Pietro Bortone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556854
- eISBN:
- 9780191721571
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556854.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
New prepositions in Greek express solely spatial meanings, simultaneously lost by their older synonyms, whose use becomes restricted to non‐spatial senses—unless a recent synonym is not available. In ...
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New prepositions in Greek express solely spatial meanings, simultaneously lost by their older synonyms, whose use becomes restricted to non‐spatial senses—unless a recent synonym is not available. In time, new prepositions too develop non‐spatial meanings, eventually losing their spatial ones completely, repeating the life‐cycle of their predecessors.Less
New prepositions in Greek express solely spatial meanings, simultaneously lost by their older synonyms, whose use becomes restricted to non‐spatial senses—unless a recent synonym is not available. In time, new prepositions too develop non‐spatial meanings, eventually losing their spatial ones completely, repeating the life‐cycle of their predecessors.
Guglielmo Cinque and Luigi Rizzi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195393675
- eISBN:
- 9780199796847
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393675.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The present volume intends to contribute to our understanding of the grammar of spatial prepositional phrases by focusing on one particular aspect of their syntax that has remained relatively ...
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The present volume intends to contribute to our understanding of the grammar of spatial prepositional phrases by focusing on one particular aspect of their syntax that has remained relatively neglected: the fine-grained articulation of their internal structure. The analyses presented in the book, in spite of their being based on rather different data and considerations, reach strikingly convergent conclusions on the existence of a rich internal structure for spatial PPs. These, in addition to being introduced by (overt or covert) directional and stative prepositions comprise degree phrases, deictic, viewpoint and orientation particles, and an often nonpronounced N ‘place.’Less
The present volume intends to contribute to our understanding of the grammar of spatial prepositional phrases by focusing on one particular aspect of their syntax that has remained relatively neglected: the fine-grained articulation of their internal structure. The analyses presented in the book, in spite of their being based on rather different data and considerations, reach strikingly convergent conclusions on the existence of a rich internal structure for spatial PPs. These, in addition to being introduced by (overt or covert) directional and stative prepositions comprise degree phrases, deictic, viewpoint and orientation particles, and an often nonpronounced N ‘place.’
Inderjeet Mani and James Pustejovsky
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199601240
- eISBN:
- 9780191738968
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601240.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
Natural language allows for efficient communication of elaborate descriptions of movement without requiring precise specification of the motion. Interpreting Motion is the first book to analyze the ...
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Natural language allows for efficient communication of elaborate descriptions of movement without requiring precise specification of the motion. Interpreting Motion is the first book to analyze the semantics of motion expressions in terms of the formalisms of qualitative spatial reasoning, mapping motion descriptions in language to trajectories of moving entities based on qualitative spatio-temporal relationships. The book provides an extensive discussion of prior research on spatial prepositions and motion verbs, and devotes chapters to the compositional semantics of motion sentences, the formal representations needed for computers to reason qualitatively about time, space, and motion, and the methodology for annotating corpora with linguistic information in order to train computer programs to reproduce the annotation. The applications they illustrate include route navigation, the mapping of travel narratives, question-answering, image and video tagging, and graphical rendering of scenes from textual descriptions. The book is written accessibly for a broad scientific audience of linguists, cognitive scientists, computer scientists, and those working in fields such as artificial intelligence and geographic information systems.Less
Natural language allows for efficient communication of elaborate descriptions of movement without requiring precise specification of the motion. Interpreting Motion is the first book to analyze the semantics of motion expressions in terms of the formalisms of qualitative spatial reasoning, mapping motion descriptions in language to trajectories of moving entities based on qualitative spatio-temporal relationships. The book provides an extensive discussion of prior research on spatial prepositions and motion verbs, and devotes chapters to the compositional semantics of motion sentences, the formal representations needed for computers to reason qualitatively about time, space, and motion, and the methodology for annotating corpora with linguistic information in order to train computer programs to reproduce the annotation. The applications they illustrate include route navigation, the mapping of travel narratives, question-answering, image and video tagging, and graphical rendering of scenes from textual descriptions. The book is written accessibly for a broad scientific audience of linguists, cognitive scientists, computer scientists, and those working in fields such as artificial intelligence and geographic information systems.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0068
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0069
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’,indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’,indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’,indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0070
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced,beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced,beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced,beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0071
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography,the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography,the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0072
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin,distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin,distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
Pietro Bortone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556854
- eISBN:
- 9780191721571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556854.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Chapter 1 examines which items are functionally equivalent to prepositions, crosslinguistically and at different stages in the history of one language. It then considers the main syntactic forms that ...
