Neil M. Maher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195306019
- eISBN:
- 9780199867820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306019.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The final chapter traces the CCC's legacy into the post–World War II period. It does so by focusing on the controversy, during the mid-to-late 1940s, surrounding the Bureau of Reclamation's plan to ...
More
The final chapter traces the CCC's legacy into the post–World War II period. It does so by focusing on the controversy, during the mid-to-late 1940s, surrounding the Bureau of Reclamation's plan to construct a hydroelectric dam in Dinosaur National Monument's Echo Park, which straddles the Utah—Colorado border. While environmental historians have long viewed the defeat of the Echo Park dam as one of the founding moments of the American environmental movement, this chapter argues that this victory by environmentalists was predicated on the Corps and its conservation work during the New Deal period. For instance, during the 1930s the CCC developed Dinosaur National Monument for outdoor recreation, a process that later brought outdoor enthusiasts into the anti-dam camp. Criticism of Corps conservation work during the early 1940s, however, raised public concern about the destruction of wilderness and ecological balance in the region as well. When the federal government announced plans for the Echo Park dam during the late 1940s, these concerns resurfaced and guided environmentalist opposition. This chapter ends by discussing the declining power of the federal government within postwar conservation, and concludes, somewhat ironically, that the strong hand of the New Deal helped make what eventually became environmentalism a more democratic movement.Less
The final chapter traces the CCC's legacy into the post–World War II period. It does so by focusing on the controversy, during the mid-to-late 1940s, surrounding the Bureau of Reclamation's plan to construct a hydroelectric dam in Dinosaur National Monument's Echo Park, which straddles the Utah—Colorado border. While environmental historians have long viewed the defeat of the Echo Park dam as one of the founding moments of the American environmental movement, this chapter argues that this victory by environmentalists was predicated on the Corps and its conservation work during the New Deal period. For instance, during the 1930s the CCC developed Dinosaur National Monument for outdoor recreation, a process that later brought outdoor enthusiasts into the anti-dam camp. Criticism of Corps conservation work during the early 1940s, however, raised public concern about the destruction of wilderness and ecological balance in the region as well. When the federal government announced plans for the Echo Park dam during the late 1940s, these concerns resurfaced and guided environmentalist opposition. This chapter ends by discussing the declining power of the federal government within postwar conservation, and concludes, somewhat ironically, that the strong hand of the New Deal helped make what eventually became environmentalism a more democratic movement.
Leah F. Vosko
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574810
- eISBN:
- 9780191722080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574810.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, HRM / IR
This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral ...
More
This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral employment relationship, standardized working time, and continuous employment—and analyses their construction in ILO regulations. This discussion highlights the significance of exclusions in the creation of this employment norm. It also shows how even as the SER materialized for many working‐class men, the gender contract with which it was intertwined began to deteriorate. Regulations adopted in response to this crumbling gender contract starting in the 1950s sought to strip the SER of its formal exclusions. With the notable exception of those based on nationality, formal equality was the objective of interventions, but, by neglecting processes of social reproduction, ILO regulations retained an employment norm geared to male citizens as a baseline.Less
This chapter traces the evolution of the SER as the baseline of international labour regulation in the interwar and post‐World War II periods. It reviews the SER's central pillars—the bilateral employment relationship, standardized working time, and continuous employment—and analyses their construction in ILO regulations. This discussion highlights the significance of exclusions in the creation of this employment norm. It also shows how even as the SER materialized for many working‐class men, the gender contract with which it was intertwined began to deteriorate. Regulations adopted in response to this crumbling gender contract starting in the 1950s sought to strip the SER of its formal exclusions. With the notable exception of those based on nationality, formal equality was the objective of interventions, but, by neglecting processes of social reproduction, ILO regulations retained an employment norm geared to male citizens as a baseline.
Walter M. Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813160979
- eISBN:
- 9780813165448
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813160979.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Army Diplomacy demonstrates how, in the immediate aftermath of World War II, the United States Army became the principal agent of American foreign policy. The army designed, implemented, and ...
