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Conclusions: A Reformed Neo-institutionalist Research Programme

Colin Crouch

in Capitalist Diversity and Change: Recombinant Governance and Institutional Entrepreneurs

This concluding chapter resumes the argument and discusses the role of power imbalances. It then presents a research programme for the next stage of neo-institutional analysis. Elements of the ... More

This concluding chapter resumes the argument and discusses the role of power imbalances. It then presents a research programme for the next stage of neo-institutional analysis. Elements of the programme include defining the context, specifying capacities, specifying the available governance range, ranking the modes, mapping the fields, and observing the actors.Less

The Context of Bullying: Definition, Prevalence, and Controversies

Faye Mishna

in Bullying: A Guide to Research, Intervention, and Prevention

This chapter will set the stage for examining and addressing bullying with a discussion on the pervasiveness of bullying of children and adolescents around the world along with an overview of the ... More

This chapter will set the stage for examining and addressing bullying with a discussion on the pervasiveness of bullying of children and adolescents around the world along with an overview of the short term and potential long lasting effects of bullying. Also included will be a review of the confusion and controversies surrounding the term “bullying.” The term “bullying” typically is defined as a form of aggression which can be direct or indirect and includes physical, verbal or psychological and relational acts, that is intentional and occurs in a relationship characterized by a power imbalance, and is repeated over time. Notwithstanding the complexity of bullying and ensuing difficulties in defining and recognizing bullying, the damage caused by bullying can be considerable and far reaching. The adult-child relationship in particular influences the ability of children and youth to manage in many areas, including bullying situations.Less

Partnerships and power in community regeneration

Taylor Marjorie Mayo and Marilyn

in Partnership working: Policy and practice

This chapter examines the challenges inherent in partnership working with communities and service users and the questions of power and power imbalances in partnerships for community regeneration. It ... More

This chapter examines the challenges inherent in partnership working with communities and service users and the questions of power and power imbalances in partnerships for community regeneration. It describes the evaluations of a range of regeneration initiatives and considers how far the continuing barriers to partnership can be eroded and the tensions addressed. It discusses some of the practical steps that need to be taken to strengthen partnership working in policy making, service delivery, consultation and training.Less

Conclusion

Rachel St. John

in Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border

This concluding chapter argues that the power imbalance between the United States and Mexico has been reflected in the politics of border control. Although U.S. and Mexican officials continued to ... More

This concluding chapter argues that the power imbalance between the United States and Mexico has been reflected in the politics of border control. Although U.S. and Mexican officials continued to negotiate bilateral border agreements and cooperative enforcement measures, the twentieth-century border was most influenced by the United States' political and economic agendas as well as the persistent challenges to those goals. From the 1930s through the end of the twentieth century, U.S. border policy primarily focused on encouraging the flow of transborder trade, while regulating the movement of Mexican immigrants and stemming the stream of illegal drugs across the boundary line.Less

Global Imbalance

Martin S. Flaherty

in Restoring the Global Judiciary: Why the Supreme Court Should Rule in U.S. Foreign Affairs

This chapter argues that relations between modern “disaggregated” states empower the different branches within any nation to different degrees. The executive far and away benefits the most. This ... More

This chapter argues that relations between modern “disaggregated” states empower the different branches within any nation to different degrees. The executive far and away benefits the most. This enhanced primacy in large part results from structural advantages, including the “secrecy and despatch” identified by Alexander Hamilton, meeting modern demands, such as the need for global regulation and the challenge of global terrorism. Perhaps surprisingly, the judiciary follows next, as judges share views in face-to-face meetings and in mutual citations from abroad. Collective-action problems, among other factors, ensure that the legislature benefits least. The consequence is a comparatively more powerful executive, further outstripping its rivals as a direct consequence of new ways to conduct foreign affairs. The resulting imbalance contributes to the precise evils separation of powers is designed to combat. It follows that the need for a judicial check, and, for that matter, a legislative counter as well, becomes more, not less, pressing in light of foreign affairs in a world of disaggregated states and global networks.Less

