George Wagoner, Anna Rappaport, Brian Fuller, and Frank Yeager
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199204656
- eISBN:
- 9780191603822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199204659.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The increase in both retiree medical care expenditures and the retired fraction of the population has put pressure on retiree health care insurance providers. This chapter assesses future prospects ...
More
The increase in both retiree medical care expenditures and the retired fraction of the population has put pressure on retiree health care insurance providers. This chapter assesses future prospects for retiree health insurance, focusing on traditional approaches to retiree health benefits where the employer assumes most risk, and on defined contribution approaches where significant risk is shifted to the retiree. It also examines government benefits for retirees, including new Medicare prescription drug benefits. It models future retiree health care costs and opportunities to save before retiring, highlighting public policy obstacles and issues for employer-provided retiree health benefits.Less
The increase in both retiree medical care expenditures and the retired fraction of the population has put pressure on retiree health care insurance providers. This chapter assesses future prospects for retiree health insurance, focusing on traditional approaches to retiree health benefits where the employer assumes most risk, and on defined contribution approaches where significant risk is shifted to the retiree. It also examines government benefits for retirees, including new Medicare prescription drug benefits. It models future retiree health care costs and opportunities to save before retiring, highlighting public policy obstacles and issues for employer-provided retiree health benefits.
Tanya Stivers
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195311150
- eISBN:
- 9780199870837
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311150.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses such as strep throat, sinusitis, and middle ear infections as they have done previously. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing ...
More
Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses such as strep throat, sinusitis, and middle ear infections as they have done previously. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing at a much faster rate than new antibiotics to treat them are being developed. The prescription of antibiotics for viral illnesses is a key cause of increasing bacterial resistance. Despite this fact, many children continue to receive antibiotics unnecessarily for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. Why do American physicians continue to prescribe inappropriately given the high social stakes of this action? The answer appears to lie in the fundamentally social nature of medical practice: physicians do not prescribe as the result of a clinical algorithm but prescribe in the context of a conversation with a parent and a child. Thus, physicians have a classic social dilemma which pits individual parents and children against a greater social good. This book examines parent-physician conversations in detail, showing how parents put pressure on doctors in largely covert ways. It also shows how physicians yield to this seemingly subtle pressure evidencing that apparently small differences in wording have important consequences for diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Following parents use of these interactional practices, physicians are more likely to make concessions, alter their diagnosis or alter their treatment recommendation. This book also shows how small changes in the way physicians present their findings and recommendations can decrease parent pressure for antibiotics. It carefully documents the important and observable link between micro social interaction and macro public health domains.Less
Antibiotics will soon no longer be able to cure common illnesses such as strep throat, sinusitis, and middle ear infections as they have done previously. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasing at a much faster rate than new antibiotics to treat them are being developed. The prescription of antibiotics for viral illnesses is a key cause of increasing bacterial resistance. Despite this fact, many children continue to receive antibiotics unnecessarily for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. Why do American physicians continue to prescribe inappropriately given the high social stakes of this action? The answer appears to lie in the fundamentally social nature of medical practice: physicians do not prescribe as the result of a clinical algorithm but prescribe in the context of a conversation with a parent and a child. Thus, physicians have a classic social dilemma which pits individual parents and children against a greater social good. This book examines parent-physician conversations in detail, showing how parents put pressure on doctors in largely covert ways. It also shows how physicians yield to this seemingly subtle pressure evidencing that apparently small differences in wording have important consequences for diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Following parents use of these interactional practices, physicians are more likely to make concessions, alter their diagnosis or alter their treatment recommendation. This book also shows how small changes in the way physicians present their findings and recommendations can decrease parent pressure for antibiotics. It carefully documents the important and observable link between micro social interaction and macro public health domains.
Neil Websdale
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195315417
- eISBN:
- 9780199777464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315417.003.003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
Chapter 3 argues familicide appears confined to modern times; the period from 1755 in the United States. The chapter covers three historical periods: medieval, early modern and modern. The author ...