More
Army Diplomacy demonstrates how, in the immediate aftermath of World War II, the United States Army became the principal agent of American foreign policy. The army designed, implemented, and administered the occupations of the defeated Axis powers Germany and Japan, as well as many other nations. Generals such as Lucius Clay in Germany, Mark Clark in Austria, and John Hodge in Korea presided over these territories as proconsuls, and at the beginning of the Cold War more than 300 million people lived under some form of US military authority. This massive occupation effort had roots in a century of army practice, especially influenced by the army’s Rhineland occupation. The army policies in the occupied nations also represented the culmination of more than a century of military doctrine. Army Diplomacy relies upon institutional history, military sociology, and international relations theory to show how the army’s institutional history and doctrine led to development of post–World War II occupation governance that reflected the particular imperatives of the US Army, especially the army’s requirement that all matters of governance be subordinate to requirements of military necessity. Army Diplomacy further shows the army’s bureaucratic skill in winning the intergovernmental debate over postwar governance against other US government rivals. Finally, Army Diplomacy reveals how the implementation of military government in postwar Germany, Austria, and Korea not only informed but also profoundly influenced early US Cold War policy.Less
Army Diplomacy demonstrates how, in the immediate aftermath of World War II, the United States Army became the principal agent of American foreign policy. The army designed, implemented, and administered the occupations of the defeated Axis powers Germany and Japan, as well as many other nations. Generals such as Lucius Clay in Germany, Mark Clark in Austria, and John Hodge in Korea presided over these territories as proconsuls, and at the beginning of the Cold War more than 300 million people lived under some form of US military authority. This massive occupation effort had roots in a century of army practice, especially influenced by the army’s Rhineland occupation. The army policies in the occupied nations also represented the culmination of more than a century of military doctrine. Army Diplomacy relies upon institutional history, military sociology, and international relations theory to show how the army’s institutional history and doctrine led to development of post–World War II occupation governance that reflected the particular imperatives of the US Army, especially the army’s requirement that all matters of governance be subordinate to requirements of military necessity. Army Diplomacy further shows the army’s bureaucratic skill in winning the intergovernmental debate over postwar governance against other US government rivals. Finally, Army Diplomacy reveals how the implementation of military government in postwar Germany, Austria, and Korea not only informed but also profoundly influenced early US Cold War policy.
Neil M. Maher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195306019
- eISBN:
- 9780199867820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306019.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This introduction asks two questions that are central to this book. First, how did Progressive Era conservation become post–World War II environmentalism? And second, how did Franklin Roosevelt forge ...
More
This introduction asks two questions that are central to this book. First, how did Progressive Era conservation become post–World War II environmentalism? And second, how did Franklin Roosevelt forge and maintain his liberal New Deal coalition? One answer to both questions, the introduction argues, is the New Deal's unique brand of conservation. The introduction then describes the differences between conservation and environmentalism, explaining that while progressive conservation involved elites interested in the efficient use of natural resources, postwar environmentalism represented a more grassroots phenomenon concerned with more human-centered and non-utilitarian issues including wilderness preservation, ecological balance, and health through outdoor recreation. This introduction also explains the peculiar politics of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal coalition, which brought together an unlikely alliance of eastern intellectuals and western farmers, urban immigrants and rural native-born Americans, the American working class and a particular type of industrial capitalist. The introduction concludes by suggesting that New Deal conservation in general, and the CCC in particular, helped transform progressive conservation into postwar environmentalism while simultaneously aiding Franklin Roosevelt in overcoming various divisions within this New Deal coalition.Less
This introduction asks two questions that are central to this book. First, how did Progressive Era conservation become post–World War II environmentalism? And second, how did Franklin Roosevelt forge and maintain his liberal New Deal coalition? One answer to both questions, the introduction argues, is the New Deal's unique brand of conservation. The introduction then describes the differences between conservation and environmentalism, explaining that while progressive conservation involved elites interested in the efficient use of natural resources, postwar environmentalism represented a more grassroots phenomenon concerned with more human-centered and non-utilitarian issues including wilderness preservation, ecological balance, and health through outdoor recreation. This introduction also explains the peculiar politics of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal coalition, which brought together an unlikely alliance of eastern intellectuals and western farmers, urban immigrants and rural native-born Americans, the American working class and a particular type of industrial capitalist. The introduction concludes by suggesting that New Deal conservation in general, and the CCC in particular, helped transform progressive conservation into postwar environmentalism while simultaneously aiding Franklin Roosevelt in overcoming various divisions within this New Deal coalition.
John Strickland (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028382
- eISBN:
- 9789882207400
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028382.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This is a collection of administrative dispatches from the 1910s through the early 1960s which illuminate not only rural life in Hong Kong but also Hong Kong government policies during the post-World ...
More
This is a collection of administrative dispatches from the 1910s through the early 1960s which illuminate not only rural life in Hong Kong but also Hong Kong government policies during the post-World War II period. The authors of the reports include Eric Hamilton, Walter Schofield, S. H. Peplow, Paul Tsui, Austin Coates, and James Hayes. The volume is an addition to the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Studies series, which has played a vital role in reviving and sustaining local history.Less
This is a collection of administrative dispatches from the 1910s through the early 1960s which illuminate not only rural life in Hong Kong but also Hong Kong government policies during the post-World War II period. The authors of the reports include Eric Hamilton, Walter Schofield, S. H. Peplow, Paul Tsui, Austin Coates, and James Hayes. The volume is an addition to the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Studies series, which has played a vital role in reviving and sustaining local history.