Bureaucratic Pressures and Decisions for War

Gareth Porter

in Perils of Dominance: Imbalance of Power and the Road to War in Vietnam

This chapter investigates the decisions on ground troop deployments, culminating in the final decision for a major ground troop deployment in mid-1965. It also reviews the effect of the global ... More

This chapter investigates the decisions on ground troop deployments, culminating in the final decision for a major ground troop deployment in mid-1965. It also reviews the effect of the global imbalance of power, and that of the Byzantine domestic politics of blame for any future defeat in South Vietnam. The incentive for systematic bombing of the North was underlined by a new intelligence estimate in October that reemphasized the importance of U.S. military dominance over North Vietnam and China. Johnson's rejection of even the threat of massive devastation to try to put pressure on the North Vietnamese made the bombing policy very different from what had been envisioned by the national security bureaucracy. Johnson's final effort to avert an open-ended general war in Vietnam concluded with political theater. Robert McNamara abandoned the limited commitment option just as Johnson was trying to make it official policy.Less

The Continuum of Violence: A Gender Perspective on War and Peace

Cynthia Cockburn

in Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones

This chapter suggests that a gender perspective on the successive moments in the flux of peace and war is not an optional extra but a stark necessity. It shows what some of features of conflict and ... More

This chapter suggests that a gender perspective on the successive moments in the flux of peace and war is not an optional extra but a stark necessity. It shows what some of features of conflict and conflict resolution are and describes relations between them that suggest a continuum of violence. Gender power is seen to shape the dynamics of every site of human interaction, from the household to the international arena. A gender analysis reveals imbalanced sex distributions. The economic distress, militarization, and divisive shifts in ideology are considered. It then explores the three manifestly gendered elements of war: mobilization into the armed forces; the catastrophic disruption of everyday life; and brutalization of the body. The three aspects of postconflict situations are explored: displacement; economic and social reconstruction; and aid, justice, and reconciliation. The power imbalance of gender relations in most societies generates cultures of masculinity prone to violence.Less

Peace Formation versus Everyday State Formation in Palestine

Sandra Pogodda and Oliver P. Richmond

in Post-Liberal Peace Transitions: Between Peace Formation and State Formation

This chapter examines the emergence of everyday state-formation movements. With the peace process discredited through the abuse of the power imbalance between the conflict parties, pockets of local ... More

This chapter examines the emergence of everyday state-formation movements. With the peace process discredited through the abuse of the power imbalance between the conflict parties, pockets of local agency in Palestine have shifted their emancipatory struggle from peace towards creating the conditions for a viable and inclusionary state. The chapter then introduces and analyses the concept of everyday state formation as the capacity — and limitations — of non-violent grassroots movements to delineate the political space of an emerging state by pushing back external coercive power and the governmentality of pacification. Everyday state formation illustrates the internal tensions of contemporary statebuilding: without reconciliation across multiple scales — local to global — the complex interactions of structural, governmental, and subaltern power will tend to build societal fragility into emerging state structures.Less

The Imbalance of Power

Stève Sainlaude

in France and the American Civil War: A Diplomatic History

From the start of the war, the French agents in the U.S. saw the North’s demographic, economic, financial, and technological superiority. However, faced with the staunch determination of the enemy ... More

From the start of the war, the French agents in the U.S. saw the North’s demographic, economic, financial, and technological superiority. However, faced with the staunch determination of the enemy troops, the Union’s military superiority remained in question. French Consul Alfred Paul in Richmond aptly predicted from the beginning that war was inevitable, as was a Union victory. His analysis shaped the view of the Tuileries cabinet on the overall military situation. The imperial government considered that the South’s chances of winning its independence depended on the Federal government’s either backing out in the face of the rebels’ prodigious efforts or being rejected through the ballot box. Paris realized the extent of the North’s potential when Lincoln’s persistence in the war was rewarded with electoral triumph, strengthening his administration.Less

Deromanticizing democracy

Katherine Fierlbeck

in Globalizing Democracy: Power, Legitimacy and the Interpretation of Democratic Ideas

