Donald Markwell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198292364
- eISBN:
- 9780191715525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Within three weeks of leaving the Paris Peace Conference, Keynes had begun to write a book on the Treaty and the economic condition of Europe. He was uncertain whether he would persevere with it, but ...
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Within three weeks of leaving the Paris Peace Conference, Keynes had begun to write a book on the Treaty and the economic condition of Europe. He was uncertain whether he would persevere with it, but Cecil and others encouraged him to do so, andThe Economic Consequences of the Peacewas published in December 1919. In the months of writing, Keynes was involved in a number of discussions of the needs of post-war reconstruction, including talks with a group of European and American financiers meeting in Amsterdam in October and November. This chapter sets out his role in the Amsterdam process of private financial diplomacy; the argument ofThe Economic Consequences; criticisms against it; its impact in the USA; Keynes’s subsequent role in debate on post-war reconstruction leading up to its sequel,A Revision of the Treaty, which appeared in January 1922; and, briefly, debate on reparations and war debts down to 1933.Less
Within three weeks of leaving the Paris Peace Conference, Keynes had begun to write a book on the Treaty and the economic condition of Europe. He was uncertain whether he would persevere with it, but Cecil and others encouraged him to do so, andThe Economic Consequences of the Peacewas published in December 1919. In the months of writing, Keynes was involved in a number of discussions of the needs of post-war reconstruction, including talks with a group of European and American financiers meeting in Amsterdam in October and November. This chapter sets out his role in the Amsterdam process of private financial diplomacy; the argument ofThe Economic Consequences; criticisms against it; its impact in the USA; Keynes’s subsequent role in debate on post-war reconstruction leading up to its sequel,A Revision of the Treaty, which appeared in January 1922; and, briefly, debate on reparations and war debts down to 1933.
Donald Markwell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198292364
- eISBN:
- 9780191715525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
From July 1940 until his death in April 1946, Keynes returned to the Treasury to work on wartime and post-war issues, including several visits to the USA between 1941 and 1946. Keynes contributed to ...
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From July 1940 until his death in April 1946, Keynes returned to the Treasury to work on wartime and post-war issues, including several visits to the USA between 1941 and 1946. Keynes contributed to the plans made for the post-war international order in three principal ways. First, he played a leading role in the creation of the Bretton Woods institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to maintain stable but adjustable exchange rates and facilitate balance of payments adjustment, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank). Second, he negotiated the settlement of Britain’s Lend-Lease obligation to the USA, and a US loan to help Britain through its immediate post-war balance of payments difficulties. Third, he played a role in Anglo-American discussions resulting in publication of US proposals on trade and employment at the same time as the loan in December 1945. Arising from negotiations, these measures embodied, albeit imperfectly, Keynes’s liberal vision for the post-war international economy, especially his desire to lay an economic basis for a durable peace through ‘international government in economic affairs’ based on Anglo-American cooperation.Less
From July 1940 until his death in April 1946, Keynes returned to the Treasury to work on wartime and post-war issues, including several visits to the USA between 1941 and 1946. Keynes contributed to the plans made for the post-war international order in three principal ways. First, he played a leading role in the creation of the Bretton Woods institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to maintain stable but adjustable exchange rates and facilitate balance of payments adjustment, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank). Second, he negotiated the settlement of Britain’s Lend-Lease obligation to the USA, and a US loan to help Britain through its immediate post-war balance of payments difficulties. Third, he played a role in Anglo-American discussions resulting in publication of US proposals on trade and employment at the same time as the loan in December 1945. Arising from negotiations, these measures embodied, albeit imperfectly, Keynes’s liberal vision for the post-war international economy, especially his desire to lay an economic basis for a durable peace through ‘international government in economic affairs’ based on Anglo-American cooperation.
Philip Towle
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206361
- eISBN:
- 9780191677090
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206361.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, Military History
Enforced disarmament has often been ignored by historians, diplomats, and strategic analysts. Yet the democracies have imposed some measure of disarmament on their enemies after every major victory ...