Laura E. Ruberto
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041396
- eISBN:
- 9780252099991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041396.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter explores U.S.-produced films from the first decades after World War II through two competing themes—World War II and Italian style—which together influenced how new Italian immigrant ...
More
This chapter explores U.S.-produced films from the first decades after World War II through two competing themes—World War II and Italian style—which together influenced how new Italian immigrant women were shaped on screen. The chapter argues that Italian American women had been previously gendered in cinematic representations, but that the gendering had occurred around issues of domesticity, religion, labor, and family rather than lasciviousness and exotica. However, these postwar films turned Italian actors such as Anna Magnani, Sophia Loren, and Pier Angeli into hyper-sexualized immigrant characters: provocatively out-of-place war brides, nannies, and prostitutes each sexually willing and exoticized through visual and narrative emphases on their bodies, physical abandon, and illicit behavior.Less
This chapter explores U.S.-produced films from the first decades after World War II through two competing themes—World War II and Italian style—which together influenced how new Italian immigrant women were shaped on screen. The chapter argues that Italian American women had been previously gendered in cinematic representations, but that the gendering had occurred around issues of domesticity, religion, labor, and family rather than lasciviousness and exotica. However, these postwar films turned Italian actors such as Anna Magnani, Sophia Loren, and Pier Angeli into hyper-sexualized immigrant characters: provocatively out-of-place war brides, nannies, and prostitutes each sexually willing and exoticized through visual and narrative emphases on their bodies, physical abandon, and illicit behavior.
Andrew Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195181005
- eISBN:
- 9780199851010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181005.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
This book of postwar American poetry's obsession with friendship and its pleasures, limitations, and contradictions borrows its title from Ralph Waldo Emerson's “Friendship.” Emerson drives home his ...
More
This book of postwar American poetry's obsession with friendship and its pleasures, limitations, and contradictions borrows its title from Ralph Waldo Emerson's “Friendship.” Emerson drives home his belief that true friendship, at its most intense and productive, is a wonderful yet confounding contradiction. This equivocal attitude about friendship and the possibilities for communion with others has reverberated throughout the history and development of American poetry. The book argues that this troubling yet generative clash between friendship and non-conformity is central to post-World War II American poetry and its development. By focusing on the work and interrelations of some of the most important and influential postmodernist American poets—the “New York School” poets Frank O'Hara and John Ashbery and their close contemporary Amiri Baraka—the book investigates the peculiar dynamics of American avant-garde poetic communities and the uneasy role of the individual within them.Less
This book of postwar American poetry's obsession with friendship and its pleasures, limitations, and contradictions borrows its title from Ralph Waldo Emerson's “Friendship.” Emerson drives home his belief that true friendship, at its most intense and productive, is a wonderful yet confounding contradiction. This equivocal attitude about friendship and the possibilities for communion with others has reverberated throughout the history and development of American poetry. The book argues that this troubling yet generative clash between friendship and non-conformity is central to post-World War II American poetry and its development. By focusing on the work and interrelations of some of the most important and influential postmodernist American poets—the “New York School” poets Frank O'Hara and John Ashbery and their close contemporary Amiri Baraka—the book investigates the peculiar dynamics of American avant-garde poetic communities and the uneasy role of the individual within them.
Vincent L. Stephens
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252042805
- eISBN:
- 9780252051661
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042805.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
Rocking the Closet: How Little Richard, Johnnie Ray, Liberace, and Johnny Mathias Queered Pop Music examines the way four popular male musicians who emerged in the 1950s, Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, ...
