Derek Drinkwater
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199273850
- eISBN:
- 9780191602344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273855.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Sir Harold Nicolson’s conception of international order, with its roots in ancient Greek and Roman political theory, was central to his ideas about international society. It encompassed the principal ...
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Sir Harold Nicolson’s conception of international order, with its roots in ancient Greek and Roman political theory, was central to his ideas about international society. It encompassed the principal elements of foreign policy, the operation of the balance of power, and the role of international law in world affairs. More particularly, he focused on the effectiveness of collective security and the League of Nations during the inter-war period when Great Britain was moving from a period of imperium over her former colonies to one of dominion over emergent Commonwealth nation-states. He was by turns optimistic and pessimistic about the UN as an instrument for securing and maintaining international order. Nicolson’s experience as a diplomat also led him to attach great importance to national character and prestige as factors in foreign relations and diplomatic negotiation; they are rarely absent from his analyses of international affairs.Less
Sir Harold Nicolson’s conception of international order, with its roots in ancient Greek and Roman political theory, was central to his ideas about international society. It encompassed the principal elements of foreign policy, the operation of the balance of power, and the role of international law in world affairs. More particularly, he focused on the effectiveness of collective security and the League of Nations during the inter-war period when Great Britain was moving from a period of imperium over her former colonies to one of dominion over emergent Commonwealth nation-states. He was by turns optimistic and pessimistic about the UN as an instrument for securing and maintaining international order. Nicolson’s experience as a diplomat also led him to attach great importance to national character and prestige as factors in foreign relations and diplomatic negotiation; they are rarely absent from his analyses of international affairs.
Derek Drinkwater
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199273850
- eISBN:
- 9780191602344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273855.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Sir Harold Nicolson was a distinguished historian of diplomacy and a leading commentator on the subject. He was also a notable contributor to diplomatic theory. The main sources of his approach as a ...
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Sir Harold Nicolson was a distinguished historian of diplomacy and a leading commentator on the subject. He was also a notable contributor to diplomatic theory. The main sources of his approach as a diplomatic thinker were ancient Greek and Roman political theory and history, chiefly, the writings of Aristotle and Thucydides and Grotian conceptions of international relations. Nicolson’s philosophy of diplomacy centred on its relationship with the principal elements of foreign policy such as the balance of power; he emphasized, too, the effects on diplomacy of national character and prestige. His diplomatic theorizing encompassed ancient Greek, medieval, and Renaissance diplomacy as well as Imperial Europe’s Old Diplomacy and the so-called New Diplomacy of the twentieth century. Nicolson applied the tenets of his liberal realism, an amalgam of idealist and realist outlooks on international relations, in developing an ambitious and original theory of diplomatic intercourse.Less
Sir Harold Nicolson was a distinguished historian of diplomacy and a leading commentator on the subject. He was also a notable contributor to diplomatic theory. The main sources of his approach as a diplomatic thinker were ancient Greek and Roman political theory and history, chiefly, the writings of Aristotle and Thucydides and Grotian conceptions of international relations. Nicolson’s philosophy of diplomacy centred on its relationship with the principal elements of foreign policy such as the balance of power; he emphasized, too, the effects on diplomacy of national character and prestige. His diplomatic theorizing encompassed ancient Greek, medieval, and Renaissance diplomacy as well as Imperial Europe’s Old Diplomacy and the so-called New Diplomacy of the twentieth century. Nicolson applied the tenets of his liberal realism, an amalgam of idealist and realist outlooks on international relations, in developing an ambitious and original theory of diplomatic intercourse.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This book provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. ...
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This book provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. Rather than focusing on a leader's background, beliefs, bargaining skills, or biases, the book draws a systematic link between a trait called self-monitoring and foreign policy behavior. It examines self-monitoring among national leaders and advisers and shows that while high self-monitors modify their behavior strategically to cultivate image-enhancing status, low self-monitors are less likely to change their behavior in response to reputation concerns. Exploring self-monitoring through case studies of foreign policy crises during the terms of US presidents Carter, Reagan, and Clinton, the book disproves the notion that hawks are always more likely than doves to fight for reputation. Instead, it demonstrates that a decision-maker’s propensity for impression management is directly associated with the use of force to restore a reputation for resolve on the international stage. This book offers a brand-new understanding of the pivotal influence that psychological factors have on political leadership, military engagement, and the protection of public prestige.Less
This book provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. Rather than focusing on a leader's background, beliefs, bargaining skills, or biases, the book draws a systematic link between a trait called self-monitoring and foreign policy behavior. It examines self-monitoring among national leaders and advisers and shows that while high self-monitors modify their behavior strategically to cultivate image-enhancing status, low self-monitors are less likely to change their behavior in response to reputation concerns. Exploring self-monitoring through case studies of foreign policy crises during the terms of US presidents Carter, Reagan, and Clinton, the book disproves the notion that hawks are always more likely than doves to fight for reputation. Instead, it demonstrates that a decision-maker’s propensity for impression management is directly associated with the use of force to restore a reputation for resolve on the international stage. This book offers a brand-new understanding of the pivotal influence that psychological factors have on political leadership, military engagement, and the protection of public prestige.