This chapter describes the romanticization of democracy. As democracy has become more prevalent and more successful, it is seen as superficial and unsatisfying. The current romanticization of ... More

This chapter describes the romanticization of democracy. As democracy has become more prevalent and more successful, it is seen as superficial and unsatisfying. The current romanticization of democracy is closely tied to the development of the concept of autonomy. The German Romantics discussed autonomy and individual liberty without reference to democracy, while Jean-Jacques Rousseau discussed autonomy with reference to democracy, but at the expense of individual liberties. The best form of democracy for a globalized world is one in which clear and impartial institutions permit individuals enough room to sort out subjective issues like ‘meaningfulness’ in their own way. The cultural rights are necessary to address power imbalances. ‘Democracy’ must ensure a clear measure of the diffusion of power within states; but recognition of ‘state sovereignty’ does not require that states be seen as democratic.Less

Introduction: Reimagining Science in Latin America

María del Pilar Blanco and Joanna Page

in Geopolitics, Culture, and the Scientific Imaginary in Latin America

The transnational transfers of ideas, technologies, materials, and people that have shaped the history of science in Latin America are marked, as in any region, by asymmetries of power. These are ... More

The transnational transfers of ideas, technologies, materials, and people that have shaped the history of science in Latin America are marked, as in any region, by asymmetries of power. These are often replicated or even magnified in the narratives we have forged about that history. The journeys to Latin America of some of Europe’s most famous naturalists (Humboldt and Darwin, for example) are often depicted as the heroic overcoming by European science of savage local terrains and ways of life. Those epic explorers are recast, in other narratives, as the forerunners of (neo)colonial exploitation in the history of the ransacking of Latin America’s mineral riches to pay for European imperial ventures, repeated in the often-illegal plundering of the region’s dinosaur fossils to swell museum collections in Europe and North America. In such accounts, Latin America becomes the arena for European adventures, the testing ground for new scientific theories, or the passive victim of colonial profiteering, but rarely a place of innovation. It is certainly the case that over the centuries the flow of natural resources, data, and expertise from Latin America to more developed regions has generally been to the benefit of those regions and has not reduced an imbalance of power that dates back to the colonial period.Less

Making Mobility a Problem: How South African Officials Criminalize Migration

Darshan Vigneswaran

in The Borders of Punishment: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion

The relative power imbalances between, on the one hand, powerful states and international organizations, and, on the other, African policy makers, has meant that international organizations seeking ... More

The relative power imbalances between, on the one hand, powerful states and international organizations, and, on the other, African policy makers, has meant that international organizations seeking to impose international norms, treaties, and institutions concerning human trafficking, drugs, and intellectual property have been able to influence significantly the way domestic or local actors in Africa respond to issues like informal migration and human trafficking. This chapter examines the specific mechanisms through which such similar power imbalances frame local policing strategy. It suggests that the tendency of South African officials to privilege mobility narratives over other ways of scripting a potential crime may be partly attributed to their highly unique historical context: as inheritors of the apartheid tradition of policing separateness.Less

War Is Justiciable, Until It Isn’t

Jasmine Farrier

in Constitutional Dysfunction on Trial: Congressional Lawsuits and the Separation of Powers

This chapter demonstrates that courts were once comfortable entering into the fray when they have clear congressional guidelines about war authorization (private lawsuits) and when members of ... More

This chapter demonstrates that courts were once comfortable entering into the fray when they have clear congressional guidelines about war authorization (private lawsuits) and when members of Congress press their claims through political as well as legal channels (Cambodia cases). It also shows that federal courts can have a place in war powers conflicts—and they did up through the mid-twentieth century, but only in individual plaintiff cases. Although no federal court has ever ordered a president to stop a war, there was once more comfort in judicial engagement in war-related constitutional questions, at least from the founding generation through the Civil War and beyond; the Cold War changed all three branches' orientations. Member litigation began during the Vietnam War out of frustration with imbalance of power that took permanent root in the Cold War and then remained in the political culture under new international pressures in the 1990s and after 9/11. The chapter then details the first two member cases surrounding the Vietnam War's expansion.Less

