Patricia Q. Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199793822
- eISBN:
- 9780199914531
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793822.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This book investigates ritualizing and learning at introductory meditation classes at two Buddhist centers in Toronto, Canada. The centers, Friends of the Heart and Chandrakirti, are led and attended ...
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This book investigates ritualizing and learning at introductory meditation classes at two Buddhist centers in Toronto, Canada. The centers, Friends of the Heart and Chandrakirti, are led and attended by western Buddhists: that is, people from non-Buddhist familial and cultural backgrounds. Inspired by theories that suggest that rituals impart new knowledge or understanding, the book examines how introductory meditation students learn through formal Buddhist practice. Along the way, it explores practitioners' reasons for enrolling in meditation classes, their interests in Buddhism, and their responses to formal Buddhist rituals. Participants' learning experiences are illuminated by an influential learning theory called Bloom's Taxonomy, while the rites and practices taught and performed at the centers are explored using performance theory, a method which focuses on the performative elements of ritual's postures and gestures. But the study expands the performance framework as well, by demonstrating that performative ritualizing includes the concentration techniques that take place in a meditator's mind. Such techniques are received, traditional mental acts or behaviours that are standardized, repetitively performed, and variously regarded as special, elevated, spiritual, or religious. Having established a link between mental and physical forms of ritualizing, the study demonstrates that body and mind together gain new skills and understanding by way of embodied, gestural rites. The mind is thus experienced as both embodied and gestural, and the whole of the body as socially and ritually informed.Less
This book investigates ritualizing and learning at introductory meditation classes at two Buddhist centers in Toronto, Canada. The centers, Friends of the Heart and Chandrakirti, are led and attended by western Buddhists: that is, people from non-Buddhist familial and cultural backgrounds. Inspired by theories that suggest that rituals impart new knowledge or understanding, the book examines how introductory meditation students learn through formal Buddhist practice. Along the way, it explores practitioners' reasons for enrolling in meditation classes, their interests in Buddhism, and their responses to formal Buddhist rituals. Participants' learning experiences are illuminated by an influential learning theory called Bloom's Taxonomy, while the rites and practices taught and performed at the centers are explored using performance theory, a method which focuses on the performative elements of ritual's postures and gestures. But the study expands the performance framework as well, by demonstrating that performative ritualizing includes the concentration techniques that take place in a meditator's mind. Such techniques are received, traditional mental acts or behaviours that are standardized, repetitively performed, and variously regarded as special, elevated, spiritual, or religious. Having established a link between mental and physical forms of ritualizing, the study demonstrates that body and mind together gain new skills and understanding by way of embodied, gestural rites. The mind is thus experienced as both embodied and gestural, and the whole of the body as socially and ritually informed.
Susan Harkema, PhD, Andrea Behrman, PhD, PT, and Hugues Barbeau, PhD
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342086
- eISBN:
- 9780199897063
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342086.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
Locomotor training is an emerging rehabilitation intervention for recovery of function after neurologic injury or disease and the physiological basis and scientific evidence supporting its use is ...