More
Chapter 3 argues familicide appears confined to modern times; the period from 1755 in the United States. The chapter covers three historical periods: medieval, early modern and modern. The author notes the horror and allure of familicide emerge over the same period wherein we witness decreases in public violence such as branding, execution, and torture; increases in mannerly behavior and the suppression of strong emotions, and growing state monopolies over the use of legitimate violence. Therefore, the appearance and persistence of familicide in modern times is seemingly counter-intuitive. The author introduces the idea that familicide emerges as modern societies increasingly value successful companionate marriage, as love slowly becomes the basis for marriage, as men are increasingly seen as sole providers, and as families become more isolated from communities. Failure to meet these gender prescriptions generates intense shame that informs the decision to commit familicide.Less
Chapter 3 argues familicide appears confined to modern times; the period from 1755 in the United States. The chapter covers three historical periods: medieval, early modern and modern. The author notes the horror and allure of familicide emerge over the same period wherein we witness decreases in public violence such as branding, execution, and torture; increases in mannerly behavior and the suppression of strong emotions, and growing state monopolies over the use of legitimate violence. Therefore, the appearance and persistence of familicide in modern times is seemingly counter-intuitive. The author introduces the idea that familicide emerges as modern societies increasingly value successful companionate marriage, as love slowly becomes the basis for marriage, as men are increasingly seen as sole providers, and as families become more isolated from communities. Failure to meet these gender prescriptions generates intense shame that informs the decision to commit familicide.
Martin Wight
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199273676
- eISBN:
- 9780191602771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273677.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Grotius is acknowledged as the father of International Law. His thought is marked by richness and complexity. He was a reconciler and synthesizer, favoured ‘the middle way’ and advocated the reunion ...
More
Grotius is acknowledged as the father of International Law. His thought is marked by richness and complexity. He was a reconciler and synthesizer, favoured ‘the middle way’ and advocated the reunion of Christendom. He believed not that war could be abolished but that its effects could be mitigated—his aim was to reduce suffering. He held that the existence of society reflected natural law, which is also to be found in the doctrine of prescription. Beyond natural law is the hierarchy of the moral life dependent ultimately upon individual moral responsibility.Less
Grotius is acknowledged as the father of International Law. His thought is marked by richness and complexity. He was a reconciler and synthesizer, favoured ‘the middle way’ and advocated the reunion of Christendom. He believed not that war could be abolished but that its effects could be mitigated—his aim was to reduce suffering. He held that the existence of society reflected natural law, which is also to be found in the doctrine of prescription. Beyond natural law is the hierarchy of the moral life dependent ultimately upon individual moral responsibility.
Chrisanthi Avgerou
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199263424
- eISBN:
- 9780191714252
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263424.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter examines information systems for the use of medical drugs, known as drug utilization systems, also referred to as prescription systems in the UK. Since the 1980s, information systems in ...
More
This chapter examines information systems for the use of medical drugs, known as drug utilization systems, also referred to as prescription systems in the UK. Since the 1980s, information systems in the US and Europe that monitor drug utilization and influence doctors’ prescribing behaviour acquired great significance, due to the increased costs of drug treatments and the problem of cost containment faced by healthcare organizations. By outlining what drug utilization systems have been implemented in the US and the UK — two countries with very different healthcare systems and both experiencing reform pressures — this case study shows two things. First, how different information systems emerge in healthcare systems organized according to different principles of rationality. Second, how, even in the same country and organizational setting, information systems are confronted with different and competing substantive rationalities. In this case, economic management, equitable high-quality public service, and science-based professional conduct.Less
This chapter examines information systems for the use of medical drugs, known as drug utilization systems, also referred to as prescription systems in the UK. Since the 1980s, information systems in the US and Europe that monitor drug utilization and influence doctors’ prescribing behaviour acquired great significance, due to the increased costs of drug treatments and the problem of cost containment faced by healthcare organizations. By outlining what drug utilization systems have been implemented in the US and the UK — two countries with very different healthcare systems and both experiencing reform pressures — this case study shows two things. First, how different information systems emerge in healthcare systems organized according to different principles of rationality. Second, how, even in the same country and organizational setting, information systems are confronted with different and competing substantive rationalities. In this case, economic management, equitable high-quality public service, and science-based professional conduct.
Thomas Babor, Jonathan Caulkins, Griffith Edwards, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, Isidore Obot, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Reuter, Robin Room, Ingeborg Rossow, and John Strang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557127
- eISBN:
- 9780191721373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines how well prescription regimes perform their role of allowing psychoactive substances to be consumed for approved, i.e., medical, purposes, while preventing their use for ...