Robert M. Geraci
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195393026
- eISBN:
- 9780199777136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393026.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Apocalyptic AI is transmitted to roboticists and AI researchers through science fiction and is expressed in pop science as a means of raising the cultural prestige of research and researchers and ...
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Apocalyptic AI is transmitted to roboticists and AI researchers through science fiction and is expressed in pop science as a means of raising the cultural prestige of research and researchers and justifying funding spent on robotics and AI. Science fiction often uses religious imagery and language to explore culture and several authors have engaged the idea that human beings might upload their minds into machines. The influence of science fiction is widely accepted among roboticists, who gain inspiration from it, as almost certainly happened for Hans Moravec, the pioneer of Apocalyptic AI thinking. Popular science authors in robotics and AI fuse religious and scientific work into a meaningful worldview in order to gain the benefits of both. Such role-hybridization increases the prestige of the researchers and plays a part in military, government and private investment in robotics and AI.Less
Apocalyptic AI is transmitted to roboticists and AI researchers through science fiction and is expressed in pop science as a means of raising the cultural prestige of research and researchers and justifying funding spent on robotics and AI. Science fiction often uses religious imagery and language to explore culture and several authors have engaged the idea that human beings might upload their minds into machines. The influence of science fiction is widely accepted among roboticists, who gain inspiration from it, as almost certainly happened for Hans Moravec, the pioneer of Apocalyptic AI thinking. Popular science authors in robotics and AI fuse religious and scientific work into a meaningful worldview in order to gain the benefits of both. Such role-hybridization increases the prestige of the researchers and plays a part in military, government and private investment in robotics and AI.
Amotz Zahavi
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216840
- eISBN:
- 9780191712043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216840.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Signalling systems are by nature collaborations, since for a signal to be effective, the receiver has to cooperate with the signaller. The Handicap Principle (HP) ensures the reliability of signals, ...
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Signalling systems are by nature collaborations, since for a signal to be effective, the receiver has to cooperate with the signaller. The Handicap Principle (HP) ensures the reliability of signals, and is an essential component in all signals. The HP explains why signals evolve their particular patterns, and the relationship of the patterns to the messages encoded in them. The HP is used to understand signalling among Arabian Babblers — the patterns by which they advertise their qualities to mates, rivals, and predators. The HP also explains the altruism of babblers as a selfish investment in advertising prestige. Recent theoretical studies use the HP in interpreting the evolution of chemical signalling among organisms (pheromones) and within multi-cellular organisms (hormones), and the messages encoded in such chemical signals.Less
Signalling systems are by nature collaborations, since for a signal to be effective, the receiver has to cooperate with the signaller. The Handicap Principle (HP) ensures the reliability of signals, and is an essential component in all signals. The HP explains why signals evolve their particular patterns, and the relationship of the patterns to the messages encoded in them. The HP is used to understand signalling among Arabian Babblers — the patterns by which they advertise their qualities to mates, rivals, and predators. The HP also explains the altruism of babblers as a selfish investment in advertising prestige. Recent theoretical studies use the HP in interpreting the evolution of chemical signalling among organisms (pheromones) and within multi-cellular organisms (hormones), and the messages encoded in such chemical signals.
M. Whitney Kelting
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140118
- eISBN:
- 9780199834365
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140117.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This book draws upon 14 months of field research centered on devotional singing and Svetambar Jain laywomen's religiosity in Pune, Maharashtra. These women balance their lives between received ideals ...