More
Rocking the Closet: How Little Richard, Johnnie Ray, Liberace, and Johnny Mathias Queered Pop Music examines the way four popular male musicians who emerged in the 1950s, Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, Johnny Mathis, and Liberace challenged post-World War II masculine conventions. Rocking is a critical close reading that fuses queer literary theory, musicology, and popular music studies frameworks to develop its argument. Recent scholarship in queer theory and literary history constitutes a key strand of the book’s discussion of queer ambivalence regarding identity. Notably, the book explores how the four artists challenged male gender and sexual conventions without overtly identifying their respective sexual orientations or necessarily affiliating with gay activism, identity politics, or community tropes. The book outlines the emergence of postwar social expectations of male figures and employs these expectations to define a unique a set of five “queering” tools the four musicians employed in various combinations, to develop their public personae and build audiences. These tools include self-neutering, self-domesticating, spectacularizing, playing the “freak,” and playing the race card. Despite the prevalence of postwar gender norms, their deft use of these tools enabled each artist to develop sexually ambiguous personae and capitalize on the postwar audiences’ attraction to novelty and difference. These “queering” tools endure among contemporary musicians who challenge masculine conventions in popular music.Less
Rocking the Closet: How Little Richard, Johnnie Ray, Liberace, and Johnny Mathias Queered Pop Music examines the way four popular male musicians who emerged in the 1950s, Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, Johnny Mathis, and Liberace challenged post-World War II masculine conventions. Rocking is a critical close reading that fuses queer literary theory, musicology, and popular music studies frameworks to develop its argument. Recent scholarship in queer theory and literary history constitutes a key strand of the book’s discussion of queer ambivalence regarding identity. Notably, the book explores how the four artists challenged male gender and sexual conventions without overtly identifying their respective sexual orientations or necessarily affiliating with gay activism, identity politics, or community tropes. The book outlines the emergence of postwar social expectations of male figures and employs these expectations to define a unique a set of five “queering” tools the four musicians employed in various combinations, to develop their public personae and build audiences. These tools include self-neutering, self-domesticating, spectacularizing, playing the “freak,” and playing the race card. Despite the prevalence of postwar gender norms, their deft use of these tools enabled each artist to develop sexually ambiguous personae and capitalize on the postwar audiences’ attraction to novelty and difference. These “queering” tools endure among contemporary musicians who challenge masculine conventions in popular music.
Laura E. Ruberto and Joseph Sciorra
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252041396
- eISBN:
- 9780252099991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041396.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter introduces the entire volume and thus continues a critical conversation started in New Italian Migrations to the United States, Volume 1: Politics and History Since 1945. This ...
More
This chapter introduces the entire volume and thus continues a critical conversation started in New Italian Migrations to the United States, Volume 1: Politics and History Since 1945. This introductory essay considers a number of issues pertaining to creativity and culture, across both vernacular and commodified arenas. First, it recapitulates basic information about migratory flows from Italy to the United States since 1945: class, education, and motivation for emigrating are barometers employed to distinguish between different kinds of Italian migrants and Italian Americans during the past seventy years. The chapter develops increasing attention to the study of the specificity of Italian immigrants and expressive culture since 1945. Each new group of Italian migrants and their descendants creates fresh models of Italian American identity and culture and impact pre-existing ones. They effectively and continually reboot Italian America.Less
This chapter introduces the entire volume and thus continues a critical conversation started in New Italian Migrations to the United States, Volume 1: Politics and History Since 1945. This introductory essay considers a number of issues pertaining to creativity and culture, across both vernacular and commodified arenas. First, it recapitulates basic information about migratory flows from Italy to the United States since 1945: class, education, and motivation for emigrating are barometers employed to distinguish between different kinds of Italian migrants and Italian Americans during the past seventy years. The chapter develops increasing attention to the study of the specificity of Italian immigrants and expressive culture since 1945. Each new group of Italian migrants and their descendants creates fresh models of Italian American identity and culture and impact pre-existing ones. They effectively and continually reboot Italian America.
Thomas K Robb and David James Gill
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501741845
- eISBN:
- 9781501741869
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501741845.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
By directly challenging existing accounts of post-World War II relations among the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, this book is a significant contribution to ...
More
By directly challenging existing accounts of post-World War II relations among the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, this book is a significant contribution to transnational and diplomatic history. At its heart, the book examines why strategic cooperation among these closely allied Western powers in the Asia-Pacific region was limited during the early Cold War. The book probes the difficulties of security cooperation as the leadership of these four states balanced intramural competition with the need to develop a common strategy against the Soviet Union and the new communist power, the People's Republic of China. It exposes contention and disorganization among non-communist allies in the early phase of containment strategy in Asia-Pacific. In particular, it notes the significance of economic, racial, and cultural elements to planning for regional security and highlights how these domestic matters resulted in international disorganization. The book shows that, amidst these contentious relations, the antipodean powers Australia and New Zealand occupied an important role in the region and successfully utilized quadrilateral diplomacy to advance their own national interests, such as the crafting of the 1951 ANZUS collective security treaty. As fractious as were allied relations in the early days of NATO, the book demonstrates that the post-World War II Asia-Pacific was as contentious, and that Britain and the commonwealth nations were necessary partners in the development of early global Cold War strategy.Less
By directly challenging existing accounts of post-World War II relations among the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, this book is a significant contribution to transnational and diplomatic history. At its heart, the book examines why strategic cooperation among these closely allied Western powers in the Asia-Pacific region was limited during the early Cold War. The book probes the difficulties of security cooperation as the leadership of these four states balanced intramural competition with the need to develop a common strategy against the Soviet Union and the new communist power, the People's Republic of China. It exposes contention and disorganization among non-communist allies in the early phase of containment strategy in Asia-Pacific. In particular, it notes the significance of economic, racial, and cultural elements to planning for regional security and highlights how these domestic matters resulted in international disorganization. The book shows that, amidst these contentious relations, the antipodean powers Australia and New Zealand occupied an important role in the region and successfully utilized quadrilateral diplomacy to advance their own national interests, such as the crafting of the 1951 ANZUS collective security treaty. As fractious as were allied relations in the early days of NATO, the book demonstrates that the post-World War II Asia-Pacific was as contentious, and that Britain and the commonwealth nations were necessary partners in the development of early global Cold War strategy.