More
This chapter examines how well prescription regimes perform their role of allowing psychoactive substances to be consumed for approved, i.e., medical, purposes, while preventing their use for non-approved purposes. It begins with a description of the prescription system that now operates in developed nations, and then lays out the regulatory tools which can influence prescription practices. It focuses on a relatively new set of studies that evaluate these interventions in terms of how they affect drug consumption and patient health. The final parts of the chapter consider the control of psychopharmaceuticals by mechanisms outside of the prescription regimes, such as efforts to control deceptive marketing and to reduce diversion through law enforcement.Less
This chapter examines how well prescription regimes perform their role of allowing psychoactive substances to be consumed for approved, i.e., medical, purposes, while preventing their use for non-approved purposes. It begins with a description of the prescription system that now operates in developed nations, and then lays out the regulatory tools which can influence prescription practices. It focuses on a relatively new set of studies that evaluate these interventions in terms of how they affect drug consumption and patient health. The final parts of the chapter consider the control of psychopharmaceuticals by mechanisms outside of the prescription regimes, such as efforts to control deceptive marketing and to reduce diversion through law enforcement.
Gilles Saint-Paul
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128177
- eISBN:
- 9781400838899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128177.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter discusses the policy prescriptions that arise from the research in behavioral economics. A frequent prescription, in various contexts, is to restrict people's choice set—which falls in ...
More
This chapter discusses the policy prescriptions that arise from the research in behavioral economics. A frequent prescription, in various contexts, is to restrict people's choice set—which falls in the category of strong paternalism. The most compelling case for paternalistic intervention is that of higher taxes for addictive goods, or the so-called sin taxes. Such a tax reduces the current consumption of an addictive good by time-inconsistent consumers; this, in turn, reduces consumption of the good by consumers' future incarnations. Moreover, rivalry should be priced by using Pigovian taxation. The chapter then looks at the mildest form of manipulation—libertarian paternalism—which occurs whenever the government, having decided which outcome is “good” for the people, fools them into making the “right” decision, not by restricting their choices but by framing their choice problem so as to favor the preferred outcome.Less
This chapter discusses the policy prescriptions that arise from the research in behavioral economics. A frequent prescription, in various contexts, is to restrict people's choice set—which falls in the category of strong paternalism. The most compelling case for paternalistic intervention is that of higher taxes for addictive goods, or the so-called sin taxes. Such a tax reduces the current consumption of an addictive good by time-inconsistent consumers; this, in turn, reduces consumption of the good by consumers' future incarnations. Moreover, rivalry should be priced by using Pigovian taxation. The chapter then looks at the mildest form of manipulation—libertarian paternalism—which occurs whenever the government, having decided which outcome is “good” for the people, fools them into making the “right” decision, not by restricting their choices but by framing their choice problem so as to favor the preferred outcome.
Reinhard Zimmermann
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199291373
- eISBN:
- 9780191700613
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291373.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
On January 1, 2000, the German Civil Code (BGB) became 100 years old. It had been remarkably resilient throughout a century marked by catastrophic upheavals and a succession of fundamentally ...
More
On January 1, 2000, the German Civil Code (BGB) became 100 years old. It had been remarkably resilient throughout a century marked by catastrophic upheavals and a succession of fundamentally different political regimes. Two years later, however, the most sweeping individual reform ever to have affected the Code entered into force. This was the Modernization of the Law of Obligations Act, triggered by the necessity to implement the European Consumer Sales Directive, but going far beyond what was required by the European Community. The most important practical implication of the Modernization Act is the fundamental reform of the German law of prescription. However, the most remarkable feature of the revised BGB in terms of innovative doctrine is the new regime concerning liability for general non-performance, and for non-conformity in sales law. Radically, the face of the BGB has been changed by the incorporation of a number of special statutes aiming at the protection of consumers. The draftsmen of the new law have thus made an effort to streamline, or harmonise, general contract law and consumer contract law. Topics covered in this book include prescription, remedies for non-performance, liability for non-conformity, and consumer contract law. In all these cases, a historical or comparative perspective is adopted in order to analyse and assess the new rules of German law. Even in its radically new form, the German Civil Code continues to be a characteristic manifestation of German legal culture.Less
On January 1, 2000, the German Civil Code (BGB) became 100 years old. It had been remarkably resilient throughout a century marked by catastrophic upheavals and a succession of fundamentally different political regimes. Two years later, however, the most sweeping individual reform ever to have affected the Code entered into force. This was the Modernization of the Law of Obligations Act, triggered by the necessity to implement the European Consumer Sales Directive, but going far beyond what was required by the European Community. The most important practical implication of the Modernization Act is the fundamental reform of the German law of prescription. However, the most remarkable feature of the revised BGB in terms of innovative doctrine is the new regime concerning liability for general non-performance, and for non-conformity in sales law. Radically, the face of the BGB has been changed by the incorporation of a number of special statutes aiming at the protection of consumers. The draftsmen of the new law have thus made an effort to streamline, or harmonise, general contract law and consumer contract law. Topics covered in this book include prescription, remedies for non-performance, liability for non-conformity, and consumer contract law. In all these cases, a historical or comparative perspective is adopted in order to analyse and assess the new rules of German law. Even in its radically new form, the German Civil Code continues to be a characteristic manifestation of German legal culture.
