Robert L. Clark and Olivia S. Mitchell (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199592609
- eISBN:
- 9780191594618
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
Retirement risk management must be dramatically overhauled if workers and retirees are to better prepare themselves to meet future retirement challenges. Recent economic events including the global ...
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Retirement risk management must be dramatically overhauled if workers and retirees are to better prepare themselves to meet future retirement challenges. Recent economic events including the global financial crisis have upended expectations about what pension and endowment fund managers can do. Employers and employees have found it difficult to make pension contributions, despite drops in retirement plan funding. In many countries, government social security systems are also facing insolvency. These factors, coupled with an aging population and rising longevity, are giving rise to serious questions about the future of retirement in America and around the world. This volume explores how workers and firms can reassess the risks associated with retirement saving and dissaving, to identify creative adjustments to adapt to these new risks and realities. One area explored is the key role for financial literacy and education programs. In addition, those acting as plan sponsors and fiduciaries must reconsider pension design to help them better address the new realities. Also novel financial products are described that can help retirement plan financing innovate. Experts provide new research and offer policy recommendations, illustrating how retirement plans can be amended to better meet the retirement needs of workers and firms. This volume will be a welcome addition to the libraries of everyone focused on retirement security.Less
Retirement risk management must be dramatically overhauled if workers and retirees are to better prepare themselves to meet future retirement challenges. Recent economic events including the global financial crisis have upended expectations about what pension and endowment fund managers can do. Employers and employees have found it difficult to make pension contributions, despite drops in retirement plan funding. In many countries, government social security systems are also facing insolvency. These factors, coupled with an aging population and rising longevity, are giving rise to serious questions about the future of retirement in America and around the world. This volume explores how workers and firms can reassess the risks associated with retirement saving and dissaving, to identify creative adjustments to adapt to these new risks and realities. One area explored is the key role for financial literacy and education programs. In addition, those acting as plan sponsors and fiduciaries must reconsider pension design to help them better address the new realities. Also novel financial products are described that can help retirement plan financing innovate. Experts provide new research and offer policy recommendations, illustrating how retirement plans can be amended to better meet the retirement needs of workers and firms. This volume will be a welcome addition to the libraries of everyone focused on retirement security.
Mark D. Regnerus
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195320947
- eISBN:
- 9780199785452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320947.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter traces the development of adolescent heterosexual ethics and norms, including their motivations to avoid sex or engage in sex. It documents what types of adolescents are likely to take ...
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This chapter traces the development of adolescent heterosexual ethics and norms, including their motivations to avoid sex or engage in sex. It documents what types of adolescents are likely to take abstinence pledges, how well they work, and the sexual and familial idealism they portray. It also explores the popular but vaguely defined theme of “emotional readiness” as a barometer of sexual preparedness.Less
This chapter traces the development of adolescent heterosexual ethics and norms, including their motivations to avoid sex or engage in sex. It documents what types of adolescents are likely to take abstinence pledges, how well they work, and the sexual and familial idealism they portray. It also explores the popular but vaguely defined theme of “emotional readiness” as a barometer of sexual preparedness.
Melanie Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520292765
- eISBN:
- 9780520966147
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520292765.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
The United States government has spent billions of dollars this century to prepare the nation for bioterrorism, despite the extremely rare occurrence of biological attacks in modern American history. ...
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The United States government has spent billions of dollars this century to prepare the nation for bioterrorism, despite the extremely rare occurrence of biological attacks in modern American history. Germ Wars argues that bioterrorism has emerged as a prominent fear in the modern age through the production of new forms of microbial nature and changing practices of warfare. Revolutions in biological science have made visible a vast microscopic world in the last century, and in this same era we have watched the rise of a global war on terror. Though these movements appear to emerge separately, this book argues that they are deeply entwined. New scientific knowledge of microbes makes possible new mechanisms of war. The history of the work done to harness and control germs, whether to create weapons or to eliminate disease, is an important site for investigating how biological natures shape modern life. Germ Wars aims to convince students and scholars as well as policymakers and activists that the ways in which bioterrorism has been produced have consequences in how people live in this world of unspecifiable risks.Less
The United States government has spent billions of dollars this century to prepare the nation for bioterrorism, despite the extremely rare occurrence of biological attacks in modern American history. Germ Wars argues that bioterrorism has emerged as a prominent fear in the modern age through the production of new forms of microbial nature and changing practices of warfare. Revolutions in biological science have made visible a vast microscopic world in the last century, and in this same era we have watched the rise of a global war on terror. Though these movements appear to emerge separately, this book argues that they are deeply entwined. New scientific knowledge of microbes makes possible new mechanisms of war. The history of the work done to harness and control germs, whether to create weapons or to eliminate disease, is an important site for investigating how biological natures shape modern life. Germ Wars aims to convince students and scholars as well as policymakers and activists that the ways in which bioterrorism has been produced have consequences in how people live in this world of unspecifiable risks.