Susan Thistle
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520245907
- eISBN:
- 9780520939196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520245907.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter discusses the underlying causes of the events dramatically transforming women's lives, and the very nature of gender itself, in the last decades of the twentieth century. It explains how ...
More
This chapter discusses the underlying causes of the events dramatically transforming women's lives, and the very nature of gender itself, in the last decades of the twentieth century. It explains how and why women's relationships to marriage, motherhood, and the labor force have altered profoundly over these years and the consequences of these shifts for the new economy of today. It argues that behind the traumatic events of recent decades lies a fundamental transformation of women's own work, resulting from a decisive encounter between the domestic realm and a maturing market. It notes that the lessening of household chores by an expanding post-World War II economy also offer new opportunities leading several different groups to challenge and dismantle the old rules not only holding women in the home but also committing men, employers, and the state to some support for such labor.Less
This chapter discusses the underlying causes of the events dramatically transforming women's lives, and the very nature of gender itself, in the last decades of the twentieth century. It explains how and why women's relationships to marriage, motherhood, and the labor force have altered profoundly over these years and the consequences of these shifts for the new economy of today. It argues that behind the traumatic events of recent decades lies a fundamental transformation of women's own work, resulting from a decisive encounter between the domestic realm and a maturing market. It notes that the lessening of household chores by an expanding post-World War II economy also offer new opportunities leading several different groups to challenge and dismantle the old rules not only holding women in the home but also committing men, employers, and the state to some support for such labor.
June Melby Benowitz
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061221
- eISBN:
- 9780813051437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061221.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The introduction defines both the issues and the groups being studied, and explains why the topic is important. It provides background to the study with a look at political and social conditions in ...
More
The introduction defines both the issues and the groups being studied, and explains why the topic is important. It provides background to the study with a look at political and social conditions in the United States in the immediate post-World War II era, as well as changes that occurred within rightist movements as the nation moved into the Cold War era. It introduces key individuals and organizations that will be examined in the book, and provides brief summaries of the chapters to follow.Less
The introduction defines both the issues and the groups being studied, and explains why the topic is important. It provides background to the study with a look at political and social conditions in the United States in the immediate post-World War II era, as well as changes that occurred within rightist movements as the nation moved into the Cold War era. It introduces key individuals and organizations that will be examined in the book, and provides brief summaries of the chapters to follow.
Howard Adelman and Elazar Barkan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231153362
- eISBN:
- 9780231526906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231153362.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter explores the population expulsions in the immediate post-World War II years, and underscores the coexistence of ethnic cleansing and population transfer together with an emerging public ...
More
This chapter explores the population expulsions in the immediate post-World War II years, and underscores the coexistence of ethnic cleansing and population transfer together with an emerging public commitment to human rights. In the aftermath of World War II, the pervasive population expulsions during the war continued and spread, leading to the worst global refugee crisis of the last century. In Western Europe, for example, the displaced persons numbered seven million, including forced laborers, prisoners, and deportees. In addition to the population transfers within the emerging Soviet bloc, expulsions in Central Europe numbered between ten and twenty million refugees. Yet, despite the ethnic violence and displacement at the time, the post-World War II years were also a period when the human rights regime became a global system through the Nuremberg trials, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and the Genocide Convention.Less
This chapter explores the population expulsions in the immediate post-World War II years, and underscores the coexistence of ethnic cleansing and population transfer together with an emerging public commitment to human rights. In the aftermath of World War II, the pervasive population expulsions during the war continued and spread, leading to the worst global refugee crisis of the last century. In Western Europe, for example, the displaced persons numbered seven million, including forced laborers, prisoners, and deportees. In addition to the population transfers within the emerging Soviet bloc, expulsions in Central Europe numbered between ten and twenty million refugees. Yet, despite the ethnic violence and displacement at the time, the post-World War II years were also a period when the human rights regime became a global system through the Nuremberg trials, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and the Genocide Convention.