Kimberly J. Morgan and Andrea Louise Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199730346
- eISBN:
- 9780199918447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730346.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Chapter five examines the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003—a major social policy reform that delegates responsibility for a Medicare prescription drug benefit to commercial firms. ...
More
Chapter five examines the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003—a major social policy reform that delegates responsibility for a Medicare prescription drug benefit to commercial firms. The chapter argues that the Republican Congressional leadership used this form of delegated governance to reconcile competing electoral and free-market aims. Republicans faced intense pressure to address popular demands for a drug benefit but needed a policy that furthered long-term goals of marketization or even privatization of federal entitlements. To help build support for the reform, the Republican leadership enlisted interest group allies like the pharmaceutical and insurance industries, and they delegated powers to private actors with these groups in mind. They also used administrative design as a way to reconcile the competing preferences of conservatives worried about the creation of a vast new entitlement and mass public demand for a universal benefit. The result was a complex system of delegated governance, an extraordinarily complicated piece of legislation designed to meet the desires of many different factions.Less
Chapter five examines the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003—a major social policy reform that delegates responsibility for a Medicare prescription drug benefit to commercial firms. The chapter argues that the Republican Congressional leadership used this form of delegated governance to reconcile competing electoral and free-market aims. Republicans faced intense pressure to address popular demands for a drug benefit but needed a policy that furthered long-term goals of marketization or even privatization of federal entitlements. To help build support for the reform, the Republican leadership enlisted interest group allies like the pharmaceutical and insurance industries, and they delegated powers to private actors with these groups in mind. They also used administrative design as a way to reconcile the competing preferences of conservatives worried about the creation of a vast new entitlement and mass public demand for a universal benefit. The result was a complex system of delegated governance, an extraordinarily complicated piece of legislation designed to meet the desires of many different factions.
Thomas Babor, Jonathan Caulkins, Griffith Edwards, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, Isidore Obot, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Reuter, Robin Room, Ingeborg Rossow, and John Strang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557127
- eISBN:
- 9780191721373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Chapter 5 described what is known about the structure, prices, and products of illegal drug markets, and the nature and extent of harms that arise from them. This chapter describes another drug ...
More
Chapter 5 described what is known about the structure, prices, and products of illegal drug markets, and the nature and extent of harms that arise from them. This chapter describes another drug market, this one consisting of an international pharmaceutical industry that operates legally within the market economies of most countries. It begins with a historical introduction to the origins of psychoactive pharmaceuticals (also called psychopharmaceuticals interchangeably) and the ways in which they are produced and marketed. After describing how the pharmaceutical industry is organized on a global level, it suggests that, with the growth of modern medicine and particularly psychiatry, there has been a substantial growth in prescriptions for mental disorders and distress, and increased comfort with the use of such prescribed medications. This situation has had, in some countries, significant consequences for the illicit drug market. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the question: how separate are the regulated and unregulated markets? The answer is that the two worlds are not separated as much as they might at first appear.Less
Chapter 5 described what is known about the structure, prices, and products of illegal drug markets, and the nature and extent of harms that arise from them. This chapter describes another drug market, this one consisting of an international pharmaceutical industry that operates legally within the market economies of most countries. It begins with a historical introduction to the origins of psychoactive pharmaceuticals (also called psychopharmaceuticals interchangeably) and the ways in which they are produced and marketed. After describing how the pharmaceutical industry is organized on a global level, it suggests that, with the growth of modern medicine and particularly psychiatry, there has been a substantial growth in prescriptions for mental disorders and distress, and increased comfort with the use of such prescribed medications. This situation has had, in some countries, significant consequences for the illicit drug market. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the question: how separate are the regulated and unregulated markets? The answer is that the two worlds are not separated as much as they might at first appear.