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Enforced disarmament has often been ignored by historians, diplomats, and strategic analysts. Yet the democracies have imposed some measure of disarmament on their enemies after every major victory since 1815. In many cases, forced disarmament was one of the most important, if not the most important, of their war aims. The demilitarization of Germany and Japan, for example, was one of the most significant post-war measures agreed by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States in 1945, whilst the debate on the disarmament measures imposed on Iraq after the Gulf War continues to rage. The efficacy and durability of enforced disarmament measures, and the resistance they are likely to encounter, are thus issues of central strategic and political importance. This book examines the most important peace settlements from the time of Napoleon Bonaparte to Saddam Hussein.Less
Enforced disarmament has often been ignored by historians, diplomats, and strategic analysts. Yet the democracies have imposed some measure of disarmament on their enemies after every major victory since 1815. In many cases, forced disarmament was one of the most important, if not the most important, of their war aims. The demilitarization of Germany and Japan, for example, was one of the most significant post-war measures agreed by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States in 1945, whilst the debate on the disarmament measures imposed on Iraq after the Gulf War continues to rage. The efficacy and durability of enforced disarmament measures, and the resistance they are likely to encounter, are thus issues of central strategic and political importance. This book examines the most important peace settlements from the time of Napoleon Bonaparte to Saddam Hussein.
Claire Gorrara
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199246090
- eISBN:
- 9780191697555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246090.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This book offers an introduction to the post-war French roman noir from a cultural studies perspective. A populist and widely disseminated genre, the French roman noir has suffered from a reputation ...
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This book offers an introduction to the post-war French roman noir from a cultural studies perspective. A populist and widely disseminated genre, the French roman noir has suffered from a reputation as a minor genre with its roots in American popular culture. The book challenges such preconceptions and examines how selected writers have appropriated the roman noir as a critical response to formative concerns and debates in post-war French society. Starting with the first truly French roman noir, Léo Malet's 120 rue de la gare (1943) and concluding with Maud Tabachnik's feminist thriller Un été pourri (1994), this book analyses both texts and film in relation to their specific historical and cultural context. From the heritage of the Second World War and France's wars of decolonisation to the rise of consumer culture and questions of gender and sexual equality, the roman noir operates in dialogue with its times, mediating social change and transformation with stories of crime, transgression, and marginality. All the novelists studied were published initially in popular collections, such as the Série noire, but they have been chosen for the innovation of their work and the exciting ways in which they resist tired conventions and offer new ways of representing social reality.Less
This book offers an introduction to the post-war French roman noir from a cultural studies perspective. A populist and widely disseminated genre, the French roman noir has suffered from a reputation as a minor genre with its roots in American popular culture. The book challenges such preconceptions and examines how selected writers have appropriated the roman noir as a critical response to formative concerns and debates in post-war French society. Starting with the first truly French roman noir, Léo Malet's 120 rue de la gare (1943) and concluding with Maud Tabachnik's feminist thriller Un été pourri (1994), this book analyses both texts and film in relation to their specific historical and cultural context. From the heritage of the Second World War and France's wars of decolonisation to the rise of consumer culture and questions of gender and sexual equality, the roman noir operates in dialogue with its times, mediating social change and transformation with stories of crime, transgression, and marginality. All the novelists studied were published initially in popular collections, such as the Série noire, but they have been chosen for the innovation of their work and the exciting ways in which they resist tired conventions and offer new ways of representing social reality.
David Midgley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151791
- eISBN:
- 9780191672835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151791.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters and presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It shows that what we are dealing with in the Weimar period is not a ...
