Jeffrey L Dunoff
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195383614
- eISBN:
- 9780199855445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383614.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Robert Hudec's Developing Countries in the GATT System makes at least two important contributions to the trade literature. First, it provides an authoritative history of the debate over preferential ...
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Robert Hudec's Developing Countries in the GATT System makes at least two important contributions to the trade literature. First, it provides an authoritative history of the debate over preferential treatment for developing states. Second, it offers an influential analysis of the effects of preferences. Hudec rejects the conventional wisdom that preferential treatment disserves developing states because a policy of reciprocity would produce greater concessions from developed states. He argues that, given the economic disparities between developed and developing states, reciprocity by developing states is unlikely to produce greater access to developed state markets. This chapter explores what we know about preferences and how we know it. It also explores whether juxtaposing alternative methodological approaches can suggest a progressive research agenda designed to enhance our understandings of how preferences work and, in particular, their effects on developing states.Less
Robert Hudec's Developing Countries in the GATT System makes at least two important contributions to the trade literature. First, it provides an authoritative history of the debate over preferential treatment for developing states. Second, it offers an influential analysis of the effects of preferences. Hudec rejects the conventional wisdom that preferential treatment disserves developing states because a policy of reciprocity would produce greater concessions from developed states. He argues that, given the economic disparities between developed and developing states, reciprocity by developing states is unlikely to produce greater access to developed state markets. This chapter explores what we know about preferences and how we know it. It also explores whether juxtaposing alternative methodological approaches can suggest a progressive research agenda designed to enhance our understandings of how preferences work and, in particular, their effects on developing states.
Brian Leiter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691163543
- eISBN:
- 9781400852345
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691163543.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
This book addresses one of the most enduring puzzles in political philosophy and constitutional theory—why is religion singled out for preferential treatment in both law and public discourse? Why are ...
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This book addresses one of the most enduring puzzles in political philosophy and constitutional theory—why is religion singled out for preferential treatment in both law and public discourse? Why are religious obligations that conflict with the law accorded special toleration while other obligations of conscience are not? The book analyzes the concept of religious toleration, which has long been the paradigm of the liberal ideal of toleration of group differences, as reflected in both the constitutions of the major Western democracies and in the theoretical literature explaining and justifying these practice. The book shows why our reasons for tolerating religion are not specific to religion but apply to all claims of conscience, and why a government committed to liberty of conscience is not required by the principle of toleration to grant exemptions to laws that promote the general welfare.Less
This book addresses one of the most enduring puzzles in political philosophy and constitutional theory—why is religion singled out for preferential treatment in both law and public discourse? Why are religious obligations that conflict with the law accorded special toleration while other obligations of conscience are not? The book analyzes the concept of religious toleration, which has long been the paradigm of the liberal ideal of toleration of group differences, as reflected in both the constitutions of the major Western democracies and in the theoretical literature explaining and justifying these practice. The book shows why our reasons for tolerating religion are not specific to religion but apply to all claims of conscience, and why a government committed to liberty of conscience is not required by the principle of toleration to grant exemptions to laws that promote the general welfare.
Claes Lernestedt
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199676590
- eISBN:
- 9780191756023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199676590.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter argues that while both forward- and backward-looking considerations operate within the criminal law, the latter should have considerable weight in the rules for ascribing responsibility. ...
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This chapter argues that while both forward- and backward-looking considerations operate within the criminal law, the latter should have considerable weight in the rules for ascribing responsibility. Issues of cultural defenses and cultural evidence are then situated within this general framework. In some situations cultural evidence is required for defendants to be treated equally before the law in its most narrow, demanding sense. In others, taking into account cultural factors amounts to preferential treatment. Thus, the either–or approach to cultural evidence is unsustainable, and more refined criteria for evaluating cultural evidence are needed. The idea of a formal cultural defense is rejected in favor of cultural considerations being integrated into criminal law’s image of the responsible person.Less
This chapter argues that while both forward- and backward-looking considerations operate within the criminal law, the latter should have considerable weight in the rules for ascribing responsibility. Issues of cultural defenses and cultural evidence are then situated within this general framework. In some situations cultural evidence is required for defendants to be treated equally before the law in its most narrow, demanding sense. In others, taking into account cultural factors amounts to preferential treatment. Thus, the either–or approach to cultural evidence is unsustainable, and more refined criteria for evaluating cultural evidence are needed. The idea of a formal cultural defense is rejected in favor of cultural considerations being integrated into criminal law’s image of the responsible person.