Scott H. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231201
- eISBN:
- 9780823240791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823231201.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines both secular and religious pacifists, the movement's reaction to prewar preparedness, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the vital role that peace ...
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This chapter examines both secular and religious pacifists, the movement's reaction to prewar preparedness, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the vital role that peace activists and conscientious objectors played in supporting civil liberties during the ensuing war, and the latter's heroic role in serving the mentally handicapped in often dangerous and appalling conditions. It also traces how peace activists, especially the Fellowship on Reconciliation, fought Jim Crow by helping to create the Congress of Racial Equality. Many in the so-called “greatest generation” nobly served the republic without taking up arms, and the chapter explores the histories of those pacifists who served as medics in some of the most brutal war zones. Just as military service provided veterans with newfound skills and abilities, so too did conscientious objectors emerge from prison and Civilian Public Service camps with valuable skills that shaped a generation of postwar activism.Less
This chapter examines both secular and religious pacifists, the movement's reaction to prewar preparedness, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the vital role that peace activists and conscientious objectors played in supporting civil liberties during the ensuing war, and the latter's heroic role in serving the mentally handicapped in often dangerous and appalling conditions. It also traces how peace activists, especially the Fellowship on Reconciliation, fought Jim Crow by helping to create the Congress of Racial Equality. Many in the so-called “greatest generation” nobly served the republic without taking up arms, and the chapter explores the histories of those pacifists who served as medics in some of the most brutal war zones. Just as military service provided veterans with newfound skills and abilities, so too did conscientious objectors emerge from prison and Civilian Public Service camps with valuable skills that shaped a generation of postwar activism.
Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325256
- eISBN:
- 9780199864409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325256.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes challenges that terrorism poses to public health. It defines terrorism as “politically motivated violence or the threat of violence, especially against civilians, with the ...
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This chapter describes challenges that terrorism poses to public health. It defines terrorism as “politically motivated violence or the threat of violence, especially against civilians, with the intent to instill fear,” and it explores other definitions of terrorism. It provides an overview of the terrorist events in the United States in 2001. It discusses the prevention of terrorism and its consequences. It describes guiding principles for a public health response to terrorism. The chapter also describes major challenges of terrorism for public health, including improving the public health system's capabilities to respond to health consequences of terrorist attacks, controlling terrorist weapons, and addressing factors that may breed terrorism. Finally, the chapter describes roles of health professionals with regard to terrorism, including responding to the health consequences of terrorist acts and threats, developing preparedness for future terrorist acts or threats, and taking steps to help prevent terrorism.Less
This chapter describes challenges that terrorism poses to public health. It defines terrorism as “politically motivated violence or the threat of violence, especially against civilians, with the intent to instill fear,” and it explores other definitions of terrorism. It provides an overview of the terrorist events in the United States in 2001. It discusses the prevention of terrorism and its consequences. It describes guiding principles for a public health response to terrorism. The chapter also describes major challenges of terrorism for public health, including improving the public health system's capabilities to respond to health consequences of terrorist attacks, controlling terrorist weapons, and addressing factors that may breed terrorism. Finally, the chapter describes roles of health professionals with regard to terrorism, including responding to the health consequences of terrorist acts and threats, developing preparedness for future terrorist acts or threats, and taking steps to help prevent terrorism.
Zebulon Taintor
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325256
- eISBN:
- 9780199864409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325256.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes the challenges that terrorism poses to mental health and mental health issues related to the 9/11 attacks. It also describes ways of improving mental health system responses to ...