Elizabeth Ann Danto
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199744664
- eISBN:
- 9780199932863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744664.003.0031
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Elizabeth Ann Danto examines the experiences of refugee psychoanalysts in the United States under McCarthyism. Danto charts the persecutions suffered by European psychoanalysts who had been forced ...
More
Elizabeth Ann Danto examines the experiences of refugee psychoanalysts in the United States under McCarthyism. Danto charts the persecutions suffered by European psychoanalysts who had been forced into exile after World War II. These refugee psychoanalysts carried a triple burden: they were foreigners, leftists (real or alleged), and Jews, and also then obvious targets for Hoover, the FBI, and the House Un-American Activities Committee. Danto uses the American contradiction––the land of the free, the land of oppression––to illustrates the irony and contextual paradoxes painfully experienced by refugee psychoanalysts, as well to explore the effects this had on the U.S. psychoanalytic community overall.Less
Elizabeth Ann Danto examines the experiences of refugee psychoanalysts in the United States under McCarthyism. Danto charts the persecutions suffered by European psychoanalysts who had been forced into exile after World War II. These refugee psychoanalysts carried a triple burden: they were foreigners, leftists (real or alleged), and Jews, and also then obvious targets for Hoover, the FBI, and the House Un-American Activities Committee. Danto uses the American contradiction––the land of the free, the land of oppression––to illustrates the irony and contextual paradoxes painfully experienced by refugee psychoanalysts, as well to explore the effects this had on the U.S. psychoanalytic community overall.
Pamela Ballinger
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501747588
- eISBN:
- 9781501747601
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501747588.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This book explores Italy's remaking in light of the loss of a wide range of territorial possessions—colonies, protectorates, and provinces—in Africa and the Balkans, the repatriation of Italian ...
More
This book explores Italy's remaking in light of the loss of a wide range of territorial possessions—colonies, protectorates, and provinces—in Africa and the Balkans, the repatriation of Italian nationals from those territories, and the integration of these “national refugees” into a country devastated by war and overwhelmed by foreign displaced persons from Eastern Europe. Post-World War II Italy served as an important laboratory, in which categories differentiating foreign refugees (who had crossed national boundaries) from national refugees (those who presumably did not) were debated, refined, and consolidated. Such distinctions resonated far beyond that particular historical moment, informing legal frameworks that remain in place today. Offering an alternative genealogy of the postwar international refugee regime, the book focuses on the consequences of one of its key omissions: the ineligibility from international refugee status of those migrants who became classified as national refugees. The presence of displaced persons also posed the complex question of who belonged, culturally and legally, in an Italy that was territorially and politically reconfigured by decolonization. The process of demarcating types of refugees thus represented a critical moment for Italy, one that endorsed an ethnic conception of identity that citizenship laws made explicit. Such an understanding of identity remains salient, as Italians still invoke language and race as bases of belonging in the face of mass immigration and ongoing refugee emergencies. The book's analysis of the postwar international refugee regime and Italian decolonization illuminates the study of human rights history, humanitarianism, postwar reconstruction, fascism and its aftermaths, and modern Italian history.Less
This book explores Italy's remaking in light of the loss of a wide range of territorial possessions—colonies, protectorates, and provinces—in Africa and the Balkans, the repatriation of Italian nationals from those territories, and the integration of these “national refugees” into a country devastated by war and overwhelmed by foreign displaced persons from Eastern Europe. Post-World War II Italy served as an important laboratory, in which categories differentiating foreign refugees (who had crossed national boundaries) from national refugees (those who presumably did not) were debated, refined, and consolidated. Such distinctions resonated far beyond that particular historical moment, informing legal frameworks that remain in place today. Offering an alternative genealogy of the postwar international refugee regime, the book focuses on the consequences of one of its key omissions: the ineligibility from international refugee status of those migrants who became classified as national refugees. The presence of displaced persons also posed the complex question of who belonged, culturally and legally, in an Italy that was territorially and politically reconfigured by decolonization. The process of demarcating types of refugees thus represented a critical moment for Italy, one that endorsed an ethnic conception of identity that citizenship laws made explicit. Such an understanding of identity remains salient, as Italians still invoke language and race as bases of belonging in the face of mass immigration and ongoing refugee emergencies. The book's analysis of the postwar international refugee regime and Italian decolonization illuminates the study of human rights history, humanitarianism, postwar reconstruction, fascism and its aftermaths, and modern Italian history.