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This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters and presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It shows that what we are dealing with in the Weimar period is not a straightforward paradigm shift from one literary style to another, nor a straightforward collapse into authoritarian attitudes. Rather, we are dealing with a contest among writers and artists over the appropriate attitudes to adopt towards the post-war situation of the German-speaking world, over the interpretation of major cultural issues which present themselves in that situation, and over the techniques of representation appropriate to that task of interpretation.Less
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters and presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It shows that what we are dealing with in the Weimar period is not a straightforward paradigm shift from one literary style to another, nor a straightforward collapse into authoritarian attitudes. Rather, we are dealing with a contest among writers and artists over the appropriate attitudes to adopt towards the post-war situation of the German-speaking world, over the interpretation of major cultural issues which present themselves in that situation, and over the techniques of representation appropriate to that task of interpretation.
Klaus Hentschel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199205660
- eISBN:
- 9780191709388
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205660.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This book identifies and discusses the puzzlingly uniform behaviour and mentality of German physicists in the immediate aftermath of World War II. During the first half-decade of the Allied ...
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This book identifies and discusses the puzzlingly uniform behaviour and mentality of German physicists in the immediate aftermath of World War II. During the first half-decade of the Allied occupation of post war Germany, former deep internal rifts within the physics community were obliterated by concerted resistance against externally imposed denazification, nor did the personal ethics of each individual upset this sense of solidarity. The causes and motivations behind this curious social phenomenon are explored, using tools from the history of mentality. A variety of historical sources are closely analyzed, including a representative serial publication, correspondence, and contemporary observations by visiting emigré scientists. The main chapters focus on individual features of this mental aftermath.Less
This book identifies and discusses the puzzlingly uniform behaviour and mentality of German physicists in the immediate aftermath of World War II. During the first half-decade of the Allied occupation of post war Germany, former deep internal rifts within the physics community were obliterated by concerted resistance against externally imposed denazification, nor did the personal ethics of each individual upset this sense of solidarity. The causes and motivations behind this curious social phenomenon are explored, using tools from the history of mentality. A variety of historical sources are closely analyzed, including a representative serial publication, correspondence, and contemporary observations by visiting emigré scientists. The main chapters focus on individual features of this mental aftermath.
Gary Ka-wai Cheung
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622090897
- eISBN:
- 9789882207011
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622090897.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This is the first English book that provides an account and critical analysis of the disturbances based on declassified files from the British government and recollection by key players during the ...
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This is the first English book that provides an account and critical analysis of the disturbances based on declassified files from the British government and recollection by key players during the events. The interviews with the participants, including Jack Cater, Liang Shangyuan, George Walden, Tsang Tak-sing, Tsang Yok-sing, and Hong Kong government officials, provided irreplaceable records of oral history on the political upheaval. The book analyses the causes and repercussions of the 1967 riots, which are widely seen as a watershed of post-war history of Hong Kong. It depicts the prelude to the 1967 riots, including the Star Ferry riots in 1966, the leftist-instigated riots in Macau in 1966, and the major events leading to the disturbances, including the labour dispute at a plastic flower factory, the border conflict in Sha Tau Kok, and bomb attacks and arson attacks on the office of British charge d'affaires in Beijing.Less
This is the first English book that provides an account and critical analysis of the disturbances based on declassified files from the British government and recollection by key players during the events. The interviews with the participants, including Jack Cater, Liang Shangyuan, George Walden, Tsang Tak-sing, Tsang Yok-sing, and Hong Kong government officials, provided irreplaceable records of oral history on the political upheaval. The book analyses the causes and repercussions of the 1967 riots, which are widely seen as a watershed of post-war history of Hong Kong. It depicts the prelude to the 1967 riots, including the Star Ferry riots in 1966, the leftist-instigated riots in Macau in 1966, and the major events leading to the disturbances, including the labour dispute at a plastic flower factory, the border conflict in Sha Tau Kok, and bomb attacks and arson attacks on the office of British charge d'affaires in Beijing.
Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198742005
- eISBN:
- 9780191599163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198742002.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter and the next revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now, appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of the democratic class ...