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Locomotor training is an emerging rehabilitation intervention for recovery of function after neurologic injury or disease and the physiological basis and scientific evidence supporting its use is discussed in this book. The book also reviews physical rehabilitation for posture, standing, and walking from a historical perspective that provides a context for the emergence of locomotor training as an activity-based therapy after spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke by implementing evidence-based practice providing new strategies to augment already successful therapeutic approaches. As an activity-based therapy, locomotor training provides activation of the neuromuscular system below the level of lesion with the goal of retraining the nervous system to recover specific motor tasks related to mobility, posture, standing, and walking. The book presents the four guiding principles that serve as the basis for clinical decisions throughout the three components of locomotor training. Successfully providing the locomotor training intervention is dependent on knowledge, skill, proper equipment and attire, and clinical decisions for progression. Community integration prepares the client for functioning at home and in the community. The primary goal of both overground assessment and community integration is to translate the capacity of the nervous system developed during step training to walking at home and in the community. The locomotor training intervention is implemented by identifying specific goals based on the current phase of recovery. Properly and continuously challenging clients to achieve higher levels of performance is critical to recovery. Even though the accomplished neural plasticity may not have yet resulted in reaching functional goals such as transferring, standing, or improvements in walking, the assessments in the phasing will show more incremental changes in neural recovery. The sequence of implementing these specific goals is based both on the scientific evidence and the experience of many physical therapists who have provided the intervention in research and clinical environments over the past decade.Less
Locomotor training is an emerging rehabilitation intervention for recovery of function after neurologic injury or disease and the physiological basis and scientific evidence supporting its use is discussed in this book. The book also reviews physical rehabilitation for posture, standing, and walking from a historical perspective that provides a context for the emergence of locomotor training as an activity-based therapy after spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke by implementing evidence-based practice providing new strategies to augment already successful therapeutic approaches. As an activity-based therapy, locomotor training provides activation of the neuromuscular system below the level of lesion with the goal of retraining the nervous system to recover specific motor tasks related to mobility, posture, standing, and walking. The book presents the four guiding principles that serve as the basis for clinical decisions throughout the three components of locomotor training. Successfully providing the locomotor training intervention is dependent on knowledge, skill, proper equipment and attire, and clinical decisions for progression. Community integration prepares the client for functioning at home and in the community. The primary goal of both overground assessment and community integration is to translate the capacity of the nervous system developed during step training to walking at home and in the community. The locomotor training intervention is implemented by identifying specific goals based on the current phase of recovery. Properly and continuously challenging clients to achieve higher levels of performance is critical to recovery. Even though the accomplished neural plasticity may not have yet resulted in reaching functional goals such as transferring, standing, or improvements in walking, the assessments in the phasing will show more incremental changes in neural recovery. The sequence of implementing these specific goals is based both on the scientific evidence and the experience of many physical therapists who have provided the intervention in research and clinical environments over the past decade.
James D. Laird
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195098891
- eISBN:
- 9780199893614
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195098891.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states ...
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Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. This volume presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. This book argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes, and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as “caused” in this sense seems mistaken. It proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world.Less
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. This volume presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. This book argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes, and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as “caused” in this sense seems mistaken. It proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world.
Vipin Narang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159829
- eISBN:
- 9781400850402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter describes and tests the sources of Pakistan's nuclear postures. It shows that the country's choices, and the timing of its shift from a catalytic to an asymmetric escalation posture, are ...
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This chapter describes and tests the sources of Pakistan's nuclear postures. It shows that the country's choices, and the timing of its shift from a catalytic to an asymmetric escalation posture, are best captured by optimization theory, illustrating how exogenous changes to a state's security environment and alliance options can trigger a shift in nuclear postures. Born into and out of war, Pakistan has always perceived an existential threat from its larger neighbor India. Since 1971, Pakistan has been on a desperate quest to acquire and operationalize a nuclear weapons capability to deter Indian conventional power. As its uranium enrichment program was reaching critical thresholds to enable the weaponization of the program, Pakistan relied on a catalytic nuclear posture which used the credible threat of nuclear escalation to compel its then-patron, the United States, to intercede on its behalf in crises with India.Less
This chapter describes and tests the sources of Pakistan's nuclear postures. It shows that the country's choices, and the timing of its shift from a catalytic to an asymmetric escalation posture, are best captured by optimization theory, illustrating how exogenous changes to a state's security environment and alliance options can trigger a shift in nuclear postures. Born into and out of war, Pakistan has always perceived an existential threat from its larger neighbor India. Since 1971, Pakistan has been on a desperate quest to acquire and operationalize a nuclear weapons capability to deter Indian conventional power. As its uranium enrichment program was reaching critical thresholds to enable the weaponization of the program, Pakistan relied on a catalytic nuclear posture which used the credible threat of nuclear escalation to compel its then-patron, the United States, to intercede on its behalf in crises with India.
Vipin Narang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159829
- eISBN:
- 9781400850402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter reiterates the findings explored in this book and discusses their implications. In doing so, the chapter stresses the significance of the posited optimization theory. This theory is the ...