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Chapter 1 examines which items are functionally equivalent to prepositions, crosslinguistically and at different stages in the history of one language. It then considers the main syntactic forms that prepositions can take.Less
Chapter 1 examines which items are functionally equivalent to prepositions, crosslinguistically and at different stages in the history of one language. It then considers the main syntactic forms that prepositions can take.
Pietro Bortone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556854
- eISBN:
- 9780191721571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556854.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Chapter 4 begins the history of Greek prepositions, looking at Homeric and Classical Greek. We see prepositions competing with one another. The new “improper” prepositions ousting old “proper” ...
More
Chapter 4 begins the history of Greek prepositions, looking at Homeric and Classical Greek. We see prepositions competing with one another. The new “improper” prepositions ousting old “proper” synonyms, while the semantic contribution and the extent of use of cases was diminishing. Above all, new prepositions were mainly or exclusively spatial.Less
Chapter 4 begins the history of Greek prepositions, looking at Homeric and Classical Greek. We see prepositions competing with one another. The new “improper” prepositions ousting old “proper” synonyms, while the semantic contribution and the extent of use of cases was diminishing. Above all, new prepositions were mainly or exclusively spatial.
Richard S. Kayne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179163
- eISBN:
- 9780199788330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179163.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter explores the relation between prepositions and movement, arguing that in at least some cases — in particular, in causatives — what is considered as the argument of a preposition comes ...
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This chapter explores the relation between prepositions and movement, arguing that in at least some cases — in particular, in causatives — what is considered as the argument of a preposition comes together with it as the result of movement (or internal Merge), not as the result of external Merge. The prepositions in question are introduced above verb phrase (VP), and are paired with a K(ase) head that is also introduced above VP, in a way that may be parallel to recent work by Dominique Sportiche on determiners. The main thesis here is that some prepositions (and, by extension, some postpositions) are probes, in the sense of Chomsky's recent work. The particular case considered here is that of dative prepositions preceding subjects in French (and Italian) causatives.Less
This chapter explores the relation between prepositions and movement, arguing that in at least some cases — in particular, in causatives — what is considered as the argument of a preposition comes together with it as the result of movement (or internal Merge), not as the result of external Merge. The prepositions in question are introduced above verb phrase (VP), and are paired with a K(ase) head that is also introduced above VP, in a way that may be parallel to recent work by Dominique Sportiche on determiners. The main thesis here is that some prepositions (and, by extension, some postpositions) are probes, in the sense of Chomsky's recent work. The particular case considered here is that of dative prepositions preceding subjects in French (and Italian) causatives.
Guglielmo Cinque
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195393675
- eISBN:
- 9780199796847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393675.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This introductory chapter discusses some of the main threads of the analyses proposed in the remaining chapters and one of their general implications: that phrases composed of spatial prepositions, ...
More
This introductory chapter discusses some of the main threads of the analyses proposed in the remaining chapters and one of their general implications: that phrases composed of spatial prepositions, adverbs, particles, and DPs do not instantiate different structures but merely spell out different portions of one and the same articulated configuration.Less
This introductory chapter discusses some of the main threads of the analyses proposed in the remaining chapters and one of their general implications: that phrases composed of spatial prepositions, adverbs, particles, and DPs do not instantiate different structures but merely spell out different portions of one and the same articulated configuration.
Claude Hagège
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199575008
- eISBN:
- 9780191722578
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575008.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This pioneering study is based on an analysis of over 200 languages, including African, Amerindian, Australian, Austronesian, Indo-European and Eurasian (Altaic, Caucasian, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, ...