My First-Time Museum 1690/2007

in Travels with Tooy: History, Memory, and the African American Imagination

This chapter proposes a design for a museum of Saramakas' history. It suggests having separate rooms for different eras, from the early eighteenth century to the twenty-first century. This museum ... More

This chapter proposes a design for a museum of Saramakas' history. It suggests having separate rooms for different eras, from the early eighteenth century to the twenty-first century. This museum would be dominated by the continuities of white oppression and by the vast imbalances of power and would include Samarakas' refusal to accept the whites' definition of the situation and their successful creation of a separate world of their own.Less

Making Matters Worse: The Long-Term Impacts of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse

Jasmine-Kim Westendorf

in Violating Peace: Sex, Aid, and Peacekeeping

This chapter investigates the micro- and mission-level impacts of sexual exploitation and abuse perpetrated by interveners in peace operations on the international community's capacity to fulfill its ... More

This chapter investigates the micro- and mission-level impacts of sexual exploitation and abuse perpetrated by interveners in peace operations on the international community's capacity to fulfill its goals related to security, stability, and peacebuilding in postconflict contexts. These impacts operate on three levels: the individual and community level, the structural level, and the operational level. One fairly obvious conclusion arising from this analysis is that, in perpetrating sexual exploitation and abuse, interveners commit human rights violations, consolidate structures and processes that facilitate further exploitation and abuse, and spark conflict with actors who object to such behaviors. Thus, these outcomes are not in line with general expectations of the impacts peacekeepers should have on local populations and host states. Sexual exploitation and abuse is a significant source of mistrust between local communities and the international intervention, particularly as it intersected with other behaviors that amplified and exploited the power imbalance between international interveners and local communities.Less

E-Waste Work: Hierarchies of Value and the Normalization of Pollution in Guiyu

Anna Lora-Wainwright

in Resigned Activism: Living with Pollution in Rural China

The last substantive chapter examines a third case study which differs in important ways from the first two. Unlike Baocun and Qiancun, Guiyu town is a well-known, indeed a notorious environmental ... More

The last substantive chapter examines a third case study which differs in important ways from the first two. Unlike Baocun and Qiancun, Guiyu town is a well-known, indeed a notorious environmental health hotspot. Pollution is caused by a vast and complex cottage industry processing electronic waste. Chapter 5 explores how such “e-waste work” became closely embedded within the local community, family and social relations, as domestic and work spaces were inextricably blurred. It disaggregates the black box of “e-waste work” to show how it evolved over time, the great diversity that composes the sector, how the government attempted to regulate particular activities within it and why their efforts were not fully effective. It shows that, as in Baocun and Qiancun, the economic benefits and environmental costs of these activities are unevenly distributed. By describing a range of diverse e-waste workers engaged in a spectrum of more or less polluting work, the chapter illustrates how locals fashion counter-discourses of relative harm to excuse their practices and avoid blame. In these circumstances, as in Baocun, toxicity is naturalised and parameters of health are adjusted to normalise and accept widespread pollution-induced ailments.Less

Preparing patients ahead of time to share decisions about their health care

Natalie Joseph-Williams, Adrian Edwards, and Glyn Elwyn

in Shared Decision Making in Health Care: Achieving evidence-based patient choice

By looking at patient reported barriers to shared decision making (SDM), this chapter considers how clinicians and health care providers can best prepare patients to become involved in SDM. There are ... More

By looking at patient reported barriers to shared decision making (SDM), this chapter considers how clinicians and health care providers can best prepare patients to become involved in SDM. There are many methods proposed – these include question prompts that encourage patients to ask questions to clinicians. Some of these propmts are general question, other forms are condition-specific: both types of prompts are being evaluated in further research. Other methods to prepare patients include the provision of knowledge tools such as patient decision aids, either before clinical encounters or within visits. Patients’ attitudes towards the concept of being active participants in health care decision making is a key patient reported barrier. This chapter provides examples of existing interventions that aim to prepare patients for SDM, and considers how future interventions can best prepare patients, based on the key patient reported barriers.Less