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This chapter reiterates the findings explored in this book and discusses their implications. In doing so, the chapter stresses the significance of the posited optimization theory. This theory is the first comparative theory of regional power nuclear postures. Against the full universe of empirical cases involving selection of nuclear posture—a decision that unfolds deliberately over many years and often over many leaders—optimization theory is the most valid theory available. It is also the first broadly comparative theory for why states select the nuclear postures they do, suggesting that states may be rational to sacrifice deterrent power in certain security environments and under particular organizational and relative endowment circumstances. In addition, the chapter closes the volume by detailing some avenues for further research, as well as some concluding insights.Less
This chapter reiterates the findings explored in this book and discusses their implications. In doing so, the chapter stresses the significance of the posited optimization theory. This theory is the first comparative theory of regional power nuclear postures. Against the full universe of empirical cases involving selection of nuclear posture—a decision that unfolds deliberately over many years and often over many leaders—optimization theory is the most valid theory available. It is also the first broadly comparative theory for why states select the nuclear postures they do, suggesting that states may be rational to sacrifice deterrent power in certain security environments and under particular organizational and relative endowment circumstances. In addition, the chapter closes the volume by detailing some avenues for further research, as well as some concluding insights.
Pavel Gregoric
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199277377
- eISBN:
- 9780191707537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277377.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
In PA IV.10 Aristotle explains the upright posture of human beings with reference to physiological factors that determine the abilities to think and behave intelligently. A detailed interpretation ...
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In PA IV.10 Aristotle explains the upright posture of human beings with reference to physiological factors that determine the abilities to think and behave intelligently. A detailed interpretation of Aristotle's explanation is supplied by drawing on his physiological theory and contrasting it with Plato‗s explanation of human posture in the Timaeus. In the crucial passage Aristotle seems to couple ‘thinking’ with the rational capacity of the soul and ‘intelligence’ with the common sense. It is argued that the phrase ‘common sense’ is best taken with reference to the sensory capacity of the soul, that is the capacity of the soul which comprises perception and imagination. This capacity exhausts the cognitive repertoire of non-rational animals, and it accounts for their intelligent behaviour. In the next two chapters it will be argued that Aristotle uses the phrase koine aisthesis two more times in the same way, as a proper name for the sensory capacity of the soul, both times in the context of complex non-rational cognitive activities.Less
In PA IV.10 Aristotle explains the upright posture of human beings with reference to physiological factors that determine the abilities to think and behave intelligently. A detailed interpretation of Aristotle's explanation is supplied by drawing on his physiological theory and contrasting it with Plato‗s explanation of human posture in the Timaeus. In the crucial passage Aristotle seems to couple ‘thinking’ with the rational capacity of the soul and ‘intelligence’ with the common sense. It is argued that the phrase ‘common sense’ is best taken with reference to the sensory capacity of the soul, that is the capacity of the soul which comprises perception and imagination. This capacity exhausts the cognitive repertoire of non-rational animals, and it accounts for their intelligent behaviour. In the next two chapters it will be argued that Aristotle uses the phrase koine aisthesis two more times in the same way, as a proper name for the sensory capacity of the soul, both times in the context of complex non-rational cognitive activities.
Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This chapter presents an overview of two major developments in the field of motor control: the referent configuration hypothesis (equilibrium-point hypothesis) and the theory of synergies (using the ...