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This pioneering study is based on an analysis of over 200 languages, including African, Amerindian, Australian, Austronesian, Indo-European and Eurasian (Altaic, Caucasian, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Dravidian, Uralic), Papuan, and Sino-Tibetan. Adpositions are an almost universal part of speech. English has prepositions; some languages, such as Japanese, have postpositions; others have both; and yet others, kinds that are not quite either. As grammatical tools they mark the relationship between two parts of a sentence: characteristically one element governs a noun or noun-like word or phrase while the other functions as a predicate. From the syntactic point of view, the complement of an adposition depends on a head: in this last sentence, for example, a head is the complement of on while on a head depends on depends, and on is the marker of this dependency. Adpositions lie at the core of the grammar of most languages, their usefulness making them recurrent in everyday speech and writing. The author examines their morphological features, syntactic functions, and semantic and cognitive properties. He does so for the subsets both of adpositions that express the relations of agent, patient, and beneficiary, and of those which mark space, time, accompaniment, or instrument. Adpositions often govern case and are sometimes gradually grammaticalized into case. The author considers the whole set of function markers, including case, which appear as adpositions and, in doing so, throws light on processes of morphological and syntactic change in different languages and language families.Less
This pioneering study is based on an analysis of over 200 languages, including African, Amerindian, Australian, Austronesian, Indo-European and Eurasian (Altaic, Caucasian, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Dravidian, Uralic), Papuan, and Sino-Tibetan. Adpositions are an almost universal part of speech. English has prepositions; some languages, such as Japanese, have postpositions; others have both; and yet others, kinds that are not quite either. As grammatical tools they mark the relationship between two parts of a sentence: characteristically one element governs a noun or noun-like word or phrase while the other functions as a predicate. From the syntactic point of view, the complement of an adposition depends on a head: in this last sentence, for example, a head is the complement of on while on a head depends on depends, and on is the marker of this dependency. Adpositions lie at the core of the grammar of most languages, their usefulness making them recurrent in everyday speech and writing. The author examines their morphological features, syntactic functions, and semantic and cognitive properties. He does so for the subsets both of adpositions that express the relations of agent, patient, and beneficiary, and of those which mark space, time, accompaniment, or instrument. Adpositions often govern case and are sometimes gradually grammaticalized into case. The author considers the whole set of function markers, including case, which appear as adpositions and, in doing so, throws light on processes of morphological and syntactic change in different languages and language families.
Richard S. Kayne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179163
- eISBN:
- 9780199788330
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179163.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book presents a collection of recent articles by Richard Kayne, one of the top formal linguists in the world. It focuses on both comparative syntax, which uses differences between languages as a ...
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This book presents a collection of recent articles by Richard Kayne, one of the top formal linguists in the world. It focuses on both comparative syntax, which uses differences between languages as a new and fine-grained tool for illuminating properties of the human language faculty, and antisymmetry, a restrictive proposal concerning the set of structures available to the language faculty. The essays included in this book address a series of questions having to do with the central notion of movement in syntax, especially remnant movement (a type of movement given special prominence by antisymmetry), and a series of questions revolving around silent elements (especially nouns and adjectives) that, despite their lack of phonetic realization, seem to have an important role in the syntax of all languages.Less
This book presents a collection of recent articles by Richard Kayne, one of the top formal linguists in the world. It focuses on both comparative syntax, which uses differences between languages as a new and fine-grained tool for illuminating properties of the human language faculty, and antisymmetry, a restrictive proposal concerning the set of structures available to the language faculty. The essays included in this book address a series of questions having to do with the central notion of movement in syntax, especially remnant movement (a type of movement given special prominence by antisymmetry), and a series of questions revolving around silent elements (especially nouns and adjectives) that, despite their lack of phonetic realization, seem to have an important role in the syntax of all languages.
Pietro Bortone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556854
- eISBN:
- 9780191721571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556854.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Chapter 2 looks at the meanings of prepositions, their polysemy, the possible relationships between various meanings, and at the “localistic hypothesis” that spatial meanings might be in some sense ...
More
Chapter 2 looks at the meanings of prepositions, their polysemy, the possible relationships between various meanings, and at the “localistic hypothesis” that spatial meanings might be in some sense (chronological, psychological, etc.) primary.Less
Chapter 2 looks at the meanings of prepositions, their polysemy, the possible relationships between various meanings, and at the “localistic hypothesis” that spatial meanings might be in some sense (chronological, psychological, etc.) primary.
Pietro Bortone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556854
- eISBN:
- 9780191721571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556854.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Chapter 3 considers the historical development of adpositions. It traces the origin of cases in postpositions, and of adpositions, from nouns, verbs, adjectives, or more complex phrases. The ...
More
Chapter 3 considers the historical development of adpositions. It traces the origin of cases in postpositions, and of adpositions, from nouns, verbs, adjectives, or more complex phrases. The development of an abstract meaning from a spatial one is well‐attested but not on a systematic scale.Less
Chapter 3 considers the historical development of adpositions. It traces the origin of cases in postpositions, and of adpositions, from nouns, verbs, adjectives, or more complex phrases. The development of an abstract meaning from a spatial one is well‐attested but not on a systematic scale.
Pietro Bortone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556854
- eISBN:
- 9780191721571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556854.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Chapter 5 examines prepositional usage in Hellenistic (“Koiné”) Greek, i.e. Biblical Greek. We see an increase in the use of adpositions, the “improper” ones in particular. The tendencies observed in ...