Laura E. Ruberto and Joseph Sciorra
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040955
- eISBN:
- 9780252099496
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040955.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This introductory essay documents the data of Italian migration to the United States from 1945 to the present and offers organizational categories through which to better conceptualize these seventy ...
More
This introductory essay documents the data of Italian migration to the United States from 1945 to the present and offers organizational categories through which to better conceptualize these seventy years of migration. Post-World War II Italians were mostly working class immigrants and constituted town-based Italian diasporas, while the last four decades have witnessed elite immigrants, or professionals considered a brain drain, leaving Italy for the United States (and elsewhere). Immigrant replenishment by new or “real Italians” greatly impacted the preexisting and still-developing sense of Italian American identity with its changing notions of race and style, and patterns of consumerism. By reconceptualizing migration history, this essay seeks to assess more generally how ongoing European migration is related to the continual development of postmodern notions of Italian ethnicity.Less
This introductory essay documents the data of Italian migration to the United States from 1945 to the present and offers organizational categories through which to better conceptualize these seventy years of migration. Post-World War II Italians were mostly working class immigrants and constituted town-based Italian diasporas, while the last four decades have witnessed elite immigrants, or professionals considered a brain drain, leaving Italy for the United States (and elsewhere). Immigrant replenishment by new or “real Italians” greatly impacted the preexisting and still-developing sense of Italian American identity with its changing notions of race and style, and patterns of consumerism. By reconceptualizing migration history, this essay seeks to assess more generally how ongoing European migration is related to the continual development of postmodern notions of Italian ethnicity.
Danielle Battisti
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823256235
- eISBN:
- 9780823261741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823256235.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
The chapter shows that the appreciation of so many Italian Americans for the material rewards that American liberalism had delivered to them was used as a transnational Cold War weapon—a means to ...
More
The chapter shows that the appreciation of so many Italian Americans for the material rewards that American liberalism had delivered to them was used as a transnational Cold War weapon—a means to convince Italians in Italy to choose the promise of American consumerism over communism in a crucial political moment in which the “homeland” was at the forefront of the clash between the two worlds. The chapter emphasizes how public campaigns like the mass letters and donations for Italian war relief that Italian Americans sent to their relatives in Italy to convince them to vote for anticommunist parties in the watershed elections of 1948 had in fact a double purpose: one international, influencing the self-determination of Italians in Italy and keeping the country in the U.S. sphere of influence; and one domestic, proving to other Americans that (despite indications or fears to the contrary) the levels of material consumption Italians had achieved in America had decisively won them to the cause of capitalism and Americanism. Furthermore, Italian Americans involved in organizations that worked to repeal the National Origins System quotas and reform American immigration policies set out to prove the fitness of Italians as both new immigrants and citizens in the 1950s and 1960s. One way they did so was to demonstrate that Italian immigrants who came to the United States after World War II adopted lifestyles that reflected the culture of mass consumption that prevailed in the United States.Less
The chapter shows that the appreciation of so many Italian Americans for the material rewards that American liberalism had delivered to them was used as a transnational Cold War weapon—a means to convince Italians in Italy to choose the promise of American consumerism over communism in a crucial political moment in which the “homeland” was at the forefront of the clash between the two worlds. The chapter emphasizes how public campaigns like the mass letters and donations for Italian war relief that Italian Americans sent to their relatives in Italy to convince them to vote for anticommunist parties in the watershed elections of 1948 had in fact a double purpose: one international, influencing the self-determination of Italians in Italy and keeping the country in the U.S. sphere of influence; and one domestic, proving to other Americans that (despite indications or fears to the contrary) the levels of material consumption Italians had achieved in America had decisively won them to the cause of capitalism and Americanism. Furthermore, Italian Americans involved in organizations that worked to repeal the National Origins System quotas and reform American immigration policies set out to prove the fitness of Italians as both new immigrants and citizens in the 1950s and 1960s. One way they did so was to demonstrate that Italian immigrants who came to the United States after World War II adopted lifestyles that reflected the culture of mass consumption that prevailed in the United States.
Rashida K. Braggs
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520279346
- eISBN:
- 9780520963412
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520279346.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This chapter excavates the life story of Inez Cavanaugh, a woman about whom little is known in jazz scholarship but whose contributions were significant to the creation and maintenance of a jazz ...