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This chapter presents an overview of two major developments in the field of motor control: the referent configuration hypothesis (equilibrium-point hypothesis) and the theory of synergies (using the computational apparatus of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis). It is suggested that a control hierarchy based on referent configurations at the whole-body, joint, and muscle levels may use synergic mechanisms to stabilize shifts of the task-related referent configuration expressed in salient for the motor task variables. On the other hand, control with referent configurations can itself lead to synergic relations within an ensemble of elemental performance variables that stabilize important performance variables produced by the ensemble as a whole. Relations between the notions of referent configuration and synergy and the control of vertical posture are discussed. Changes in synergy indices are described prior to a planned quick action or a reaction to a self-triggered perturbation. These phenomena, termed anticipatory synergy adjustments, share many common features with the well-known phenomena of anticipatory postural adjustments. A hypothesis is offered that anticipatory postural adjustments represent a superposition of two processes: anticipatory synergy adjustments with a minimal net mechanical effect and the generation of net forces and moments of force that are expected to counteract the anticipated perturbation.Less
This chapter presents an overview of two major developments in the field of motor control: the referent configuration hypothesis (equilibrium-point hypothesis) and the theory of synergies (using the computational apparatus of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis). It is suggested that a control hierarchy based on referent configurations at the whole-body, joint, and muscle levels may use synergic mechanisms to stabilize shifts of the task-related referent configuration expressed in salient for the motor task variables. On the other hand, control with referent configurations can itself lead to synergic relations within an ensemble of elemental performance variables that stabilize important performance variables produced by the ensemble as a whole. Relations between the notions of referent configuration and synergy and the control of vertical posture are discussed. Changes in synergy indices are described prior to a planned quick action or a reaction to a self-triggered perturbation. These phenomena, termed anticipatory synergy adjustments, share many common features with the well-known phenomena of anticipatory postural adjustments. A hypothesis is offered that anticipatory postural adjustments represent a superposition of two processes: anticipatory synergy adjustments with a minimal net mechanical effect and the generation of net forces and moments of force that are expected to counteract the anticipated perturbation.
Marcos Duarte, Sandra M. S. F. Freitas, and Vladimir Zatsiorsky
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Evidence suggests that during standing, humans maintain their posture not about a fixed point but about a position that, in turn, is also moving. Studies of natural (unconstrained) prolonged upright ...
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Evidence suggests that during standing, humans maintain their posture not about a fixed point but about a position that, in turn, is also moving. Studies of natural (unconstrained) prolonged upright standing (about several minutes) have shown that humans tend to oscillate about a moving reference position. Another example of this complex behavior is the postural sway of elderly adults. Commonly, older adults show an increase in postural sway, as compared to younger persons, when asked to stand as still as possible for a short period of time. However, during prolonged standing, elderly individuals adopt a “freezing” strategy that reflects their reduced ability to shift the body reference position in time. This chapter briefly reviews the control of equilibrium in humans during quiet standing and findings about prolonged unconstrained standing. It discusses the implications of these findings for understanding the control of equilibrium in humans.Less
Evidence suggests that during standing, humans maintain their posture not about a fixed point but about a position that, in turn, is also moving. Studies of natural (unconstrained) prolonged upright standing (about several minutes) have shown that humans tend to oscillate about a moving reference position. Another example of this complex behavior is the postural sway of elderly adults. Commonly, older adults show an increase in postural sway, as compared to younger persons, when asked to stand as still as possible for a short period of time. However, during prolonged standing, elderly individuals adopt a “freezing” strategy that reflects their reduced ability to shift the body reference position in time. This chapter briefly reviews the control of equilibrium in humans during quiet standing and findings about prolonged unconstrained standing. It discusses the implications of these findings for understanding the control of equilibrium in humans.
Michael Trippel, Gerhard A. Horstmann, and Volker Dietz
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195068207
- eISBN:
- 9780199847198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195068207.003.0088
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
The vestibular system plays an important role in the stabilization of human stance. The purpose of this study is to clarify which receptors and mechanisms are involved in the regulation of posture. ...
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The vestibular system plays an important role in the stabilization of human stance. The purpose of this study is to clarify which receptors and mechanisms are involved in the regulation of posture. The changes in several biomechanical parameters affected by perturbation of the support surface are analyzed, as well as their correlation to the behavior of EMG responses generated by the leg muscles. The significance of the proprioceptive reflex mechanisms is discussed in detail in this chapter. The findings of the study suggested that the vestibular system plays the major role in the compensation of small destabilizing impulses imposed to the back of a subject. This would help to compensate the body sway before a significant stretch of the leg muscles takes place.Less
The vestibular system plays an important role in the stabilization of human stance. The purpose of this study is to clarify which receptors and mechanisms are involved in the regulation of posture. The changes in several biomechanical parameters affected by perturbation of the support surface are analyzed, as well as their correlation to the behavior of EMG responses generated by the leg muscles. The significance of the proprioceptive reflex mechanisms is discussed in detail in this chapter. The findings of the study suggested that the vestibular system plays the major role in the compensation of small destabilizing impulses imposed to the back of a subject. This would help to compensate the body sway before a significant stretch of the leg muscles takes place.