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This book draws upon 14 months of field research centered on devotional singing and Svetambar Jain laywomen's religiosity in Pune, Maharashtra. These women balance their lives between received ideals of womanhood (Jain, Gujarati, Indian, middle‐class) and their own personal understandings of what it means to be a good Jain. This book argues that the Jain laywomen's theologies are developed in the practice and performance of Jain hymn singing. The devotional songs articulate theology through their lyrics and through the contexts in which each is sung, which reflects the women's interpretations of these contexts and songs. The performance contexts were chosen according to theological and musicological appropriateness and prepared performance patterns were broken specifically to infer theological challenges. Finally, hymn singing and public worship contexts provide locations for negotiations over religious authority between the spheres of expertise and prestige. Jain laywomen negotiate between the competing spheres of expertise and prestige, to find a balance that privileges their praxis‐oriented approach to Jain religiosity and highlights the grace and compassion of the Jinas.Less
This book draws upon 14 months of field research centered on devotional singing and Svetambar Jain laywomen's religiosity in Pune, Maharashtra. These women balance their lives between received ideals of womanhood (Jain, Gujarati, Indian, middle‐class) and their own personal understandings of what it means to be a good Jain. This book argues that the Jain laywomen's theologies are developed in the practice and performance of Jain hymn singing. The devotional songs articulate theology through their lyrics and through the contexts in which each is sung, which reflects the women's interpretations of these contexts and songs. The performance contexts were chosen according to theological and musicological appropriateness and prepared performance patterns were broken specifically to infer theological challenges. Finally, hymn singing and public worship contexts provide locations for negotiations over religious authority between the spheres of expertise and prestige. Jain laywomen negotiate between the competing spheres of expertise and prestige, to find a balance that privileges their praxis‐oriented approach to Jain religiosity and highlights the grace and compassion of the Jinas.
M. Whitney Kelting
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140118
- eISBN:
- 9780199834365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140117.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
Both expertise and prestige are sources for authority in Jain religious contexts. Most religious expertise inheres with the laywomen who teach and monitor the orthopraxy and orthodoxy of children, ...
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Both expertise and prestige are sources for authority in Jain religious contexts. Most religious expertise inheres with the laywomen who teach and monitor the orthopraxy and orthodoxy of children, while the bulk of religious prestige is located in male dominated practices. Jain laywomen negotiate their positions as authorities in public, all‐women contexts, where their expertise is evaluated and where prestige practices have been introduced to make the program grander. They also jockey for positions of authority in mixed‐ gender contexts dominated by male participation, centering on prestige practices that challenge women's expertise‐based authority. These negotiations occur particularly in large‐scale public liturgical performance and devotional singing sessions. The introduction of religious professionals, auctions, and amplification illuminates the struggle defined by complex tensions between gender and class identities for authority in Jain ritual contexts.Less
Both expertise and prestige are sources for authority in Jain religious contexts. Most religious expertise inheres with the laywomen who teach and monitor the orthopraxy and orthodoxy of children, while the bulk of religious prestige is located in male dominated practices. Jain laywomen negotiate their positions as authorities in public, all‐women contexts, where their expertise is evaluated and where prestige practices have been introduced to make the program grander. They also jockey for positions of authority in mixed‐ gender contexts dominated by male participation, centering on prestige practices that challenge women's expertise‐based authority. These negotiations occur particularly in large‐scale public liturgical performance and devotional singing sessions. The introduction of religious professionals, auctions, and amplification illuminates the struggle defined by complex tensions between gender and class identities for authority in Jain ritual contexts.
BENJAMIN ARNOLD
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199272211
- eISBN:
- 9780191709999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272211.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The churchmen and aristocrats who dominated the German scene in medieval times knew how to struggle among themselves for control of the available resources, and how to exploit them to the best ...
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The churchmen and aristocrats who dominated the German scene in medieval times knew how to struggle among themselves for control of the available resources, and how to exploit them to the best advantage. At the same time, there existed a strongly pious tendency providing material support for innumerable monastic establishments. Various motives can be adduced: dynastic prestige and local pride; family connection with certain bishoprics and monastic orders; personal religious commitment and a perceived need for a family mausoleum; networks of kinship, friendship, and prayer confraternity; adverse crises or notable victories in need of commemoration; and so on. But the overriding conviction appears to have arisen from a firm belief in the overwhelming power of prayer. The almost uncontrollably violent tendency of the aristocracy was therefore tempered by a piety which then acted as an economic and social quantity to be reckoned with.Less
The churchmen and aristocrats who dominated the German scene in medieval times knew how to struggle among themselves for control of the available resources, and how to exploit them to the best advantage. At the same time, there existed a strongly pious tendency providing material support for innumerable monastic establishments. Various motives can be adduced: dynastic prestige and local pride; family connection with certain bishoprics and monastic orders; personal religious commitment and a perceived need for a family mausoleum; networks of kinship, friendship, and prayer confraternity; adverse crises or notable victories in need of commemoration; and so on. But the overriding conviction appears to have arisen from a firm belief in the overwhelming power of prayer. The almost uncontrollably violent tendency of the aristocracy was therefore tempered by a piety which then acted as an economic and social quantity to be reckoned with.
