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This chapter focuses on the actions that can be adopted to prevent crime. These measures are very closely connected to the crimogenic factors are considered to be responsible for overall functioning of the criminal justice system, as well as crime. It begins with a look at the approaches adopted for the prevention of crime, including deterrence, rehabilitation, and retribution. The next is on the role of police in preventing crime, which also addresses some practical issues. Popular crime prevention approaches and other community policing schemes that are adopted by the Delhi police are also considered. Finally, chapter ends with a section on the helpline services for certain groups and the deployment of police and the crime rate in Delhi.

Oral diseases are largely preventable but are still highly prevalent. What is going wrong? Why have oral diseases not been eradicated? The answer to these questions is not straightforward. As highlighted in Chapter 2, a complex array of factors influence the health status of individuals and populations. Many of these factors are outside the control of health professionals and the health service. If oral diseases are to be prevented, it is necessary to have a strategy or a plan to tackle the determinants. This chapter discusses the principles of strategy design with reference to prevention. First, it considers the basic principles that need to be addressed when preparing any strategy. Second, it examines the various approaches that can be taken when considering prevention and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each. It looks at issues concerning selection of population groups and individuals through screening, and considerations involved in designing a strategy to tackle a major oral health problem. The existence of a strategy implies that there is an organized plan to reach a goal. In this sense, designing preventive strategies is similar to other health care planning. The same essential elements must be present (Box 4.1). It is important to have a clear vision of what you are trying to achieve and how it is planned to get there, otherwise it is unlikely that the goal will ever be realized. The first stage is to identify the aim of the project. What is to be achieved? The second stage is to identify the objectives of the project. What are the various steps that will eventually mean that the aim is reached? To formulate the aims and objectives of a programme it is necessary to collect data to provide information. Asking a series of questions can facilitate this. These data will include the following. What is the problem that is to be addressed? Is it, for example, caries in pre-school children or early identification of oral cancer? What is the natural history of the disease? What are its aetiology, risk factors, and predisposing factors? What is its epidemiology? Is the incidence increasing, decreasing, or stable? How important is the disease within the population? It may be important in two ways: it may affect many people within the population or it may affect few people but be of major impact.

This chapter aims to re-think the types of intervention strategies that have controlled education and prevention approaches to HIV/AIDS vulnerability. It analyzes in detail the roles of gender and sexuality in the experience of young night school students from impoverished inner-city neighborhoods in Sāo Paulo. It shows the many ways structural forces impact upon, and limit the choices available to boys and girls. This chapter also presents a conceptual framework for the deconstruction and reconstruction of gender relations and sexual experience through a dialogical and dialectical methodology that is originally pioneered in struggles against illiteracy and class oppression.