John Kleinig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199371259
- eISBN:
- 9780199371280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199371259.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
This chapter examines loyalty's roots. Is it an emotion or feeling or motive? It addresses the place of perseverance, sacrifice or costliness, attachment and identification, and preferential ...
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This chapter examines loyalty's roots. Is it an emotion or feeling or motive? It addresses the place of perseverance, sacrifice or costliness, attachment and identification, and preferential treatment in loyalty. The subjects and objects of loyalty are discussed: Can animals be loyal? Are the objects of loyalty restricted to persons and collectivities?Less
This chapter examines loyalty's roots. Is it an emotion or feeling or motive? It addresses the place of perseverance, sacrifice or costliness, attachment and identification, and preferential treatment in loyalty. The subjects and objects of loyalty are discussed: Can animals be loyal? Are the objects of loyalty restricted to persons and collectivities?
Wu Jinglian, Ma Guochuan, Xiaofeng Hua, and Nancy Hearst
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190223151
- eISBN:
- 9780190223182
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190223151.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
China began its reform and opening after a long period of being closed to the outside world. On the eve of the reforms, China lagged behind the West in production technologies and management ...
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China began its reform and opening after a long period of being closed to the outside world. On the eve of the reforms, China lagged behind the West in production technologies and management know-how. However, the market opening and promotion of foreign direct investment (FDI) created favorable conditions for attracting modern technologies from abroad. Eventually, the burden fell on local enterprises, in an enabling business environment, to become world-class companies. The government implemented a dual-track approach and a step-by-step transition to create a business environment that allowed for import substitution and it took advantage of the opening to the world to boost domestic progress. Several localities were selected as special economic zones to implement export-oriented strategies. The positive results during this initial phase of reform and opening can be attributed to two factors: the partial opening of the domestic market to foreign businesses and the use of preferential treatment to attract FDI.Less
China began its reform and opening after a long period of being closed to the outside world. On the eve of the reforms, China lagged behind the West in production technologies and management know-how. However, the market opening and promotion of foreign direct investment (FDI) created favorable conditions for attracting modern technologies from abroad. Eventually, the burden fell on local enterprises, in an enabling business environment, to become world-class companies. The government implemented a dual-track approach and a step-by-step transition to create a business environment that allowed for import substitution and it took advantage of the opening to the world to boost domestic progress. Several localities were selected as special economic zones to implement export-oriented strategies. The positive results during this initial phase of reform and opening can be attributed to two factors: the partial opening of the domestic market to foreign businesses and the use of preferential treatment to attract FDI.
Gary S. Fields
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198815501
- eISBN:
- 9780191853166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198815501.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter analyzes unemployment and underemployment in LDCs within a quantity adjustment framework. Four extensions of the Harris-Todaro model are made, including allowances for more generalized ...
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This chapter analyzes unemployment and underemployment in LDCs within a quantity adjustment framework. Four extensions of the Harris-Todaro model are made, including allowances for more generalized job-search behavior, an urban traditional sector, preferential hiring by educational level, and labor turnover considerations. The result of these modifications is a much lower predicted unemployment rate, which accords more closely with actual observations. Some additional policy implications deriving from the analysis are noted.Less
This chapter analyzes unemployment and underemployment in LDCs within a quantity adjustment framework. Four extensions of the Harris-Todaro model are made, including allowances for more generalized job-search behavior, an urban traditional sector, preferential hiring by educational level, and labor turnover considerations. The result of these modifications is a much lower predicted unemployment rate, which accords more closely with actual observations. Some additional policy implications deriving from the analysis are noted.