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This chapter describes the challenges that terrorism poses to mental health and mental health issues related to the 9/11 attacks. It also describes ways of improving mental health system responses to terrorism.Less
This chapter describes the challenges that terrorism poses to mental health and mental health issues related to the 9/11 attacks. It also describes ways of improving mental health system responses to terrorism.
Wendy Cukier and Antoine Chapdelaine
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325256
- eISBN:
- 9780199864409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325256.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes and discusses small arms, explosives, and incendiaries that can be used as terrorist weapons. It describes antipersonnel landmines and the Mine Ban Treaty of 1997. It concludes ...
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This chapter describes and discusses small arms, explosives, and incendiaries that can be used as terrorist weapons. It describes antipersonnel landmines and the Mine Ban Treaty of 1997. It concludes that in order to prevent terrorism with small arms, explosives, and incendiaries, we must reduce the diversion of legal small arms and explosives to illegal markets, improve information exchange and investigations, “harden” targets, and strengthen injury control and emergency preparedness.Less
This chapter describes and discusses small arms, explosives, and incendiaries that can be used as terrorist weapons. It describes antipersonnel landmines and the Mine Ban Treaty of 1997. It concludes that in order to prevent terrorism with small arms, explosives, and incendiaries, we must reduce the diversion of legal small arms and explosives to illegal markets, improve information exchange and investigations, “harden” targets, and strengthen injury control and emergency preparedness.
Daniel M. Sosin and Richard E. Besser
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195313802
- eISBN:
- 9780199863952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313802.003.0022
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter attempts to prepare epidemiologists for their role in terrorism preparedness and the associated activities of emergency response. It covers an all-hazards approach to preparedness and ...
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This chapter attempts to prepare epidemiologists for their role in terrorism preparedness and the associated activities of emergency response. It covers an all-hazards approach to preparedness and not strictly a focus on bioterrorism. “All-hazards” means that multi-use strategies take precedence. A thorough understanding of and experience with principles of surveillance, epidemiologic investigation, joint law-enforcement investigation, incident management, transportation and delivery of mass countermeasures, professional and public communications, and evaluation will serve well for most emergency response scenarios, even though the particulars will vary among incidents.Less
This chapter attempts to prepare epidemiologists for their role in terrorism preparedness and the associated activities of emergency response. It covers an all-hazards approach to preparedness and not strictly a focus on bioterrorism. “All-hazards” means that multi-use strategies take precedence. A thorough understanding of and experience with principles of surveillance, epidemiologic investigation, joint law-enforcement investigation, incident management, transportation and delivery of mass countermeasures, professional and public communications, and evaluation will serve well for most emergency response scenarios, even though the particulars will vary among incidents.
Josef W. Konvitz
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784992903
- eISBN:
- 9781526103970
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992903.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The ultimate test of how well prepared a society is to cope with and recover from a crisis is another crisis.The lessons of the economic crisis of 2008 show how long it takes to bring about reforms, ...
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The ultimate test of how well prepared a society is to cope with and recover from a crisis is another crisis.The lessons of the economic crisis of 2008 show how long it takes to bring about reforms, and how difficult international co-operation to achieve greater coherence can be. Looking to the future, disasters – global and local – are likely to exceed past trends, challenging the capacity of individual countries to absorb their impact. Cross-border, cross-sectoral, place-based strategies will be difficult for governments to introduce and implement, as illustrated by examples from the past two decades, and by the risks associated with flooding. Earlier in the 20th century, modern networked infrastructure utilities were seen as a point of vulnerability, but bombing in war did not bring about an expected collapse of urban societies and economies. Instead, this experience highlighted the factors of resilience. Strengthening resilience makes sense but it is not a cost-free strategy. The greatest risk to resilience comes from the fragmentation of society and a loss of social capital.Less
The ultimate test of how well prepared a society is to cope with and recover from a crisis is another crisis.The lessons of the economic crisis of 2008 show how long it takes to bring about reforms, and how difficult international co-operation to achieve greater coherence can be. Looking to the future, disasters – global and local – are likely to exceed past trends, challenging the capacity of individual countries to absorb their impact. Cross-border, cross-sectoral, place-based strategies will be difficult for governments to introduce and implement, as illustrated by examples from the past two decades, and by the risks associated with flooding. Earlier in the 20th century, modern networked infrastructure utilities were seen as a point of vulnerability, but bombing in war did not bring about an expected collapse of urban societies and economies. Instead, this experience highlighted the factors of resilience. Strengthening resilience makes sense but it is not a cost-free strategy. The greatest risk to resilience comes from the fragmentation of society and a loss of social capital.