Susannah K. S. Thorpe and Robin H. Crompton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Successful foraging, reproductive, and predator avoidance strategies in orangutans rely on their ability to navigate the complex three-dimensional habitat of tropical rainforest canopy. This chapter ...
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Successful foraging, reproductive, and predator avoidance strategies in orangutans rely on their ability to navigate the complex three-dimensional habitat of tropical rainforest canopy. This chapter assimilates a broad collection of published studies, complemented by unpublished results to present a comprehensive interspecific comparison of the locomotion and postures employed by wild orangutans and the supports they use to travel and feed in the canopy. Despite methodological differences between studies, results imply that, while P. abelii and P. p. morio have the capacity to perform the same gross range of positional behaviors, they actually exhibit quantitatively different positional behavior repertoires and show distinct patterns of association between positional behavior and support use. However further research is necessary to establish whether the largest differences in positional behavior exist at the species- or habitat-level.Less
Successful foraging, reproductive, and predator avoidance strategies in orangutans rely on their ability to navigate the complex three-dimensional habitat of tropical rainforest canopy. This chapter assimilates a broad collection of published studies, complemented by unpublished results to present a comprehensive interspecific comparison of the locomotion and postures employed by wild orangutans and the supports they use to travel and feed in the canopy. Despite methodological differences between studies, results imply that, while P. abelii and P. p. morio have the capacity to perform the same gross range of positional behaviors, they actually exhibit quantitatively different positional behavior repertoires and show distinct patterns of association between positional behavior and support use. However further research is necessary to establish whether the largest differences in positional behavior exist at the species- or habitat-level.
Vipin Narang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159829
- eISBN:
- 9781400850402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter lays out the volume's main arguments in brief. Contrary to the usual focus on superpowers and Cold War nuclear competition, the chapter proposes a different dynamic. It asks what ...
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This chapter lays out the volume's main arguments in brief. Contrary to the usual focus on superpowers and Cold War nuclear competition, the chapter proposes a different dynamic. It asks what strategies and choices certain states will make about their nuclear weapons and how those decisions about nuclear strategy can affect international relations and conflict. Examining the decisions that regional nuclear powers—such as China, India, Pakistan, Israel, France, and South Africa—have made about their arsenals thus far, and their resulting behavior, helps address these questions. Regional nuclear powers, for systematic and predictable reasons, choose clearly identifiable nuclear postures and these postures matter to a regional power's ability to deter conflict. These countries' nuclear choices, therefore, provide valuable insight into the crucial challenges of contemporary nuclear proliferation and international stability.Less
This chapter lays out the volume's main arguments in brief. Contrary to the usual focus on superpowers and Cold War nuclear competition, the chapter proposes a different dynamic. It asks what strategies and choices certain states will make about their nuclear weapons and how those decisions about nuclear strategy can affect international relations and conflict. Examining the decisions that regional nuclear powers—such as China, India, Pakistan, Israel, France, and South Africa—have made about their arsenals thus far, and their resulting behavior, helps address these questions. Regional nuclear powers, for systematic and predictable reasons, choose clearly identifiable nuclear postures and these postures matter to a regional power's ability to deter conflict. These countries' nuclear choices, therefore, provide valuable insight into the crucial challenges of contemporary nuclear proliferation and international stability.
Vipin Narang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159829
- eISBN:
- 9781400850402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter identifies three main types of regional power nuclear postures, arrayed across a spectrum of capabilities and deployment procedures. This theory, the Posture Optimization Theory, ...