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This chapter and the next revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now, appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of the democratic class struggle. The first section of the chapter looks at varieties of the struggle, and has subsections on models of industrial relations, employment regulation, and worker rights. The second section looks at de‐ruralization and post‐industrialization, and has subsections on family behaviour and full employment, and the declining correlates of class.Less
This chapter and the next revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now, appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of the democratic class struggle. The first section of the chapter looks at varieties of the struggle, and has subsections on models of industrial relations, employment regulation, and worker rights. The second section looks at de‐ruralization and post‐industrialization, and has subsections on family behaviour and full employment, and the declining correlates of class.
Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198742005
- eISBN:
- 9780191599163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198742002.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and ...
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This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and welfare states. The post‐war welfare state was premised upon assumptions about family structure and labour market behaviour that, today, are largely invalid. Risks that in the 1950s or 1960s were assumed away are now becoming dominant, and vice versa. The post‐war welfare state being the child of the 1930s Depression and the ‘workers question’, was moulded on a society in which the prototypical client was a male production worker, who is now rather hard to find. A first step towards an understanding of the contemporary welfare state crisis must begin with: (a) a diagnosis of the changing distribution and intensity of social risks, and (b) a comprehensive examination of how risks are pooled and distributed between state, market, and family. The different sections of the chapter are: The State in the Welfare Nexus—the misunderstood family, and the welfare triad of state, market, and family; The Foundations of Welfare Regimes: Risk Management—family and market ‘failures’; and The distribution of risks and models of solidarity—class risks, life‐course risks, intergenerational risks, de‐commodification, and familialism and de‐familialism.Less
This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and welfare states. The post‐war welfare state was premised upon assumptions about family structure and labour market behaviour that, today, are largely invalid. Risks that in the 1950s or 1960s were assumed away are now becoming dominant, and vice versa. The post‐war welfare state being the child of the 1930s Depression and the ‘workers question’, was moulded on a society in which the prototypical client was a male production worker, who is now rather hard to find. A first step towards an understanding of the contemporary welfare state crisis must begin with: (a) a diagnosis of the changing distribution and intensity of social risks, and (b) a comprehensive examination of how risks are pooled and distributed between state, market, and family. The different sections of the chapter are: The State in the Welfare Nexus—the misunderstood family, and the welfare triad of state, market, and family; The Foundations of Welfare Regimes: Risk Management—family and market ‘failures’; and The distribution of risks and models of solidarity—class risks, life‐course risks, intergenerational risks, de‐commodification, and familialism and de‐familialism.
Michael Freeden
- Published in print:
- 1986
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198274322
- eISBN:
- 9780191599330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198274327.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter discusses the Liberal Summer School movement, which was the linchpin of liberal and progressive thought during the 1920s. It witnessed the only serious attempt to revive liberalism as an ...
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This chapter discusses the Liberal Summer School movement, which was the linchpin of liberal and progressive thought during the 1920s. It witnessed the only serious attempt to revive liberalism as an intellectual force, supplied the Liberal party with a radical ideology that assumed salience and centrality in its programmes, and was a source of inspiration for political activists outside the Liberal party. However, it failed to supply liberalism with a much-needed integrating framework to mobilise a nation.Less
This chapter discusses the Liberal Summer School movement, which was the linchpin of liberal and progressive thought during the 1920s. It witnessed the only serious attempt to revive liberalism as an intellectual force, supplied the Liberal party with a radical ideology that assumed salience and centrality in its programmes, and was a source of inspiration for political activists outside the Liberal party. However, it failed to supply liberalism with a much-needed integrating framework to mobilise a nation.
Jonathan Zeitlin
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This introductory chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section re-examines the historiography of post-war Americanization, highlighting the theoretical assumptions underlying ...