Peter White
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388510
- eISBN:
- 9780199866717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388510.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
A letter‐writing campaign directed to Roman army leaders was an important component of Cicero's effort to organize resistance to Mark Antony in the years 44 and 43. Lacking political authority to ...
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A letter‐writing campaign directed to Roman army leaders was an important component of Cicero's effort to organize resistance to Mark Antony in the years 44 and 43. Lacking political authority to command them, he appealed instead to connections and commitments that he shared with them, to their past services to the Republic, and to their desire for enhanced prestige. The arguments advanced in the letters are more personal than in the Philippic Orations that Cicero was delivering in the same period. They provide unique insight into the mentality and motivations of the Roman political class at a time of crisis.Less
A letter‐writing campaign directed to Roman army leaders was an important component of Cicero's effort to organize resistance to Mark Antony in the years 44 and 43. Lacking political authority to command them, he appealed instead to connections and commitments that he shared with them, to their past services to the Republic, and to their desire for enhanced prestige. The arguments advanced in the letters are more personal than in the Philippic Orations that Cicero was delivering in the same period. They provide unique insight into the mentality and motivations of the Roman political class at a time of crisis.
Bonnie H. Erickson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199234387
- eISBN:
- 9780191740619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234387.003.0146
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter tries to determine why some occupations are more popular than other occupations. It examines the prestige of the occupation, its gender composition, and the number of people in the ...
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This chapter tries to determine why some occupations are more popular than other occupations. It examines the prestige of the occupation, its gender composition, and the number of people in the occupation. These three factors eventually affect the size of an occupation's network audience.Less
This chapter tries to determine why some occupations are more popular than other occupations. It examines the prestige of the occupation, its gender composition, and the number of people in the occupation. These three factors eventually affect the size of an occupation's network audience.
Miloš Ković
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199574605
- eISBN:
- 9780191595134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574605.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
The concluding chapter stresses the influence of conservatism and romanticism on Disraeli's understanding of the Eastern Question. The experiences of the Greek Revolution are highlighted, as well as ...
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The concluding chapter stresses the influence of conservatism and romanticism on Disraeli's understanding of the Eastern Question. The experiences of the Greek Revolution are highlighted, as well as the personal experiences from Disraeli's Grand Tour. The changes in his view of the Eastern Question are highlighted, as well as his declining enthusiasm for the Ottoman Empire. Equally, the roles which Metternich and Palmerston played in shaping Disraeli's perception of the Eastern Question are analysed, as well as the crucial experience of the Crimean War in forming Disraeli's reliance on a strategy based on deterrence. The decisive role which Disraeli would play in Britain's policy during the Eastern Crisis is stressed. Finally, it is demonstrated how, during the Eastern Crisis, Disraeli put into practice the key principles on which his foreign policy was based: the ‘instinct of power’, ‘love of fame’, quest for prestige, and preservation of the balance of power.Less
The concluding chapter stresses the influence of conservatism and romanticism on Disraeli's understanding of the Eastern Question. The experiences of the Greek Revolution are highlighted, as well as the personal experiences from Disraeli's Grand Tour. The changes in his view of the Eastern Question are highlighted, as well as his declining enthusiasm for the Ottoman Empire. Equally, the roles which Metternich and Palmerston played in shaping Disraeli's perception of the Eastern Question are analysed, as well as the crucial experience of the Crimean War in forming Disraeli's reliance on a strategy based on deterrence. The decisive role which Disraeli would play in Britain's policy during the Eastern Crisis is stressed. Finally, it is demonstrated how, during the Eastern Crisis, Disraeli put into practice the key principles on which his foreign policy was based: the ‘instinct of power’, ‘love of fame’, quest for prestige, and preservation of the balance of power.