Geoffrey Campbell Cocks
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695676
- eISBN:
- 9780191738616
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695676.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
A commercial and consumer society began emerging in Germany before the First World War, and the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry was the most advanced in the world. By 1933, therefore, ...
More
A commercial and consumer society began emerging in Germany before the First World War, and the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry was the most advanced in the world. By 1933, therefore, Germans had increasing expectations when it came to satisfaction of material demands and desires. While the Nazis placed arms production before consumer goods, marketing toward popular demand and need for pharmaceuticals continued through the Third Reich. Patients preferred doctors who would write prescriptions, but dispensing chemists and retail stores were also sources of drugs for self-medication. German Jews often resorted to an overdose of barbiturates or opiates to die a less painful death on their own terms. The military and industry used methamphetamines and other stimulants to enhance—not unproblematically—the performance of soldiers and workers. The SS, private industry, and the military also conducted often lethal drug tests on concentration camp prisoners.Less
A commercial and consumer society began emerging in Germany before the First World War, and the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry was the most advanced in the world. By 1933, therefore, Germans had increasing expectations when it came to satisfaction of material demands and desires. While the Nazis placed arms production before consumer goods, marketing toward popular demand and need for pharmaceuticals continued through the Third Reich. Patients preferred doctors who would write prescriptions, but dispensing chemists and retail stores were also sources of drugs for self-medication. German Jews often resorted to an overdose of barbiturates or opiates to die a less painful death on their own terms. The military and industry used methamphetamines and other stimulants to enhance—not unproblematically—the performance of soldiers and workers. The SS, private industry, and the military also conducted often lethal drug tests on concentration camp prisoners.
Hiroshi Oda
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199232185
- eISBN:
- 9780191705335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This chapter discusses Japanese private law. Topics covered include the Civil Code and Commercial Code, civil law rights and public welfare, the doctrine of good faith and fair dealing, abuse of ...
More
This chapter discusses Japanese private law. Topics covered include the Civil Code and Commercial Code, civil law rights and public welfare, the doctrine of good faith and fair dealing, abuse of rights, legal capacity, juristic acts, agency, and extinctive prescription and acquisitive prescription.Less
This chapter discusses Japanese private law. Topics covered include the Civil Code and Commercial Code, civil law rights and public welfare, the doctrine of good faith and fair dealing, abuse of rights, legal capacity, juristic acts, agency, and extinctive prescription and acquisitive prescription.
Ekkehart Schlicht
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292241
- eISBN:
- 9780191596865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292244.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics, History of Economic Thought
The theory of property proposed by David Hume can be interpreted as an application of the theory developed in this book. The tension between instrumental and moral aspects of property can be traced ...
More
The theory of property proposed by David Hume can be interpreted as an application of the theory developed in this book. The tension between instrumental and moral aspects of property can be traced to principles of clarity. Hume's theory is outlined, discussed from an ethological perspective, and related to the theory of property rights. The tension between ‘moral’ and ‘instrumental’ aspects of property is particularly pronounced in long‐term contracts.Less
The theory of property proposed by David Hume can be interpreted as an application of the theory developed in this book. The tension between instrumental and moral aspects of property can be traced to principles of clarity. Hume's theory is outlined, discussed from an ethological perspective, and related to the theory of property rights. The tension between ‘moral’ and ‘instrumental’ aspects of property is particularly pronounced in long‐term contracts.
James Treadwell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199262977
- eISBN:
- 9780191718724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262977.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
The word ‘autobiography’ is a late 18th-century coinage; but by 1834 Carlyle referred to ‘these Autobiographical times of ours’. The chapter describes the debate over the nature and propriety of what ...