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This introductory chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section re-examines the historiography of post-war Americanization, highlighting the theoretical assumptions underlying contending perspectives in order to bring out the distinctive features of the conceptual approach developed in this book. The second section draws together the empirical findings of the individual chapters to sketch out a complex, multi-level comparative analysis of similarities and variations in post-war European and Japanese engagements with the American model across firms, sectors, and national economies. This stresses the creativity and reflexivity of local actors together with the resulting proliferation of hybrid forms and practices. The third and final section of the chapter considers the implications of the book's interpretation of post-war Americanization for current debates on the transfer and diffusion of foreign productive models across national borders, underlining the historical grounds for scepticism about the likelihood and desirability of international convergence around any single ‘best practice’ model of economic and technological efficiency, whether Japanese or Anglo-American.Less
This introductory chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section re-examines the historiography of post-war Americanization, highlighting the theoretical assumptions underlying contending perspectives in order to bring out the distinctive features of the conceptual approach developed in this book. The second section draws together the empirical findings of the individual chapters to sketch out a complex, multi-level comparative analysis of similarities and variations in post-war European and Japanese engagements with the American model across firms, sectors, and national economies. This stresses the creativity and reflexivity of local actors together with the resulting proliferation of hybrid forms and practices. The third and final section of the chapter considers the implications of the book's interpretation of post-war Americanization for current debates on the transfer and diffusion of foreign productive models across national borders, underlining the historical grounds for scepticism about the likelihood and desirability of international convergence around any single ‘best practice’ model of economic and technological efficiency, whether Japanese or Anglo-American.
Matthias Kipping
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter shows that the Americanization of production technology, management methods, and market order in the French steel-producing and steel-using industries after the Second World War was a ...
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This chapter shows that the Americanization of production technology, management methods, and market order in the French steel-producing and steel-using industries after the Second World War was a rather slow and difficult process. The steel-producing and steel-using industries have been chosen for in-depth analysis as they played a crucial role in post-war reconstruction and the subsequent ‘economic miracle’ in France. They also illustrate the effects of the mutual interdependence between basic materials and their transformation, mass-production industry, and machinery suppliers on the Americanization process. The chapter addresses both industries in turn, and this examination results in an overall conclusion and a brief epilogue dealing with the influence of Americanization during the immediate post-war period on subsequent developments.Less
This chapter shows that the Americanization of production technology, management methods, and market order in the French steel-producing and steel-using industries after the Second World War was a rather slow and difficult process. The steel-producing and steel-using industries have been chosen for in-depth analysis as they played a crucial role in post-war reconstruction and the subsequent ‘economic miracle’ in France. They also illustrate the effects of the mutual interdependence between basic materials and their transformation, mass-production industry, and machinery suppliers on the Americanization process. The chapter addresses both industries in turn, and this examination results in an overall conclusion and a brief epilogue dealing with the influence of Americanization during the immediate post-war period on subsequent developments.
Ruggero Ranieri
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter discusses the impact of American industrial practices on the Italian steel industry in the post-war period. The chapter is organized into three sections. Firstly the chapter provides ...
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This chapter discusses the impact of American industrial practices on the Italian steel industry in the post-war period. The chapter is organized into three sections. Firstly the chapter provides some basic background information on the structure and performance of the Italian post-war steel industry. It then examines the impact of the Marshall Plan on post-war reconstruction investment. The central part of this section deals with the negotiations over the allocation of US funds to the state-owned sector, but there are also brief accounts of Marshall Plan aid to other steel producers, particularly the Falck group and Fiat. The final section in the chapter looks at the attempts made by Italian managers, particularly in Cornigliano, to copy and follow the ‘American model’.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of American industrial practices on the Italian steel industry in the post-war period. The chapter is organized into three sections. Firstly the chapter provides some basic background information on the structure and performance of the Italian post-war steel industry. It then examines the impact of the Marshall Plan on post-war reconstruction investment. The central part of this section deals with the negotiations over the allocation of US funds to the state-owned sector, but there are also brief accounts of Marshall Plan aid to other steel producers, particularly the Falck group and Fiat. The final section in the chapter looks at the attempts made by Italian managers, particularly in Cornigliano, to copy and follow the ‘American model’.