John Lonsdale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199297672
- eISBN:
- 9780191594335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297672.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Kenya's settlers were tiny in number, always one‐third the immigrant Indian population whose interests first thwarted settler ambitions. And settlers were always divided, between farmer and planter, ...
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Kenya's settlers were tiny in number, always one‐third the immigrant Indian population whose interests first thwarted settler ambitions. And settlers were always divided, between farmer and planter, country and town, aristocrat and poor white. Half remained transient throughout British rule, spending five years or less in Kenya, in lives that were more imperial than colonial. Their relations with the African majority were similarly diverse and changing. Whites could meet neither of their contradictory ambitions, to be either a segregated race or the national leaders of a multiracial community. The demands of each alternative made both impossible. In particular, white leadership of African troops against the empire's enemies in both world wars incurred unwelcome debts to Africans. As the frontier of African politics advanced towards independence so most whites retreated to the English home counties, having failed to establish their segregated counterpart on the equator.Less
Kenya's settlers were tiny in number, always one‐third the immigrant Indian population whose interests first thwarted settler ambitions. And settlers were always divided, between farmer and planter, country and town, aristocrat and poor white. Half remained transient throughout British rule, spending five years or less in Kenya, in lives that were more imperial than colonial. Their relations with the African majority were similarly diverse and changing. Whites could meet neither of their contradictory ambitions, to be either a segregated race or the national leaders of a multiracial community. The demands of each alternative made both impossible. In particular, white leadership of African troops against the empire's enemies in both world wars incurred unwelcome debts to Africans. As the frontier of African politics advanced towards independence so most whites retreated to the English home counties, having failed to establish their segregated counterpart on the equator.
Catherine Gallagher
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198182436
- eISBN:
- 9780191673801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198182436.003.0014
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This chapter discusses the political and economic transformation of Charlotte Lennox in the mid-eighteenth century. It examines her reformation at the discursive intersection of several key terms ...
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This chapter discusses the political and economic transformation of Charlotte Lennox in the mid-eighteenth century. It examines her reformation at the discursive intersection of several key terms that were being revised at the same time, such as ‘woman’, ‘fiction’, and ‘sympathy’. The chapter focuses on a set of connections between property and propriety, which in turn explains why female authorship and fiction writing gained cultural prestige during this period.Less
This chapter discusses the political and economic transformation of Charlotte Lennox in the mid-eighteenth century. It examines her reformation at the discursive intersection of several key terms that were being revised at the same time, such as ‘woman’, ‘fiction’, and ‘sympathy’. The chapter focuses on a set of connections between property and propriety, which in turn explains why female authorship and fiction writing gained cultural prestige during this period.
William Doyle
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205364
- eISBN:
- 9780191676598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205364.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
In France, men would acquire public offices only because they brought tangible and worthwhile advantages, or because there was no alternative. Most often the decisive reason was the latter. Offices ...
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In France, men would acquire public offices only because they brought tangible and worthwhile advantages, or because there was no alternative. Most often the decisive reason was the latter. Offices were public monopolies, and almost no public function or profession could be exercised without one. Many services not strictly public were also provided by venal monopolies. To buy office was to buy into an occupation otherwise closed. Yet offices were much more than mere licences to follow a certain profession or trade. An office was an occupation of acknowledged status or rank. Offices are rich in privileges and prestige and impose no duties on those who occupy them. In addition, offices were regarded as an alternative or complementary investment to real estate. Estimates of ennoblements have ranged between 120,000 and 400,000. But the proportion of the nobility owing their status to the purchase of office over a century was substantial, continuing the pattern set in previous centuries.Less
In France, men would acquire public offices only because they brought tangible and worthwhile advantages, or because there was no alternative. Most often the decisive reason was the latter. Offices were public monopolies, and almost no public function or profession could be exercised without one. Many services not strictly public were also provided by venal monopolies. To buy office was to buy into an occupation otherwise closed. Yet offices were much more than mere licences to follow a certain profession or trade. An office was an occupation of acknowledged status or rank. Offices are rich in privileges and prestige and impose no duties on those who occupy them. In addition, offices were regarded as an alternative or complementary investment to real estate. Estimates of ennoblements have ranged between 120,000 and 400,000. But the proportion of the nobility owing their status to the purchase of office over a century was substantial, continuing the pattern set in previous centuries.
Peter Borsay
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202554
- eISBN:
- 9780191675409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202554.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter states that this book has attempted to treat the Urban Renaissance as an integrated and evolving process, not as an autonomous or static cultural movement. The emphasis has been on ...
