191678981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233381.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In terms of markets for both primary commodities and manufactured goods, a structural surplus in the world market — or one that has resulted from the faster expansion rate of productive capacity and ...
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In terms of markets for both primary commodities and manufactured goods, a structural surplus in the world market — or one that has resulted from the faster expansion rate of productive capacity and production compared to consumption — is reflected through depressed price levels. Governments in developed countries use a series mechanisms of supply management for supporting producing incomes above the minimum in temperate-zone agriculture, steel, shipbuilding, and textile industries. Surpluses in primary commodity markets of export are generally found to reflect a part of a longer economic cycle, specifically for tree crops and their long gestation period. This chapter looks into a supply management approach for beverage crops that aims to benefit not only the producing countries through foreign exchange earnings, but also developed consuming countries as well through reducing price fluctuations.Less
In terms of markets for both primary commodities and manufactured goods, a structural surplus in the world market — or one that has resulted from the faster expansion rate of productive capacity and production compared to consumption — is reflected through depressed price levels. Governments in developed countries use a series mechanisms of supply management for supporting producing incomes above the minimum in temperate-zone agriculture, steel, shipbuilding, and textile industries. Surpluses in primary commodity markets of export are generally found to reflect a part of a longer economic cycle, specifically for tree crops and their long gestation period. This chapter looks into a supply management approach for beverage crops that aims to benefit not only the producing countries through foreign exchange earnings, but also developed consuming countries as well through reducing price fluctuations.
Kym Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679362
- eISBN:
- 9780191758430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679362.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
With the growing demand for food in emerging economies, and for biofuels, many governments are re-examining their strategies for dealing with long-term food security. In the past, governmental ...
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With the growing demand for food in emerging economies, and for biofuels, many governments are re-examining their strategies for dealing with long-term food security. In the past, governmental responses to concerns with both the long-run trend level of food prices and their short-run fluctuations have not always been the most appropriate. In particular, trade-restricting food policies rather than more-efficient domestic measures are commonly employed, and by both high-income and developing countries. This chapter examines how such trade policies have contributed to the amplification of international food price fluctuations. They have done little to advance national food security while collectively imperiling global food security and thus fostering rather than relieving tensions that foment social unrest. The chapter concludes by examining how unilateral actions or multilateral trade arrangements over the coming decade could help advance global food security without risking sociopolitical unrest.Less
With the growing demand for food in emerging economies, and for biofuels, many governments are re-examining their strategies for dealing with long-term food security. In the past, governmental responses to concerns with both the long-run trend level of food prices and their short-run fluctuations have not always been the most appropriate. In particular, trade-restricting food policies rather than more-efficient domestic measures are commonly employed, and by both high-income and developing countries. This chapter examines how such trade policies have contributed to the amplification of international food price fluctuations. They have done little to advance national food security while collectively imperiling global food security and thus fostering rather than relieving tensions that foment social unrest. The chapter concludes by examining how unilateral actions or multilateral trade arrangements over the coming decade could help advance global food security without risking sociopolitical unrest.
Barry Barton, Catherine Redgwell, Anita Rønne, and Donald N. Zillman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199271610
- eISBN:
- 9780191709289
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271610.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This volume examines energy security in a privatized, liberalized, and increasingly global energy market, in which the concept of sustainability has developed together with a higher awareness of ...
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This volume examines energy security in a privatized, liberalized, and increasingly global energy market, in which the concept of sustainability has developed together with a higher awareness of environmental issues, but where the potential for supply disruptions, price fluctuation, and threats to infrastructure safety must also be considered. Part I commences with an essential introductory chapter which defines energy security and sets forth the key issues and themes of the book. There then follows several cross-cutting chapters which include sceptical analysis of energy security claims from an environmental perspective and a broader geopolitical analysis of energy security. Part II examines a wide variety of international, regional, and national approaches to energy security issues. Energy security concerns differ considerably from country to country; however, most of the chapters examining particular nations provide an economic and historical context of their energy security concerns, followed by a detailed analysis of the legal provisions relating to each of the main energy sectors (oil, gas, coal, electricity, nuclear, and renewable). This entails examination of regulation, organization, and planning for security and other purposes. In a number of cases, energy security law is shaped by other factors such as market liberalization, environmental protection, and competition policy. Part III comprises two final chapters, the first contrasting the various national and regional approaches and analysing cross-cutting issues, whilst the concluding chapter forecasts future trends in the legal regulation of energy security.Less
This volume examines energy security in a privatized, liberalized, and increasingly global energy market, in which the concept of sustainability has developed together with a higher awareness of environmental issues, but where the potential for supply disruptions, price fluctuation, and threats to infrastructure safety must also be considered. Part I commences with an essential introductory chapter which defines energy security and sets forth the key issues and themes of the book. There then follows several cross-cutting chapters which include sceptical analysis of energy security claims from an environmental perspective and a broader geopolitical analysis of energy security. Part II examines a wide variety of international, regional, and national approaches to energy security issues. Energy security concerns differ considerably from country to country; however, most of the chapters examining particular nations provide an economic and historical context of their energy security concerns, followed by a detailed analysis of the legal provisions relating to each of the main energy sectors (oil, gas, coal, electricity, nuclear, and renewable). This entails examination of regulation, organization, and planning for security and other purposes. In a number of cases, energy security law is shaped by other factors such as market liberalization, environmental protection, and competition policy. Part III comprises two final chapters, the first contrasting the various national and regional approaches and analysing cross-cutting issues, whilst the concluding chapter forecasts future trends in the legal regulation of energy security.
Jean-Paul Chavas, David Hummels, and Brian D. Wright (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226128924
- eISBN:
- 9780226129082
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226129082.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
There is still no consensus on the underlying reasons for recent drastic changes in food prices and continuing agricultural market volatility merits a thorough investigation. This book is a ...
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There is still no consensus on the underlying reasons for recent drastic changes in food prices and continuing agricultural market volatility merits a thorough investigation. This book is a collection of research and discussion by various experts on food price volatility, its effect on the farmer and consumer alike, and an evaluation of current knowledge on the subject. They also identify topics that merit further analysis. With great advances in agricultural technology, the fluctuations can largely be attributed to changes in economic policies. Corn has a high degree of importance in the US, which holds about 40% of the crop’s world production. Government subsidies for corn to be used as ethanol have had major impacts on food prices and made them unusually sensitive to weather shocks. Other price fluctuations in food can be attributed to substitution between calorie sources and policy changes, particularly in impoverished countries seeking to insulate their market from more prosperous nations. In recent years, some observers have claimed that food price bubbles have been generated by financial investments in agricultural commodity markets. This new research on food price volatility may help both private and public decision makers to develop improved management strategies and policies that can address current and future market instability.Less
There is still no consensus on the underlying reasons for recent drastic changes in food prices and continuing agricultural market volatility merits a thorough investigation. This book is a collection of research and discussion by various experts on food price volatility, its effect on the farmer and consumer alike, and an evaluation of current knowledge on the subject. They also identify topics that merit further analysis. With great advances in agricultural technology, the fluctuations can largely be attributed to changes in economic policies. Corn has a high degree of importance in the US, which holds about 40% of the crop’s world production. Government subsidies for corn to be used as ethanol have had major impacts on food prices and made them unusually sensitive to weather shocks. Other price fluctuations in food can be attributed to substitution between calorie sources and policy changes, particularly in impoverished countries seeking to insulate their market from more prosperous nations. In recent years, some observers have claimed that food price bubbles have been generated by financial investments in agricultural commodity markets. This new research on food price volatility may help both private and public decision makers to develop improved management strategies and policies that can address current and future market instability.