Coopey Richard, Sean O‘Connell, and Dilwyn Porter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198296508
- eISBN:
- 9780191716638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296508.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter presents an account of the rapid expansion of mail order in the quarter of a century after 1950. With the outbreak of war in 1939, Britain's mail order retailers were faced with severe ...
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This chapter presents an account of the rapid expansion of mail order in the quarter of a century after 1950. With the outbreak of war in 1939, Britain's mail order retailers were faced with severe difficulties. Not only were goods in short supply but consumption was subject to rationing and other forms of restrictions. The continuing climate of economic austerity in the immediate post-war period ensured that it was not until 1950 that mail order retailing resumed an upward momentum. Thereafter, it took off, experiencing rapid growth in the 1950s and 1960s as consumer spending reached hitherto unprecedented levels and consumers took what has been called ‘the great leap forward’ into affluence.Less
This chapter presents an account of the rapid expansion of mail order in the quarter of a century after 1950. With the outbreak of war in 1939, Britain's mail order retailers were faced with severe difficulties. Not only were goods in short supply but consumption was subject to rationing and other forms of restrictions. The continuing climate of economic austerity in the immediate post-war period ensured that it was not until 1950 that mail order retailing resumed an upward momentum. Thereafter, it took off, experiencing rapid growth in the 1950s and 1960s as consumer spending reached hitherto unprecedented levels and consumers took what has been called ‘the great leap forward’ into affluence.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This section offers some explanations of the arrangements for the legal restraint of warfare which have not worked well. It explains that the arrangements made between 1945 and 1950 have had to ...
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This section offers some explanations of the arrangements for the legal restraint of warfare which have not worked well. It explains that the arrangements made between 1945 and 1950 have had to struggle for survival, bearing a variety of defects, in circumstances of extraordinary difficulty. It further explains that the law of war is promoted as making possible the better restraint of warfare and is founded on two sets of assumptions: the one legal, the other political. It clarifies that the legal assumptions came straight from the international law of war as it has developed and hardened over the previous three centuries. It adds that the political assumptions underlying the post-war reconstruction are as a matter of course the same optimistic ones which brought into existence the United Nations Organization and the other intergovernmental institutions (World Bank, IMF, ICJ, etc.), professedly more generous, more just, and more peaceful.Less
This section offers some explanations of the arrangements for the legal restraint of warfare which have not worked well. It explains that the arrangements made between 1945 and 1950 have had to struggle for survival, bearing a variety of defects, in circumstances of extraordinary difficulty. It further explains that the law of war is promoted as making possible the better restraint of warfare and is founded on two sets of assumptions: the one legal, the other political. It clarifies that the legal assumptions came straight from the international law of war as it has developed and hardened over the previous three centuries. It adds that the political assumptions underlying the post-war reconstruction are as a matter of course the same optimistic ones which brought into existence the United Nations Organization and the other intergovernmental institutions (World Bank, IMF, ICJ, etc.), professedly more generous, more just, and more peaceful.
Nicholas Sambanis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395914
- eISBN:
- 9780199776801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395914.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyzes results from a quantitative study on UN peacekeeping (Doyle and Sambanis) to assess the extent to which UN peacekeeping operations are strategic. Although UN missions are ...
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This chapter analyzes results from a quantitative study on UN peacekeeping (Doyle and Sambanis) to assess the extent to which UN peacekeeping operations are strategic. Although UN missions are important for achieving self-sustaining or “participatory” peace in the short-term, they fail to positively influence long-term war avoidance. Sambanis argues that the type of UN mission deployed often fails to correspond to the peacebuilding ecology of the conflict. In order for UN operations to become strategic, they must consider the relationship between three key factors in a post-war environment: the depth of hostilities, local capacity for peacebuilding, and resulting requirements for international assistance. Along with these three dimensions—the “peacebuilding triangle”—Sambanis argues that UN interventions must increase their capacity to promote rapid economic growth if they are to achieve sustainable peace.Less
This chapter analyzes results from a quantitative study on UN peacekeeping (Doyle and Sambanis) to assess the extent to which UN peacekeeping operations are strategic. Although UN missions are important for achieving self-sustaining or “participatory” peace in the short-term, they fail to positively influence long-term war avoidance. Sambanis argues that the type of UN mission deployed often fails to correspond to the peacebuilding ecology of the conflict. In order for UN operations to become strategic, they must consider the relationship between three key factors in a post-war environment: the depth of hostilities, local capacity for peacebuilding, and resulting requirements for international assistance. Along with these three dimensions—the “peacebuilding triangle”—Sambanis argues that UN interventions must increase their capacity to promote rapid economic growth if they are to achieve sustainable peace.