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This chapter states that this book has attempted to treat the Urban Renaissance as an integrated and evolving process, not as an autonomous or static cultural movement. The emphasis has been on change, on the interaction between economic, social, political, and aesthetic factors, and on synthesis. Such an approach has necessitated that urban culture should be investigated not only in its own right, but also as a window to view the workings of society. Initially, attention was focused on the impact on the town itself but later the perspective broadened to take in the nation as a whole. For provincial towns the most striking effect of the Urban Renaissance was the rehabilitation of their cultural prestige. What the Reformation, warfare, and economic crises had so badly damaged, the flowering of fashionable culture restored. Cultural prestige was no mere ornament. It possessed a real financial value which contributed significantly to the economic resurgence enjoyed by many towns. The demand for new building and rebuilding in the classical style stimulated the urban construction industry.Less
This chapter states that this book has attempted to treat the Urban Renaissance as an integrated and evolving process, not as an autonomous or static cultural movement. The emphasis has been on change, on the interaction between economic, social, political, and aesthetic factors, and on synthesis. Such an approach has necessitated that urban culture should be investigated not only in its own right, but also as a window to view the workings of society. Initially, attention was focused on the impact on the town itself but later the perspective broadened to take in the nation as a whole. For provincial towns the most striking effect of the Urban Renaissance was the rehabilitation of their cultural prestige. What the Reformation, warfare, and economic crises had so badly damaged, the flowering of fashionable culture restored. Cultural prestige was no mere ornament. It possessed a real financial value which contributed significantly to the economic resurgence enjoyed by many towns. The demand for new building and rebuilding in the classical style stimulated the urban construction industry.
Richard Pares
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198811305
- eISBN:
- 9780191695438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198811305.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter interprets British politics in terms of local or personal connections and family prestige, and describes the distribution of political power between classes in the eighteenth century. In ...
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This chapter interprets British politics in terms of local or personal connections and family prestige, and describes the distribution of political power between classes in the eighteenth century. In the House of Commons, there were some independent members of the governing class who might, according to circumstances, sacrifice much or little of their independence; and these sat beside other members of same class, who could only be regarded as professional politicians, in that they depended on making a career in the office. The exact difference between these two parts of the class is not easily stated. In that age, there were public men who valued their ‘amateur status’ absurdly high. These amateurs liked to think that the professionals were of inferior family.Less
This chapter interprets British politics in terms of local or personal connections and family prestige, and describes the distribution of political power between classes in the eighteenth century. In the House of Commons, there were some independent members of the governing class who might, according to circumstances, sacrifice much or little of their independence; and these sat beside other members of same class, who could only be regarded as professional politicians, in that they depended on making a career in the office. The exact difference between these two parts of the class is not easily stated. In that age, there were public men who valued their ‘amateur status’ absurdly high. These amateurs liked to think that the professionals were of inferior family.
Susan Starr Sered
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195104677
- eISBN:
- 9780199853267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104677.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
A feature of all the religions treated in this book is that both in theory and in practice leadership roles are open to women, and women predominate in most positions of authority and prestige. ...
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A feature of all the religions treated in this book is that both in theory and in practice leadership roles are open to women, and women predominate in most positions of authority and prestige. Although few of the female-dominated religions claim that women are “better” than men, quite a few assert that women are more suited (or uniquely suited) to fill leadership roles. Suffering is a theme that emerges repeatedly in the life stories of women leaders, and is used by many of the women's religions to explain why more women than men are leaders. This chapter argues that the feminization of suffering is used to justify women's religious leadership in societies in which leadership is perceived to be a male prerogative. Pain—a female prerogative—explains why women can be religious leaders. The two most common themes in the life histories of women leaders are illness and an initial resistance to taking up the leader role. In many of the female-dominated religions, the women who become religious leaders are women whose mothers were religious leaders.Less
A feature of all the religions treated in this book is that both in theory and in practice leadership roles are open to women, and women predominate in most positions of authority and prestige. Although few of the female-dominated religions claim that women are “better” than men, quite a few assert that women are more suited (or uniquely suited) to fill leadership roles. Suffering is a theme that emerges repeatedly in the life stories of women leaders, and is used by many of the women's religions to explain why more women than men are leaders. This chapter argues that the feminization of suffering is used to justify women's religious leadership in societies in which leadership is perceived to be a male prerogative. Pain—a female prerogative—explains why women can be religious leaders. The two most common themes in the life histories of women leaders are illness and an initial resistance to taking up the leader role. In many of the female-dominated religions, the women who become religious leaders are women whose mothers were religious leaders.