John Anthony Maltese
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748627400
- eISBN:
- 9780748671946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627400.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Like most recent presidents of the United States, George W. Bush embraced an approach to governing that is sometimes referred to as ‘the permanent campaign’. Scott McClellan, who served as Bush's ...
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Like most recent presidents of the United States, George W. Bush embraced an approach to governing that is sometimes referred to as ‘the permanent campaign’. Scott McClellan, who served as Bush's White House press secretary, argues that the Bush administration's ‘excessive embrace of the permanent campaign’ was most consequential in terms of policy with regard to the war in Iraq. The permanent campaign was on display from the earliest days of the Bush administration. First, following the example of Ronald Reagan, it settled on a clear, simple agenda that focused primarily on four issues: education reform, faith-based initiatives, tax cuts, and military preparedness (including the need for a missile defence system). The Bush administration's emphasis on the permanent campaign led it to reorganise its communications staff. The White House Office of Media Affairs was moved out of the Press Office and made a separate department. Arguably these adjustments reflected the administration's desire to plan and execute a public relations campaign while, at the same time, playing down the importance of the White House press corps.Less
Like most recent presidents of the United States, George W. Bush embraced an approach to governing that is sometimes referred to as ‘the permanent campaign’. Scott McClellan, who served as Bush's White House press secretary, argues that the Bush administration's ‘excessive embrace of the permanent campaign’ was most consequential in terms of policy with regard to the war in Iraq. The permanent campaign was on display from the earliest days of the Bush administration. First, following the example of Ronald Reagan, it settled on a clear, simple agenda that focused primarily on four issues: education reform, faith-based initiatives, tax cuts, and military preparedness (including the need for a missile defence system). The Bush administration's emphasis on the permanent campaign led it to reorganise its communications staff. The White House Office of Media Affairs was moved out of the Press Office and made a separate department. Arguably these adjustments reflected the administration's desire to plan and execute a public relations campaign while, at the same time, playing down the importance of the White House press corps.
Britta Lundgren and Martin Holmberg
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781526110886
- eISBN:
- 9781526124272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526110886.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
During 2010 an increasing incidence of narcolepsy in children and adolescents was reported in Sweden and Finland, associated with the pandemic vaccine Pandemrix. Vaccination has since the 1940s been ...
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During 2010 an increasing incidence of narcolepsy in children and adolescents was reported in Sweden and Finland, associated with the pandemic vaccine Pandemrix. Vaccination has since the 1940s been seen as a magic bullet to protect from flu. During past influenza pandemics in Sweden, the vaccine was, however, either absent or in short supply. Since the pandemic 2009-10 – caused by the Influenza A(H1N1) virus – production increased and mass vaccination campaigns were launched in many countries. Sweden was the most successful, with over sixty per cent coverage in what became the largest public health intervention in Swedish history. Facing the A(H1N1) pandemic, Swedish mass vaccination efforts were preceded by consensual decision-making relying on historically successful vaccination campaigns. Paradoxically, both the efficiency of the response as well as the approach to consensual decision-making may have harmed instead of strengthened public trust. The aim is to discuss pandemic influenza as an old and a contemporary problem and place it within the framework of national and international flu vaccination practices, pandemic preparedness, and nation building. This work is built on research on flu pandemics, on public documents and on interviews with parents of children suffering vaccination-induced narcolepsy and with officials working on pandemic preparedness.Less
During 2010 an increasing incidence of narcolepsy in children and adolescents was reported in Sweden and Finland, associated with the pandemic vaccine Pandemrix. Vaccination has since the 1940s been seen as a magic bullet to protect from flu. During past influenza pandemics in Sweden, the vaccine was, however, either absent or in short supply. Since the pandemic 2009-10 – caused by the Influenza A(H1N1) virus – production increased and mass vaccination campaigns were launched in many countries. Sweden was the most successful, with over sixty per cent coverage in what became the largest public health intervention in Swedish history. Facing the A(H1N1) pandemic, Swedish mass vaccination efforts were preceded by consensual decision-making relying on historically successful vaccination campaigns. Paradoxically, both the efficiency of the response as well as the approach to consensual decision-making may have harmed instead of strengthened public trust. The aim is to discuss pandemic influenza as an old and a contemporary problem and place it within the framework of national and international flu vaccination practices, pandemic preparedness, and nation building. This work is built on research on flu pandemics, on public documents and on interviews with parents of children suffering vaccination-induced narcolepsy and with officials working on pandemic preparedness.