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This chapter identifies three main types of regional power nuclear postures, arrayed across a spectrum of capabilities and deployment procedures. This theory, the Posture Optimization Theory, explains why the existing regional nuclear powers have adopted the nuclear postures and strategies they have, and generates testable predictions about what type of nuclear posture future regional nuclear powers might adopt based on a set of readily observable variables. Because of the dearth of regional states that have acquired nuclear weapons, this exercise has inherent limitations. However, by testing the framework against the existing empirical record, we can determine whether it provides a plausible framework with which to explain the choices of existing regional powers and to predict the choices that future nuclear powers might make.Less
This chapter identifies three main types of regional power nuclear postures, arrayed across a spectrum of capabilities and deployment procedures. This theory, the Posture Optimization Theory, explains why the existing regional nuclear powers have adopted the nuclear postures and strategies they have, and generates testable predictions about what type of nuclear posture future regional nuclear powers might adopt based on a set of readily observable variables. Because of the dearth of regional states that have acquired nuclear weapons, this exercise has inherent limitations. However, by testing the framework against the existing empirical record, we can determine whether it provides a plausible framework with which to explain the choices of existing regional powers and to predict the choices that future nuclear powers might make.
Vipin Narang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159829
- eISBN:
- 9781400850402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter traces South Africa's nuclear posture—how it intended to operationalize and use its six nuclear devices—and explores the sources of that particular strategy. Since 1978, in a very ...
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This chapter traces South Africa's nuclear posture—how it intended to operationalize and use its six nuclear devices—and explores the sources of that particular strategy. Since 1978, in a very explicit strategy statement outlined by Prime Minister P. W. Botha who held the reins of the South African program for its duration, South Africa clearly envisioned and operationalized a catalytic nuclear posture designed to draw in Western—particularly American—assistance in the event of an overwhelming Soviet or Cuban-backed conventional threat to South Africa through Angola, Namibia, or Mozambique. Given the risk of additional sanctions and isolation if South Africa became an open nuclear power, optimization theory predicts that South Africa would adopt a catalytic posture if it believed it could successfully compel the United States to intervene on its behalf in the face of a severe threat.Less
This chapter traces South Africa's nuclear posture—how it intended to operationalize and use its six nuclear devices—and explores the sources of that particular strategy. Since 1978, in a very explicit strategy statement outlined by Prime Minister P. W. Botha who held the reins of the South African program for its duration, South Africa clearly envisioned and operationalized a catalytic nuclear posture designed to draw in Western—particularly American—assistance in the event of an overwhelming Soviet or Cuban-backed conventional threat to South Africa through Angola, Namibia, or Mozambique. Given the risk of additional sanctions and isolation if South Africa became an open nuclear power, optimization theory predicts that South Africa would adopt a catalytic posture if it believed it could successfully compel the United States to intervene on its behalf in the face of a severe threat.
Vipin Narang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159829
- eISBN:
- 9781400850402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter tests the deterrent effect of regional power nuclear postures in a large-n statistical design to systematically analyze whether, on average, some nuclear postures deter conflict better ...
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This chapter tests the deterrent effect of regional power nuclear postures in a large-n statistical design to systematically analyze whether, on average, some nuclear postures deter conflict better than others. It takes nuclear posture as an independent variable, testing whether these postures have differential effects on states' ability to deter the outbreak of conventional conflict. Compared to when the state did not have nuclear weapons, and compared to other states, this chapter considers what effect we should expect these different postures to have on a state's ability to deter the eruption of conventional conflict (general deterrence) against both nuclear and non-nuclear opponents.Less
This chapter tests the deterrent effect of regional power nuclear postures in a large-n statistical design to systematically analyze whether, on average, some nuclear postures deter conflict better than others. It takes nuclear posture as an independent variable, testing whether these postures have differential effects on states' ability to deter the outbreak of conventional conflict. Compared to when the state did not have nuclear weapons, and compared to other states, this chapter considers what effect we should expect these different postures to have on a state's ability to deter the eruption of conventional conflict (general deterrence) against both nuclear and non-nuclear opponents.
Vipin Narang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159829
- eISBN:
- 9781400850402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter probes questions regarding how nuclear weapons or nuclear postures affect crisis dynamics, by examining whether there is variation in states' decisions to escalate or de-escalate a ...