More
This chapter excavates the life story of Inez Cavanaugh, a woman about whom little is known in jazz scholarship but whose contributions were significant to the creation and maintenance of a jazz diaspora in post-World War II Paris. Cavanaugh also introduces other stories, thus opening this narrative to a series of collaborations and migratory experiences for both African American men and women living in Paris. Her home, club, and friends were fully integrated into the jazz scene of the late 1940s and 1950s. Her life and work illuminate reasons why so many African American jazz musicians made Paris their home, key experiences and issues in living abroad in Paris, and their prompts for leaving or staying. The case of Inez Cavanaugh also introduces the concurrent possibilities of local community and global movement encompassed in a jazz diaspora.Less
This chapter excavates the life story of Inez Cavanaugh, a woman about whom little is known in jazz scholarship but whose contributions were significant to the creation and maintenance of a jazz diaspora in post-World War II Paris. Cavanaugh also introduces other stories, thus opening this narrative to a series of collaborations and migratory experiences for both African American men and women living in Paris. Her home, club, and friends were fully integrated into the jazz scene of the late 1940s and 1950s. Her life and work illuminate reasons why so many African American jazz musicians made Paris their home, key experiences and issues in living abroad in Paris, and their prompts for leaving or staying. The case of Inez Cavanaugh also introduces the concurrent possibilities of local community and global movement encompassed in a jazz diaspora.
Emily J. Levine
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780226341811
- eISBN:
- 9780226341958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226341958.003.0012
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
The conclusion begins with the loyalty oath required by the University of California in 1949 of all university employees and the controversy spurred by the firing of the German-Jewish émigré and ...
More
The conclusion begins with the loyalty oath required by the University of California in 1949 of all university employees and the controversy spurred by the firing of the German-Jewish émigré and University of California-Berkeley professor Ernst Kantorowicz when he refused to sign. The conclusion argues that Kantorowicz’s defense of the university’s “inner sovereignty” reflected the longstanding history of the academic social contract in which the university received autonomy in exchange for services to society. The book shows how once the contract was exhausted, academic entrepreneurs found new partners, formulated new ideas, and established new institutions—sometimes outside the university. The conclusion further argues that if the conditions and terms were new, the academic contract itself was not. With the perspective of the full arc of the development of the modern research university, the lessons of this book do indeed apply to the post–World War II era of Cold War science and such academic entrepreneurs as Clark Kerr in which the contract became so unbalanced to almost not be recognizable to the earlier era.Less
The conclusion begins with the loyalty oath required by the University of California in 1949 of all university employees and the controversy spurred by the firing of the German-Jewish émigré and University of California-Berkeley professor Ernst Kantorowicz when he refused to sign. The conclusion argues that Kantorowicz’s defense of the university’s “inner sovereignty” reflected the longstanding history of the academic social contract in which the university received autonomy in exchange for services to society. The book shows how once the contract was exhausted, academic entrepreneurs found new partners, formulated new ideas, and established new institutions—sometimes outside the university. The conclusion further argues that if the conditions and terms were new, the academic contract itself was not. With the perspective of the full arc of the development of the modern research university, the lessons of this book do indeed apply to the post–World War II era of Cold War science and such academic entrepreneurs as Clark Kerr in which the contract became so unbalanced to almost not be recognizable to the earlier era.
Howard Adelman and Elazar Barkan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231153362
- eISBN:
- 9780231526906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231153362.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter traces the history of ethnic expulsions to show their wide international legitimacy until the post-World War II period, and to provide a critical context for understanding the genealogy ...
More
This chapter traces the history of ethnic expulsions to show their wide international legitimacy until the post-World War II period, and to provide a critical context for understanding the genealogy of repatriation. Before World War II there was neither a right not to be expelled nor a right of repatriation. Any attempted repatriation of minorities failed, such as the situation of Christian minorities in Turkey on the grounds of The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which legitimized the country's refusal to repatriate Christians and its expulsion (and repression) of minorities. This was not the exception, but the norm. Ethnic cleansing was legitimized, not the right of repatriation. Moreover, during World War II, Germany began its population transfers by gathering its ethnic Germans in a series of bilateral treaties with the Baltic states, Italy, Romania, and, following the partition of Poland, the Soviet Union.Less
This chapter traces the history of ethnic expulsions to show their wide international legitimacy until the post-World War II period, and to provide a critical context for understanding the genealogy of repatriation. Before World War II there was neither a right not to be expelled nor a right of repatriation. Any attempted repatriation of minorities failed, such as the situation of Christian minorities in Turkey on the grounds of The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which legitimized the country's refusal to repatriate Christians and its expulsion (and repression) of minorities. This was not the exception, but the norm. Ethnic cleansing was legitimized, not the right of repatriation. Moreover, during World War II, Germany began its population transfers by gathering its ethnic Germans in a series of bilateral treaties with the Baltic states, Italy, Romania, and, following the partition of Poland, the Soviet Union.