More
Chapter 5 examines prepositional usage in Hellenistic (“Koiné”) Greek, i.e. Biblical Greek. We see an increase in the use of adpositions, the “improper” ones in particular. The tendencies observed in Ancient Greek are even clearer: new prepositions are mainly or only spatial, the older ones being increasingly confined to non‐spatial meanings.Less
Chapter 5 examines prepositional usage in Hellenistic (“Koiné”) Greek, i.e. Biblical Greek. We see an increase in the use of adpositions, the “improper” ones in particular. The tendencies observed in Ancient Greek are even clearer: new prepositions are mainly or only spatial, the older ones being increasingly confined to non‐spatial meanings.
Pietro Bortone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556854
- eISBN:
- 9780191721571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556854.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Chapter 6 analyses Medieval Greek usage, the least known and most decisive period in the history of the language, through a close study of a selected corpus of texts. Many old prepositions dropped ...
More
Chapter 6 analyses Medieval Greek usage, the least known and most decisive period in the history of the language, through a close study of a selected corpus of texts. Many old prepositions dropped out of use, ousted also by the newer “improper” ones, often compounded. The newest ones are purely spatial, the old prepositions losing their spatial sense according to whether a new replacement might take that sense over.Less
Chapter 6 analyses Medieval Greek usage, the least known and most decisive period in the history of the language, through a close study of a selected corpus of texts. Many old prepositions dropped out of use, ousted also by the newer “improper” ones, often compounded. The newest ones are purely spatial, the old prepositions losing their spatial sense according to whether a new replacement might take that sense over.
Pietro Bortone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556854
- eISBN:
- 9780191721571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556854.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Chapter 7 examines the prepositional system of Modern Greek, taking into account the impact of purism and of the Balkan Sprachbund. The development has come full circle: the younger (previously only ...
More
Chapter 7 examines the prepositional system of Modern Greek, taking into account the impact of purism and of the Balkan Sprachbund. The development has come full circle: the younger (previously only spatial) prepositions now have various non‐spatial meanings, even losing their spatial meaning altogether, thus repeating the semantic cycle of the previous generation of prepositions.Less
Chapter 7 examines the prepositional system of Modern Greek, taking into account the impact of purism and of the Balkan Sprachbund. The development has come full circle: the younger (previously only spatial) prepositions now have various non‐spatial meanings, even losing their spatial meaning altogether, thus repeating the semantic cycle of the previous generation of prepositions.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The standard doctrine that basic grammatical classes (parts of speech) are not semantically definable rests on erroneous assumptions about the nature of linguistic meaning. With a proper view of ...
More
The standard doctrine that basic grammatical classes (parts of speech) are not semantically definable rests on erroneous assumptions about the nature of linguistic meaning. With a proper view of meaning, basic categories—notably noun and verb—have plausible conceptual characterizations at both the prototype level (for typical examples) and the schema level (valid for all instances). The prototypes are based on conceptual archetypes: objects for nouns, and actions for verbs. The schemas are independent of any particular conceptual content, residing instead in basic cognitive abilities immanent in the archetypes: for nouns, grouping and reification; in the case of verbs, the ability to apprend relationships and to track their evolution through time. An expression's grammatical category specifically depends on the nature of its profile (not its overall content). Thus a noun profiles a thing (defined abstractly as any product of grouping and reification), while a verb profiles a process (a relationship tracked through time). Expressions that profile non-processual relationships include adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, infinitives, and participles. Relational expressions can be categorized in different ways, depending on factors like the number and type of focused participants, whether the profiled relation is simplex or complex, and whether it is apprehended holistically or sequentially. These characterizations prove efficacious in describing how relational expressions function as noun modifiers and in clausal organization.Less
The standard doctrine that basic grammatical classes (parts of speech) are not semantically definable rests on erroneous assumptions about the nature of linguistic meaning. With a proper view of meaning, basic categories—notably noun and verb—have plausible conceptual characterizations at both the prototype level (for typical examples) and the schema level (valid for all instances). The prototypes are based on conceptual archetypes: objects for nouns, and actions for verbs. The schemas are independent of any particular conceptual content, residing instead in basic cognitive abilities immanent in the archetypes: for nouns, grouping and reification; in the case of verbs, the ability to apprend relationships and to track their evolution through time. An expression's grammatical category specifically depends on the nature of its profile (not its overall content). Thus a noun profiles a thing (defined abstractly as any product of grouping and reification), while a verb profiles a process (a relationship tracked through time). Expressions that profile non-processual relationships include adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, infinitives, and participles. Relational expressions can be categorized in different ways, depending on factors like the number and type of focused participants, whether the profiled relation is simplex or complex, and whether it is apprehended holistically or sequentially. These characterizations prove efficacious in describing how relational expressions function as noun modifiers and in clausal organization.