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This chapter probes questions regarding how nuclear weapons or nuclear postures affect crisis dynamics, by examining whether there is variation in states' decisions to escalate or de-escalate a crisis as a function of nuclear posture. That is, within a crisis, the chapter considers if some nuclear postures deter states from conflict escalation better than others. In answering this question, this chapter uncovers the mechanisms responsible for the relationship between regional nuclear postures and deterrence outcomes, ensuring that the correlations established in the statistical analysis are not just spurious but are real and causal. To do this, the chapter explores the findings from the large-n analysis in more fine-grained crisis settings.Less
This chapter probes questions regarding how nuclear weapons or nuclear postures affect crisis dynamics, by examining whether there is variation in states' decisions to escalate or de-escalate a crisis as a function of nuclear posture. That is, within a crisis, the chapter considers if some nuclear postures deter states from conflict escalation better than others. In answering this question, this chapter uncovers the mechanisms responsible for the relationship between regional nuclear postures and deterrence outcomes, ensuring that the correlations established in the statistical analysis are not just spurious but are real and causal. To do this, the chapter explores the findings from the large-n analysis in more fine-grained crisis settings.
Michael S. A. Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326703
- eISBN:
- 9780199864867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326703.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter discusses the match between neuronal properties and stimulation-evoked movement. It shows a three-way match between the properties of single neurons in motor cortex, the effects of ...
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This chapter discusses the match between neuronal properties and stimulation-evoked movement. It shows a three-way match between the properties of single neurons in motor cortex, the effects of electrical stimulation in motor cortex, and the behavioral repertoire of monkeys. Neurons in motor cortex are tuned to many movement parameters with an emphasis on the goal posture of the arm; electrical stimulation evokes complex movements for which the final posture of the arm is the most consistent feature; and the behavioral repertoire of a monkey emphasizes useful arm postures that are maintained within relatively narrow tolerance during the performance of common actions.Less
This chapter discusses the match between neuronal properties and stimulation-evoked movement. It shows a three-way match between the properties of single neurons in motor cortex, the effects of electrical stimulation in motor cortex, and the behavioral repertoire of monkeys. Neurons in motor cortex are tuned to many movement parameters with an emphasis on the goal posture of the arm; electrical stimulation evokes complex movements for which the final posture of the arm is the most consistent feature; and the behavioral repertoire of a monkey emphasizes useful arm postures that are maintained within relatively narrow tolerance during the performance of common actions.
Michael S. A. Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326703
- eISBN:
- 9780199864867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326703.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter discusses the action repertoire of monkeys. It argues that either through evolution, experience, or both, the representation of movement in the motor cortex reflects the statistics of ...
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This chapter discusses the action repertoire of monkeys. It argues that either through evolution, experience, or both, the representation of movement in the motor cortex reflects the statistics of the normal movement repertoire. It is not obvious how to arrange optimally something as complex and multidimensional as the movement repertoire onto the two dimensions of the cortical sheet. Solving this problem of dimensionality reduction leads to a theoretical explanation of the complicated, overlapping topography of the cortical motor system.Less
This chapter discusses the action repertoire of monkeys. It argues that either through evolution, experience, or both, the representation of movement in the motor cortex reflects the statistics of the normal movement repertoire. It is not obvious how to arrange optimally something as complex and multidimensional as the movement repertoire onto the two dimensions of the cortical sheet. Solving this problem of dimensionality reduction leads to a theoretical explanation of the complicated, overlapping topography of the cortical motor system.
Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333169
- eISBN:
- 9780199864195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333169.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
The fifth part of this book overviews a large number of synergies that have been studied. It starts with a review of kinematic synergies during such actions as quiet standing, sit-to-stand action, ...