Julia Heinzerling, Michelle T. Parra, Stephanie N. Caldwell, and Kim Harrison Eowan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199892761
- eISBN:
- 9780199301515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892761.003.0014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
For public health departments and partners, the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic provided a rare opportunity to implement large-scale campaigns to test mass vaccination strategies, apply public ...
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For public health departments and partners, the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic provided a rare opportunity to implement large-scale campaigns to test mass vaccination strategies, apply public health emergency preparedness principles, and increase awareness of flu vaccinations. The pandemic also posed numerous challenges, not least of which was to reach communities with a history of low vaccination rates. This chapter outlines the efforts of the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health and its partners to mount targeted efforts to boost vaccine uptake for one such group, African Americans, while simultaneously conducting a County-wide mass vaccination campaign. Topics addressed include: barriers to vaccination in the African American community, targeted strategies, staff and partner roles, evaluation metrics, educational tools, campaign impact, lessons-learned, and recommendations. A special focus is given to tactics used to build sustainable strategies, messages, and partnerships that can improve public health and preparedness beyond the pandemic.Less
For public health departments and partners, the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic provided a rare opportunity to implement large-scale campaigns to test mass vaccination strategies, apply public health emergency preparedness principles, and increase awareness of flu vaccinations. The pandemic also posed numerous challenges, not least of which was to reach communities with a history of low vaccination rates. This chapter outlines the efforts of the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health and its partners to mount targeted efforts to boost vaccine uptake for one such group, African Americans, while simultaneously conducting a County-wide mass vaccination campaign. Topics addressed include: barriers to vaccination in the African American community, targeted strategies, staff and partner roles, evaluation metrics, educational tools, campaign impact, lessons-learned, and recommendations. A special focus is given to tactics used to build sustainable strategies, messages, and partnerships that can improve public health and preparedness beyond the pandemic.
David E. Dassey, Sharon Sakamoto, and Dawn Terashita
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199892761
- eISBN:
- 9780199301515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892761.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
The 2003 international SARS outbreak sparked the need for improved communication between hospital infection preventionists and Public Health for more efficient and effective disease investigation and ...
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The 2003 international SARS outbreak sparked the need for improved communication between hospital infection preventionists and Public Health for more efficient and effective disease investigation and response efforts. Recent examples include healthcare associated infections, multi-drug resistant organisms, and pandemic influenza. In this chapter we describe a team of liaison public health nurses charged with providing training and materials to and improving information exchange with targeted staff in over 100 hospitals, including executive officers, infection control, and heads of emergency departments, laboratories, and medical records. Key emergency service parameters are monitored, such as numbers of intensive care beds filled and available ventilators. Strengthening the link to Public Health has resulted in increased reporting of diseases and outbreaks and improved surveillance, enabling faster response and greater Public Health involvement in hospital emergency preparedness.Less
The 2003 international SARS outbreak sparked the need for improved communication between hospital infection preventionists and Public Health for more efficient and effective disease investigation and response efforts. Recent examples include healthcare associated infections, multi-drug resistant organisms, and pandemic influenza. In this chapter we describe a team of liaison public health nurses charged with providing training and materials to and improving information exchange with targeted staff in over 100 hospitals, including executive officers, infection control, and heads of emergency departments, laboratories, and medical records. Key emergency service parameters are monitored, such as numbers of intensive care beds filled and available ventilators. Strengthening the link to Public Health has resulted in increased reporting of diseases and outbreaks and improved surveillance, enabling faster response and greater Public Health involvement in hospital emergency preparedness.
Chrisoula Andreou
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017404
- eISBN:
- 9780262301770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017404.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter discusses the utility of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in decision making, specifically environmental decision making. For the purposes of the discussion here, it uses a type of CBA that ...