More
The word ‘autobiography’ is a late 18th-century coinage; but by 1834 Carlyle referred to ‘these Autobiographical times of ours’. The chapter describes the debate over the nature and propriety of what was felt at the time to be a newly prominent way of writing. From Dr. Johnson's 1750 essay on biography to an 1829 article by Mary Busk in Blackwood's, the chapter analyses some important instances of contemporary commentary on autobiography by critics and reviewers. While the commentators agree on the principles that would make autobiographical writing valuable, their prescriptive ideals prove difficult to maintain. The act of reading autobiography provokes confusions and missed expectations, which turn out to be crucial to the period's emerging sense of what autobiographical writing actually is.Less
The word ‘autobiography’ is a late 18th-century coinage; but by 1834 Carlyle referred to ‘these Autobiographical times of ours’. The chapter describes the debate over the nature and propriety of what was felt at the time to be a newly prominent way of writing. From Dr. Johnson's 1750 essay on biography to an 1829 article by Mary Busk in Blackwood's, the chapter analyses some important instances of contemporary commentary on autobiography by critics and reviewers. While the commentators agree on the principles that would make autobiographical writing valuable, their prescriptive ideals prove difficult to maintain. The act of reading autobiography provokes confusions and missed expectations, which turn out to be crucial to the period's emerging sense of what autobiographical writing actually is.
Jon Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199764013
- eISBN:
- 9780199897186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764013.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on George Bush's domestic policy. It examines four of Bush's domestic policy initiatives: education reform, the Medicare prescription drug benefit, social security reform and ...
More
This chapter focuses on George Bush's domestic policy. It examines four of Bush's domestic policy initiatives: education reform, the Medicare prescription drug benefit, social security reform and immigration reform. It analyses each of these issues to assess its congruence with the ideologies of the conservative movement and delineates conservative responses to Bush's initiatives. Finally it assess the extent to which these policies may have constrained the opportunities for future reforms.Less
This chapter focuses on George Bush's domestic policy. It examines four of Bush's domestic policy initiatives: education reform, the Medicare prescription drug benefit, social security reform and immigration reform. It analyses each of these issues to assess its congruence with the ideologies of the conservative movement and delineates conservative responses to Bush's initiatives. Finally it assess the extent to which these policies may have constrained the opportunities for future reforms.
Daniel Wakelin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199215881
- eISBN:
- 9780191706899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215881.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
The final chapter returns to the more familiar humanist writers of the 16th century, who proclaim that humanism is newly triumphant, despite the continuities with 15th-century writing. The chapter ...
More
The final chapter returns to the more familiar humanist writers of the 16th century, who proclaim that humanism is newly triumphant, despite the continuities with 15th-century writing. The chapter considers prescriptions for humanist reading in textbooks for grammar and statutes for education. It then compares An Exhortation to Young Men by Thomas Lupset and The Boke named the Governour by Sir Thomas Elyot. Like Medwall on the soul, Lupset and Elyot conceptualize the humanist reader as imbued with reason and free. Their ideas have links with those of Erasmus but are more pronounced than his. As with Medwall, the irony is that their prescription of the freedom of the intellect becomes insistent — in effect unfree.Less
The final chapter returns to the more familiar humanist writers of the 16th century, who proclaim that humanism is newly triumphant, despite the continuities with 15th-century writing. The chapter considers prescriptions for humanist reading in textbooks for grammar and statutes for education. It then compares An Exhortation to Young Men by Thomas Lupset and The Boke named the Governour by Sir Thomas Elyot. Like Medwall on the soul, Lupset and Elyot conceptualize the humanist reader as imbued with reason and free. Their ideas have links with those of Erasmus but are more pronounced than his. As with Medwall, the irony is that their prescription of the freedom of the intellect becomes insistent — in effect unfree.
Alan Millar
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572939
- eISBN:
- 9780191722165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572939.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
It is assumed to be constitutive of believing that p that one is sensitive to whether or not it is true that p. Sensitivity, it is suggested, requires sensitivity to the requirements imposed by a ...
More
It is assumed to be constitutive of believing that p that one is sensitive to whether or not it is true that p. Sensitivity, it is suggested, requires sensitivity to the requirements imposed by a certain truth-prescription. The truth-prescription dictates that a reason to believe that p must be such that believing that p for that reason is conducive to realizing belief's constitutive aim. It is argued that there is a constitutive aim of intentional action that can shed light on reasons for action: to act in such a way that one's action should have an aim-dependent point in the sense that the action should not be pointless given the intention informing it. This is argued to be more plausible than the classical view that the constitutive aim of intentional action is to realize some good.Less
It is assumed to be constitutive of believing that p that one is sensitive to whether or not it is true that p. Sensitivity, it is suggested, requires sensitivity to the requirements imposed by a certain truth-prescription. The truth-prescription dictates that a reason to believe that p must be such that believing that p for that reason is conducive to realizing belief's constitutive aim. It is argued that there is a constitutive aim of intentional action that can shed light on reasons for action: to act in such a way that one's action should have an aim-dependent point in the sense that the action should not be pointless given the intention informing it. This is argued to be more plausible than the classical view that the constitutive aim of intentional action is to realize some good.