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The fifth part of this book overviews a large number of synergies that have been studied. It starts with a review of kinematic synergies during such actions as quiet standing, sit-to-stand action, reaching, multi-joint poiting, and even quick-draw pistol shooting. Another Digression is presented on optimization methods in motor control. Further, kinetic synergies are discussed, in particular those involved in multi-digit action of the human hand. Such issues as the emergence and disappearance of synergies and the role of timing errors in synergy indices are touched upon. Later, the phenomenon of anticipatory synergy adjustments is introduced as a method of turning off unwanted synergies in preparation to a quick action. Synergies in prehensile tasks are discussed with particular attention paid to phenomena of chain effects and the principle of superposition in human hand action. The last portion of this Part deals with multi-muscle synergies involved in whole-body tasks performed by a standing person such as swaying the body, manipulating external objects, and making a step.Less
The fifth part of this book overviews a large number of synergies that have been studied. It starts with a review of kinematic synergies during such actions as quiet standing, sit-to-stand action, reaching, multi-joint poiting, and even quick-draw pistol shooting. Another Digression is presented on optimization methods in motor control. Further, kinetic synergies are discussed, in particular those involved in multi-digit action of the human hand. Such issues as the emergence and disappearance of synergies and the role of timing errors in synergy indices are touched upon. Later, the phenomenon of anticipatory synergy adjustments is introduced as a method of turning off unwanted synergies in preparation to a quick action. Synergies in prehensile tasks are discussed with particular attention paid to phenomena of chain effects and the principle of superposition in human hand action. The last portion of this Part deals with multi-muscle synergies involved in whole-body tasks performed by a standing person such as swaying the body, manipulating external objects, and making a step.
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520219823
- eISBN:
- 9780520936232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520219823.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This chapter presents a transcript of Suzuki Roshi's short talk presented during zazen on the morning of June 28, 1970, between the tenth and eleventh Sandokai talks. He begins by saying the ...
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This chapter presents a transcript of Suzuki Roshi's short talk presented during zazen on the morning of June 28, 1970, between the tenth and eleventh Sandokai talks. He begins by saying the following: You should sit with your whole body: your spine, mouth, toes, mudra. Check on your posture during zazen. Each part of your body should practice zazen independently or separately: your toes should practice zazen independently, and your mudra should practice zazen independently, and your spine and your mouth should practice zazen independently. You should feel each part of your body doing zazen independently. Each part of your body should participate completely in zazen. Check to see that each part of your body is doing zazen independently — this is also known as shikantaza.Less
This chapter presents a transcript of Suzuki Roshi's short talk presented during zazen on the morning of June 28, 1970, between the tenth and eleventh Sandokai talks. He begins by saying the following: You should sit with your whole body: your spine, mouth, toes, mudra. Check on your posture during zazen. Each part of your body should practice zazen independently or separately: your toes should practice zazen independently, and your mudra should practice zazen independently, and your spine and your mouth should practice zazen independently. You should feel each part of your body doing zazen independently. Each part of your body should participate completely in zazen. Check to see that each part of your body is doing zazen independently — this is also known as shikantaza.
Alan Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199561926
- eISBN:
- 9780191721663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561926.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
Chapter one begins with a discussion of the envisioning of democracy in Tocqueville before embarking on a re‐examination of the role of vision in Whitman. It looks at how a certain dominant and ...
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Chapter one begins with a discussion of the envisioning of democracy in Tocqueville before embarking on a re‐examination of the role of vision in Whitman. It looks at how a certain dominant and domineering model of human subjectivity, referred to in the chapter as narcissistic subjectivity, fails to account for what may be called Whitman's posture, the intersubjective and democratic nature of which is better expressed in what may be characterized as the invisible physiognomy of the poetry. The chapter deepens the question of narcissistic subjectivity by engaging with the thought of Sigmund Freud, which is then contrasted with the work of Donald Winnicott. It argues that the distance from Tocqueville's picture of democracy to Whitman's finds a correlative in the distance from Freud to Winnicott.Less
Chapter one begins with a discussion of the envisioning of democracy in Tocqueville before embarking on a re‐examination of the role of vision in Whitman. It looks at how a certain dominant and domineering model of human subjectivity, referred to in the chapter as narcissistic subjectivity, fails to account for what may be called Whitman's posture, the intersubjective and democratic nature of which is better expressed in what may be characterized as the invisible physiognomy of the poetry. The chapter deepens the question of narcissistic subjectivity by engaging with the thought of Sigmund Freud, which is then contrasted with the work of Donald Winnicott. It argues that the distance from Tocqueville's picture of democracy to Whitman's finds a correlative in the distance from Freud to Winnicott.