Ronald Hutton
- Published in print:
- 1989
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198229117
- eISBN:
- 9780191678851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229117.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses not only the state of King Charles II residence at Whitehall, but also the number of changes made to his roster of advisers, parliament members, and other important ...
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This chapter discusses not only the state of King Charles II residence at Whitehall, but also the number of changes made to his roster of advisers, parliament members, and other important administration members. The king's home at Whitehall needed to be refurbished, and the king himself had expressed his desire to rebuild the whole place, but was restricted by his finances. The new government formed by the king, however, is described here in a positive light, since it symbolized the reunion of the nation and mixed social prestige with natural ability.Less
This chapter discusses not only the state of King Charles II residence at Whitehall, but also the number of changes made to his roster of advisers, parliament members, and other important administration members. The king's home at Whitehall needed to be refurbished, and the king himself had expressed his desire to rebuild the whole place, but was restricted by his finances. The new government formed by the king, however, is described here in a positive light, since it symbolized the reunion of the nation and mixed social prestige with natural ability.
PHILIP MURPHY
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205050
- eISBN:
- 9780191676475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205050.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
Conservative loyalties centred upon three British empires: the empire of prestige, the empire of ‘kith and kin’, and the economic empire of tariff barriers and the sterling area. As this chapter ...
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Conservative loyalties centred upon three British empires: the empire of prestige, the empire of ‘kith and kin’, and the economic empire of tariff barriers and the sterling area. As this chapter demonstrates, despite the loss of India and the advent of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the Conservative party was slow to disengage itself from this tripartite conception of empire. This chapter also discusses post-war readjustments, the empire and the Cold War, ‘The Three Unities’, reactions to the Conservative victory of 1951, and the Conservative Imperial Policy in 1951.Less
Conservative loyalties centred upon three British empires: the empire of prestige, the empire of ‘kith and kin’, and the economic empire of tariff barriers and the sterling area. As this chapter demonstrates, despite the loss of India and the advent of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the Conservative party was slow to disengage itself from this tripartite conception of empire. This chapter also discusses post-war readjustments, the empire and the Cold War, ‘The Three Unities’, reactions to the Conservative victory of 1951, and the Conservative Imperial Policy in 1951.
David Dowland
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269298
- eISBN:
- 9780191683589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269298.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, History of Christianity
In 1803, Thomas Burgess was enthroned at St David's where he was perceived as another indifferent English bishop. However, this chapter discusses the dedication and the passion of Thomas Burgess in ...
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In 1803, Thomas Burgess was enthroned at St David's where he was perceived as another indifferent English bishop. However, this chapter discusses the dedication and the passion of Thomas Burgess in providing a quality Anglican theological training and education in the impoverished see of St David's. From being a relatively unknown college in Wales, the St David's College became a Welsh substitute for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge wherein eventually, the College gained affiliation to Oxford University. The chapter also discusses the many issues and problems surrounding the College such as the increasing number of competitors, the failure to create prestige in their degrees and courses, and issues with administration and governance. One of the most striking features of the College is that while the College was originally intended for the impoverished members of the diocese of St David's, the College was predominantly governed by Oxford and Cambridge graduates — an indicator that while efforts had been made to elevate the status of local colleges, the prestige and dominance of the deemed superior universities continued to thrive and limit the capabilities of lesser-known colleges.Less
In 1803, Thomas Burgess was enthroned at St David's where he was perceived as another indifferent English bishop. However, this chapter discusses the dedication and the passion of Thomas Burgess in providing a quality Anglican theological training and education in the impoverished see of St David's. From being a relatively unknown college in Wales, the St David's College became a Welsh substitute for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge wherein eventually, the College gained affiliation to Oxford University. The chapter also discusses the many issues and problems surrounding the College such as the increasing number of competitors, the failure to create prestige in their degrees and courses, and issues with administration and governance. One of the most striking features of the College is that while the College was originally intended for the impoverished members of the diocese of St David's, the College was predominantly governed by Oxford and Cambridge graduates — an indicator that while efforts had been made to elevate the status of local colleges, the prestige and dominance of the deemed superior universities continued to thrive and limit the capabilities of lesser-known colleges.