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This chapter discusses the utility of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in decision making, specifically environmental decision making. For the purposes of the discussion here, it uses a type of CBA that incorporates two controversial characteristics, namely, the assumption of comparability and the willingness-to-pay measure. The chapter aims to show that the recognition of a well motivated holistic decision-making strategy can shed light on debates regarding CBA. This strategy is concerned with patterns of choices rather than individual ones, and corresponds with two familiar phenomena—the “pricing” of alternatives and the “embedding effect” in willingness-to-pay studies. This chapter also differentiates CBA from cost-preparedness analysis, and concludes that there need not be any inconsistency in pricing alternatives deemed incomparable and that willingness-to-pay studies can be more accurately interpreted as tracking the “preparedness to pay.”.Less
This chapter discusses the utility of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in decision making, specifically environmental decision making. For the purposes of the discussion here, it uses a type of CBA that incorporates two controversial characteristics, namely, the assumption of comparability and the willingness-to-pay measure. The chapter aims to show that the recognition of a well motivated holistic decision-making strategy can shed light on debates regarding CBA. This strategy is concerned with patterns of choices rather than individual ones, and corresponds with two familiar phenomena—the “pricing” of alternatives and the “embedding effect” in willingness-to-pay studies. This chapter also differentiates CBA from cost-preparedness analysis, and concludes that there need not be any inconsistency in pricing alternatives deemed incomparable and that willingness-to-pay studies can be more accurately interpreted as tracking the “preparedness to pay.”.
Ajay Chhibber and Rachid Laajaj
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199841936
- eISBN:
- 9780199950157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199841936.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter provides an analysis of the interaction between natural disasters and human development. It provides a decomposition of the channels through which “human made disasters with a natural ...
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This chapter provides an analysis of the interaction between natural disasters and human development. It provides a decomposition of the channels through which “human made disasters with a natural trigger” affect long term growth. It categorizes countries by level of exposure and investigates the approaches which can prevent a vicious cycle between natural disasters and low development. Among highly exposed countries, sustainable development needs to go hand in hand with an increase in resilience through both preparedness and mitigation. The chapter highlights the potential of an adaptive capacity at the institutional level, economic diversification, flexibility in aid disbursement, the use of index micro-insurances, and sustainable agriculture.Less
This chapter provides an analysis of the interaction between natural disasters and human development. It provides a decomposition of the channels through which “human made disasters with a natural trigger” affect long term growth. It categorizes countries by level of exposure and investigates the approaches which can prevent a vicious cycle between natural disasters and low development. Among highly exposed countries, sustainable development needs to go hand in hand with an increase in resilience through both preparedness and mitigation. The chapter highlights the potential of an adaptive capacity at the institutional level, economic diversification, flexibility in aid disbursement, the use of index micro-insurances, and sustainable agriculture.
Justus D. Doenecke
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813130026
- eISBN:
- 9780813135755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813130026.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
When news of the Serbian crisis in August 1914 reached America, many citizens expressed relief that the US was geographically isolated from Europe. Although many chose to remain neutral, some people ...
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When news of the Serbian crisis in August 1914 reached America, many citizens expressed relief that the US was geographically isolated from Europe. Although many chose to remain neutral, some people soon began to pick sides. Germany's invasion of Belgium proved to be a turning point for many Americans. To them, a powerful nation had decimated a small neighbor, a peaceful country had found its neutrality violated, and a lawless power had broken an international treaty and in the process dishonored itself. Soon after, some of the country's most prominent leaders would argue over whether the government should increase the navy's preparedness, allow the extension of loans to belligerent governments, and impose an arms embargo.Less
When news of the Serbian crisis in August 1914 reached America, many citizens expressed relief that the US was geographically isolated from Europe. Although many chose to remain neutral, some people soon began to pick sides. Germany's invasion of Belgium proved to be a turning point for many Americans. To them, a powerful nation had decimated a small neighbor, a peaceful country had found its neutrality violated, and a lawless power had broken an international treaty and in the process dishonored itself. Soon after, some of the country's most prominent leaders would argue over whether the government should increase the navy's preparedness, allow the extension of loans to belligerent governments, and impose an arms embargo.
