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Possessive constructions in Mandarin Chinese exhibit a rich array of correlations between the possessor and possesee in the noun phrase, as well as in the verb phrase and the lexicon. They are typically manifested in the double-nominative constructions and the so-called ‘possessor-subject and possessee-object’ clauses. Significantly, possession interacts with the notion of definiteness, which displays interesting syntax-semantics interface in a number of constructions involving quantified and (in)definite noun phrases, raising important questions about the nature of this linguistic phenomenon. Movement, topicalisation and relativisation also characterize Chinese possessive phrases. These are governed by certain syntactic rules that are sensitive to semantic considerations. In the lexicon, different possessive orientations are reflected in different compounding strategies. Certain possessive expressions are triggered by sociolinguistic fators.

This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds,both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.

This chapter presents research on the Lithuanian determinative, possessive, and verbal governing compound calques that were patterned on the German compounds encountered in the manuscript of the 18th c. German-Lithuanian dictionary by Jacob Brodowski from East Prussia (Lithuania Minor). The author distinguishes between absolute compound calques (i.e. item-by-item copies of donor language compounds, including both the pattern of a compound and the semantics of its members) and non-absolute (or creative) compound calques that have differences in the semantics of one member, in the pattern of the compound, or in both. The analysis also encompasses the overall characteristics of the Lithuanian compounds and their German equivalents as well as the integration of compound calques into the word formation system of Lithuanian.

This chapter provides a systematic survey of naming practices in the Indo-European languages of Western Anatolia in the second and first millennia, showing that essentially all types known from elsewhere in Indogermania are attested: Lallwörter, theophorics, determinative compounds of various kinds, and possessive compounds (bahuvrihis). Only Kurznamen and hypocoristica are surprisingly rare. The extent to which the above types reflect inherited usages is not addressed, but it is argued that the form of some Satznamen strongly suggests that they were initially formed on Hurrian (less probably Akkadian) models and then further adapted and extended. It is more tentatively suggested that the Apollodotos type of compound with past participle as second member, attested only in first-millennium south-eastern Anatolia, is based on Greek models.

This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary,including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.

This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers,and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.

This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.

This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’,‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.

This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements,and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.

This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound,qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.