Michael LeBuffe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383539
- eISBN:
- 9780199870530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383539.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
In this chapter, it is argued that the explicit prescriptions to understand your passions and to remain cognizant of the active affects that oppose passions, which begin Part 5 of the Ethics, are ...
More
In this chapter, it is argued that the explicit prescriptions to understand your passions and to remain cognizant of the active affects that oppose passions, which begin Part 5 of the Ethics, are adaptations of Cartesian rules for avoiding cognitive error in sense perception. The chapter offers interpretations of Spinoza's accounts of imagination, representation, inadequacy, confusion, and error. The connection between sense perception and imagination may be found in Spinoza's theory of imagination: both sensory ideas and human passions, on Spinoza's account, are ideas of imagination. So the techniques that apply to the control of sensory ideas will be similar to those that apply to the control of passion.Less
In this chapter, it is argued that the explicit prescriptions to understand your passions and to remain cognizant of the active affects that oppose passions, which begin Part 5 of the Ethics, are adaptations of Cartesian rules for avoiding cognitive error in sense perception. The chapter offers interpretations of Spinoza's accounts of imagination, representation, inadequacy, confusion, and error. The connection between sense perception and imagination may be found in Spinoza's theory of imagination: both sensory ideas and human passions, on Spinoza's account, are ideas of imagination. So the techniques that apply to the control of sensory ideas will be similar to those that apply to the control of passion.
Michael LeBuffe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383539
- eISBN:
- 9780199870530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383539.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter defends a classification, derived from an understanding of bondage, of the different kinds of normative claims in the Ethics and of how each contributes to freedom. The classification ...
More
This chapter defends a classification, derived from an understanding of bondage, of the different kinds of normative claims in the Ethics and of how each contributes to freedom. The classification suggests that Spinoza offers, in the end, a modest and cautious theory about how an ordinary person should live. His normative ethics includes: very few explicit prescriptions that human minds should follow in order to control passion to the extent that we can; descriptions, in a variety of language, of goods that different people in different situations might find useful to perseverance; and descriptions of what the free man does, which help people to diagnose their own conditions and to know whether, in given situations, they act freely.Less
This chapter defends a classification, derived from an understanding of bondage, of the different kinds of normative claims in the Ethics and of how each contributes to freedom. The classification suggests that Spinoza offers, in the end, a modest and cautious theory about how an ordinary person should live. His normative ethics includes: very few explicit prescriptions that human minds should follow in order to control passion to the extent that we can; descriptions, in a variety of language, of goods that different people in different situations might find useful to perseverance; and descriptions of what the free man does, which help people to diagnose their own conditions and to know whether, in given situations, they act freely.
Fran Quigley
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501713750
- eISBN:
- 9781501713910
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501713750.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Millions of people around the world face a real problem: their desperate need for affordable medicines clashes with the core business model of the powerful pharmaceutical industry. In response, ...
More
Millions of people around the world face a real problem: their desperate need for affordable medicines clashes with the core business model of the powerful pharmaceutical industry. In response, patients and activists are aiming to make all essential medicines affordable by reclaiming medicines as a public good and a human right, instead of a profit-making commodity. Their challenge is made more daunting by the perceived complexity of the issues surrounding access to essential medicines. “The problem we have is that there are only a handful of people in the world who know what we are taking about,” one leading medicine activist admits. It doesn’t have to be this way. A Prescription for Change diagnoses our medicines problem and prescribes the cure: it delivers a clear and convincing argument for a complete shift in the global and U.S. approach to developing and providing essential medicines—and a primer on how to make that change happen.Less
Millions of people around the world face a real problem: their desperate need for affordable medicines clashes with the core business model of the powerful pharmaceutical industry. In response, patients and activists are aiming to make all essential medicines affordable by reclaiming medicines as a public good and a human right, instead of a profit-making commodity. Their challenge is made more daunting by the perceived complexity of the issues surrounding access to essential medicines. “The problem we have is that there are only a handful of people in the world who know what we are taking about,” one leading medicine activist admits. It doesn’t have to be this way. A Prescription for Change diagnoses our medicines problem and prescribes the cure: it delivers a clear and convincing argument for a complete shift in the global and U.S. approach to developing and providing essential medicines—and a primer on how to make that change happen.