Justus D. Doenecke
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813130026
- eISBN:
- 9780813135755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813130026.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Colonel Edward Mandell House worked very closely with Wilson during the war, serving as the president's chief emissary in the peace negotiations between the different belligerent nations. After ...
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Colonel Edward Mandell House worked very closely with Wilson during the war, serving as the president's chief emissary in the peace negotiations between the different belligerent nations. After several months of meeting with various civilian leaders, House reported to Wilson that peace in Europe may take longer than they had hoped and that the US should maintain its good relationship with the Allies. Aside from House, groups such as the Women's Peace Party and the League to Enforce Peace also tried their hands at mediation, only to fail in the end. After the Lusitania's sinking, the preparedness movement began to gain ground, even as the US tried to maintain its peacetime mentality. Tensions with Germany rose even more when a U-24 sank the British liner Arabic, killing 44 people including two Americans. Feeling pressure from Wilson, Germany reluctantly issued a new policy promising not to sink liners without warning, provided they did not try to escape or offer resistance. Many Americans agreed with how Wilson handled the Arabic incident, admiring his patience and subtle use of diplomatic pressure. Nevertheless, the efforts at negotiated settlement, debates over preparedness, German subversion, and more incidents at sea continued to intensify throughout 1915 and into the following year.Less
Colonel Edward Mandell House worked very closely with Wilson during the war, serving as the president's chief emissary in the peace negotiations between the different belligerent nations. After several months of meeting with various civilian leaders, House reported to Wilson that peace in Europe may take longer than they had hoped and that the US should maintain its good relationship with the Allies. Aside from House, groups such as the Women's Peace Party and the League to Enforce Peace also tried their hands at mediation, only to fail in the end. After the Lusitania's sinking, the preparedness movement began to gain ground, even as the US tried to maintain its peacetime mentality. Tensions with Germany rose even more when a U-24 sank the British liner Arabic, killing 44 people including two Americans. Feeling pressure from Wilson, Germany reluctantly issued a new policy promising not to sink liners without warning, provided they did not try to escape or offer resistance. Many Americans agreed with how Wilson handled the Arabic incident, admiring his patience and subtle use of diplomatic pressure. Nevertheless, the efforts at negotiated settlement, debates over preparedness, German subversion, and more incidents at sea continued to intensify throughout 1915 and into the following year.
Justus D. Doenecke
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813130026
- eISBN:
- 9780813135755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813130026.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
By mid-1915, the US found it increasingly difficult to maintain its status as the world's most powerful neutral nation. It cited the British as violating international laws when they attacked a ...
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By mid-1915, the US found it increasingly difficult to maintain its status as the world's most powerful neutral nation. It cited the British as violating international laws when they attacked a German U-27 submarine and seized several American cargos, although Wall Street approved a $500 million Anglo-Franco loan to pay for the Allies' continuing war contracts. Meanwhile, America's relations with the Central Powers were further strained by the Turks' execution of thousands of Armenian civilians as well as indiscriminate German U-boat attacks and various cases of sabotage and other covert activities involving Germans. The heightened international tension brought about new attempts for peace negotiations, with automobile manufacturer Henry Ford the most prominent crusader. In December 1915, Wilson instructed Colonel House to put diplomatic pressure on Britain to modify its blockade and on Germany to stop its submarine warfare in exchange for some indemnities and concessions. Much to the dismay of pacifist and progressive Americans, however, Wilson began to soften his antiwar stance and look toward building up the country's military preparedness. He made this the underlying theme of his annual speech in December 1915 and launched a ten-day campaign to promote his military agenda the following month.Less
By mid-1915, the US found it increasingly difficult to maintain its status as the world's most powerful neutral nation. It cited the British as violating international laws when they attacked a German U-27 submarine and seized several American cargos, although Wall Street approved a $500 million Anglo-Franco loan to pay for the Allies' continuing war contracts. Meanwhile, America's relations with the Central Powers were further strained by the Turks' execution of thousands of Armenian civilians as well as indiscriminate German U-boat attacks and various cases of sabotage and other covert activities involving Germans. The heightened international tension brought about new attempts for peace negotiations, with automobile manufacturer Henry Ford the most prominent crusader. In December 1915, Wilson instructed Colonel House to put diplomatic pressure on Britain to modify its blockade and on Germany to stop its submarine warfare in exchange for some indemnities and concessions. Much to the dismay of pacifist and progressive Americans, however, Wilson began to soften his antiwar stance and look toward building up the country's military preparedness. He made this the underlying theme of his annual speech in December 1915 and launched a ten-day campaign to promote his military agenda the following month.