Aidan Wasley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691136790
- eISBN:
- 9781400836352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691136790.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter argues that Auden's extensive and largely unexplored impact on the post-war generation of American poets helped not only to define the terms by which these younger poets framed their own ...
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This chapter argues that Auden's extensive and largely unexplored impact on the post-war generation of American poets helped not only to define the terms by which these younger poets framed their own work and careers, but also offered a new and influential model for understanding what it meant to write poetry in America after World War II and after Modernism. In particular, Auden's redefinition of his own poetic identity following his emigration from England helped to shape American poetry in terms of what Auden called “the burden of choice”: How to select an inheritance from the myriad possibilities opened up in the wake of Modernism's shattering of notions of a unified native tradition. By framing his post-1939 poetry as “a way of happening,” Auden inaugurated a poetic vision of post-Modernist America as an open, inclusive text defined not in terms of shared ideals of national, ideological, or historical inheritance, but by the freedom, and necessity, to choose among the kaleidoscopic range of formal, cultural, or transnational poetic identities made available by the collapse of those earlier ideals.Less
This chapter argues that Auden's extensive and largely unexplored impact on the post-war generation of American poets helped not only to define the terms by which these younger poets framed their own work and careers, but also offered a new and influential model for understanding what it meant to write poetry in America after World War II and after Modernism. In particular, Auden's redefinition of his own poetic identity following his emigration from England helped to shape American poetry in terms of what Auden called “the burden of choice”: How to select an inheritance from the myriad possibilities opened up in the wake of Modernism's shattering of notions of a unified native tradition. By framing his post-1939 poetry as “a way of happening,” Auden inaugurated a poetic vision of post-Modernist America as an open, inclusive text defined not in terms of shared ideals of national, ideological, or historical inheritance, but by the freedom, and necessity, to choose among the kaleidoscopic range of formal, cultural, or transnational poetic identities made available by the collapse of those earlier ideals.
David B. Audretsch
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195183504
- eISBN:
- 9780199783885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183504.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explains the era and institutions of the managed economy. Emerging from the Second World War, the United States found itself almost alone with a relative abundance of the factor that ...
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This chapter explains the era and institutions of the managed economy. Emerging from the Second World War, the United States found itself almost alone with a relative abundance of the factor that mattered the most for growth, jobs, and prosperity — capital. During the era of the managed economy, it was first and foremost capital that mattered, and everything that helped it — machines, factories, and labour which would work it and organize it. With the dazzling unprecedented post-war prosperity pouring out of US factories and plants, transforming first a country overcome by economic depression following a country at war, there seemed to be plenty enough for every American to go around.Less
This chapter explains the era and institutions of the managed economy. Emerging from the Second World War, the United States found itself almost alone with a relative abundance of the factor that mattered the most for growth, jobs, and prosperity — capital. During the era of the managed economy, it was first and foremost capital that mattered, and everything that helped it — machines, factories, and labour which would work it and organize it. With the dazzling unprecedented post-war prosperity pouring out of US factories and plants, transforming first a country overcome by economic depression following a country at war, there seemed to be plenty enough for every American to go around.
Matthew Frank
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233649
- eISBN:
- 9780191716294
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233649.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book focuses on how Britain perceived the mass movement of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War. Drawing on a wide range of British archival ...