Justus D. Doenecke
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813130026
- eISBN:
- 9780813135755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813130026.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
When the US realized that peace negotiations were going nowhere, attempts to improve the country's military preparedness intensified. In Congress, legislators debated a number of proposals that ...
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When the US realized that peace negotiations were going nowhere, attempts to improve the country's military preparedness intensified. In Congress, legislators debated a number of proposals that sought to increase the strength of the regular army, federalize the National Guard, and raise an army of thousands of volunteer men. After much deliberation, Congress passed the Hay–Chamberlain bill, which was signed into law by Wilson on June 3. In a meeting with anti-preparedness advocates, Wilson was quoted as saying: “In the last analysis, the peace of society is backed by force.” In August, Wilson signed another bill that contained by far the largest naval budget in the nation's history. To finance the new military expenditures, Congress passed a revenue bill that raised the income tax on upper brackets and added inheritance and munitions taxes. With the national elections coming, Republican leaders used the preparedness issue to criticize Wilson's foreign policy. In Wilson's defense, the Democrats harped on the peace theme, arguing that despite several international crises, Wilson had successfully kept the country out of war. With his reelection in November, Wilson was free to pursue his goal of mediating between the belligerent nations and ending the Great War.Less
When the US realized that peace negotiations were going nowhere, attempts to improve the country's military preparedness intensified. In Congress, legislators debated a number of proposals that sought to increase the strength of the regular army, federalize the National Guard, and raise an army of thousands of volunteer men. After much deliberation, Congress passed the Hay–Chamberlain bill, which was signed into law by Wilson on June 3. In a meeting with anti-preparedness advocates, Wilson was quoted as saying: “In the last analysis, the peace of society is backed by force.” In August, Wilson signed another bill that contained by far the largest naval budget in the nation's history. To finance the new military expenditures, Congress passed a revenue bill that raised the income tax on upper brackets and added inheritance and munitions taxes. With the national elections coming, Republican leaders used the preparedness issue to criticize Wilson's foreign policy. In Wilson's defense, the Democrats harped on the peace theme, arguing that despite several international crises, Wilson had successfully kept the country out of war. With his reelection in November, Wilson was free to pursue his goal of mediating between the belligerent nations and ending the Great War.
David Burns
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199929504
- eISBN:
- 9780199315963
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199929504.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Bouck White (chap. 3) is the focus of this chapter dealing with the relationship between the radical historical Jesus, muscular Christianity, and the militaristic Christ of the preparedness movement. ...
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Bouck White (chap. 3) is the focus of this chapter dealing with the relationship between the radical historical Jesus, muscular Christianity, and the militaristic Christ of the preparedness movement. White never announced that he was a muscular Christian, but he utilized the doctrine to reach individuals in the mainline denominations. The creed cut both ways, however, and during the run-up to World War I, Jesus became a warrior of democracy to most Americans. White recognized that the internationalism championed by his Church of the Social Revolution was being drowned out by the patriotism preached by Theodore Roosevelt and Lyman Abbott, so he temporarily conceded the field to conventional muscular Christians, abandoning his opposition to the war and urging radicals to follow suit. But when White renewed his campaign against militarism and nationalism, he was a pastor without a flock, an author without an audience, and an easy target for vigilantes.Less
Bouck White (chap. 3) is the focus of this chapter dealing with the relationship between the radical historical Jesus, muscular Christianity, and the militaristic Christ of the preparedness movement. White never announced that he was a muscular Christian, but he utilized the doctrine to reach individuals in the mainline denominations. The creed cut both ways, however, and during the run-up to World War I, Jesus became a warrior of democracy to most Americans. White recognized that the internationalism championed by his Church of the Social Revolution was being drowned out by the patriotism preached by Theodore Roosevelt and Lyman Abbott, so he temporarily conceded the field to conventional muscular Christians, abandoning his opposition to the war and urging radicals to follow suit. But when White renewed his campaign against militarism and nationalism, he was a pastor without a flock, an author without an audience, and an easy target for vigilantes.