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This book focuses on how Britain perceived the mass movement of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War. Drawing on a wide range of British archival material, it examines why the British came to regard the forcible removal of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia as a necessity, and evaluates the British response, both in official circles and in the public domain, to developments in central Europe once mass expulsion became a reality in 1945. Central to this study is the concept of ‘population transfer’: the contemporary idea that awkward minority problems could be solved rationally and constructively by removing the population concerned in an orderly and gradual manner, while avoiding unnecessary human suffering and economic disruption. The book demonstrates that while most British observers accepted the principle of population transfer, most were also consistently uneasy with the results of putting that principle into practice. This clash of ‘principle’ with ‘practice’ revealed much not only about the limitations of Britain's role, but also the hierarchy of British priorities in immediate post-war Europe.Less
This book focuses on how Britain perceived the mass movement of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia at the end of the Second World War. Drawing on a wide range of British archival material, it examines why the British came to regard the forcible removal of German populations from Poland and Czechoslovakia as a necessity, and evaluates the British response, both in official circles and in the public domain, to developments in central Europe once mass expulsion became a reality in 1945. Central to this study is the concept of ‘population transfer’: the contemporary idea that awkward minority problems could be solved rationally and constructively by removing the population concerned in an orderly and gradual manner, while avoiding unnecessary human suffering and economic disruption. The book demonstrates that while most British observers accepted the principle of population transfer, most were also consistently uneasy with the results of putting that principle into practice. This clash of ‘principle’ with ‘practice’ revealed much not only about the limitations of Britain's role, but also the hierarchy of British priorities in immediate post-war Europe.
Enda Delaney
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199276677
- eISBN:
- 9780191707674
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276677.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Exploring the neglected history of Britain's largest migrant population, this book looks at the Irish in Britain after 1945. It reconstructs the histories of the lost generation who left independent ...
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Exploring the neglected history of Britain's largest migrant population, this book looks at the Irish in Britain after 1945. It reconstructs the histories of the lost generation who left independent Ireland in huge numbers to settle in Britain from the 1940s until the 1960s. It illustrates the complex process of negotiation and renegotiation that was involved in adapting and adjusting to life in Britain. Less visible than other newcomers, it is widely assumed that the Irish assimilated with relative ease shortly after arrival. The Irish in post-war Britain challenges this view, and shows that the Irish often perceived themselves to be outsiders, located on the margins of this their adopted home. Many contemporaries frequently lumped all the Irish together as all being essentially the same, but this book argues the experiences of Britain's Irish population after the Second World War were much more diverse than previously assumed, and shaped by social class, geography, and gender as well as nationality. This book's approach demonstrates that any understanding of a migrant group must take account of both elements of the society that they had left, as well as the social landscape of their new country. Proximity ensured that even though these people had left Ireland, home as an imagined sense of place was never far away in the minds of those who had settled in Britain.Less
Exploring the neglected history of Britain's largest migrant population, this book looks at the Irish in Britain after 1945. It reconstructs the histories of the lost generation who left independent Ireland in huge numbers to settle in Britain from the 1940s until the 1960s. It illustrates the complex process of negotiation and renegotiation that was involved in adapting and adjusting to life in Britain. Less visible than other newcomers, it is widely assumed that the Irish assimilated with relative ease shortly after arrival. The Irish in post-war Britain challenges this view, and shows that the Irish often perceived themselves to be outsiders, located on the margins of this their adopted home. Many contemporaries frequently lumped all the Irish together as all being essentially the same, but this book argues the experiences of Britain's Irish population after the Second World War were much more diverse than previously assumed, and shaped by social class, geography, and gender as well as nationality. This book's approach demonstrates that any understanding of a migrant group must take account of both elements of the society that they had left, as well as the social landscape of their new country. Proximity ensured that even though these people had left Ireland, home as an imagined sense of place was never far away in the minds of those who had settled in Britain.
