Marek OkÓlski
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Until the late 1980s, Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world, and foreign travel was administratively restricted. The freedom of movement ...
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Until the late 1980s, Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world, and foreign travel was administratively restricted. The freedom of movement reinstated in the region around 1990 led to massive migration. However, instead of acceleration of the highly selective outflow of ethnic minorities, political opponents and elites, which predominated past movements or westbound exodus feared at the time the transition to democracy began, quite new and partly unexpected phenomena occurred. Those phenomena included: an unprecedented intensification of international flows within Central and Eastern Europe, an influx of people from outside the region, and illegal transit migration. In the 1990s, migration in the region reflected, and will continue to do so, the interplay of three different kinds of imbalances: demographic, economic, and political whose clear outcome is the persistence of a latent potential for emigration.Less
Until the late 1980s, Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world, and foreign travel was administratively restricted. The freedom of movement reinstated in the region around 1990 led to massive migration. However, instead of acceleration of the highly selective outflow of ethnic minorities, political opponents and elites, which predominated past movements or westbound exodus feared at the time the transition to democracy began, quite new and partly unexpected phenomena occurred. Those phenomena included: an unprecedented intensification of international flows within Central and Eastern Europe, an influx of people from outside the region, and illegal transit migration. In the 1990s, migration in the region reflected, and will continue to do so, the interplay of three different kinds of imbalances: demographic, economic, and political whose clear outcome is the persistence of a latent potential for emigration.
ELIZABETH DeMARRAIS
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265031
- eISBN:
- 9780191754142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265031.003.0015
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, American History: pre-Columbian BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the far southern boundary of Quechua's spread throughout the Andes. It argues that Quechua reached north-west Argentina in Inka times and that it was widely used during the ...
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This chapter examines the far southern boundary of Quechua's spread throughout the Andes. It argues that Quechua reached north-west Argentina in Inka times and that it was widely used during the colonial period as well. The rationale for this argument is based primarily on evidence for (1) the extent of Inka resettlements in Argentina; (2) the nature of Inka relations with local peoples in the far south; and (3) continued use of Quechua under the Spaniards, as described in the documentary sources. Less clear are the precise population movements that brought Quechua speakers initially to Santiago del Estero, as the archaeological record suggests that the Inka frontier lay higher up the slopes in the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, and Catamarca, where the majority of Inka installations are found. The documents reveal that activities of the Spaniards had further, far-reaching consequences for Quechua's presence in the south Andes, and that ultimately Quechua was replaced in most of north-west Argentina by Spanish.Less
This chapter examines the far southern boundary of Quechua's spread throughout the Andes. It argues that Quechua reached north-west Argentina in Inka times and that it was widely used during the colonial period as well. The rationale for this argument is based primarily on evidence for (1) the extent of Inka resettlements in Argentina; (2) the nature of Inka relations with local peoples in the far south; and (3) continued use of Quechua under the Spaniards, as described in the documentary sources. Less clear are the precise population movements that brought Quechua speakers initially to Santiago del Estero, as the archaeological record suggests that the Inka frontier lay higher up the slopes in the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, and Catamarca, where the majority of Inka installations are found. The documents reveal that activities of the Spaniards had further, far-reaching consequences for Quechua's presence in the south Andes, and that ultimately Quechua was replaced in most of north-west Argentina by Spanish.
Jeffrey Herbst
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164137
- eISBN:
- 9781400852321
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines how changing patterns of migration and the dynamics of citizenship laws both affect and reflect the abilities of African states to consolidate power. It shows that these two ...
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This chapter examines how changing patterns of migration and the dynamics of citizenship laws both affect and reflect the abilities of African states to consolidate power. It shows that these two phenomena are interconnected because citizenship laws embody the identities that African states have tried to construct on the assumption that populations are no longer mobile. It argues that, contrary to conventional wisdom, African boundaries have fundamentally altered the nature of population movements across the continent. As a result, citizenship has acquired a salience that is often greater than the ties between ethnic groups separated by a border. However, African countries have not exploited the surprising firmness of their boundaries to develop innovative citizenship regulations that might establish a strong national bond between state and citizen. Because of this, a critical opportunity for state consolidation often has been lost.Less
This chapter examines how changing patterns of migration and the dynamics of citizenship laws both affect and reflect the abilities of African states to consolidate power. It shows that these two phenomena are interconnected because citizenship laws embody the identities that African states have tried to construct on the assumption that populations are no longer mobile. It argues that, contrary to conventional wisdom, African boundaries have fundamentally altered the nature of population movements across the continent. As a result, citizenship has acquired a salience that is often greater than the ties between ethnic groups separated by a border. However, African countries have not exploited the surprising firmness of their boundaries to develop innovative citizenship regulations that might establish a strong national bond between state and citizen. Because of this, a critical opportunity for state consolidation often has been lost.
C. A. Bayly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077466
- eISBN:
- 9780199081110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077466.003.0023
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter discusses some aspects of urban society which provided a background to all these conflicts, specifically rapid population movement and poverty. It explains that relationship between ...
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This chapter discusses some aspects of urban society which provided a background to all these conflicts, specifically rapid population movement and poverty. It explains that relationship between political power, elite consumption, trade and the agrarian society established in the mid-eighteenth century had come under pressure by 1830 and this pressure originated in the incompatibility of the colonial state and the Indian successor regimes to the Mughal Empire. It argues that many conflicts between different social groups reflect the changing role of the state. The British had eroded the old forms of government and redistribution without replacing them with new system.Less
This chapter discusses some aspects of urban society which provided a background to all these conflicts, specifically rapid population movement and poverty. It explains that relationship between political power, elite consumption, trade and the agrarian society established in the mid-eighteenth century had come under pressure by 1830 and this pressure originated in the incompatibility of the colonial state and the Indian successor regimes to the Mughal Empire. It argues that many conflicts between different social groups reflect the changing role of the state. The British had eroded the old forms of government and redistribution without replacing them with new system.
Philip D. Curtin
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195055108
- eISBN:
- 9780199854219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195055108.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
This chapter locates European and African migration to North America in the long continuum of migrations throughout thousands of years of human history. It connects the geographic locus of migration ...
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This chapter locates European and African migration to North America in the long continuum of migrations throughout thousands of years of human history. It connects the geographic locus of migration and the occurrence of slave migration, indenture contracts, and free migration to changing demands for forced and free labor at various stages of regional economic development. Although the United States was certainly a focal point for European migration, and the descendants of Africans are a significant part of its present population, the United States stood on the periphery of the slave trade, and absorbed less than 10% of its product. The great population movements throughout the tropical world and Asia that followed the abolition of the slave trade completely evaded North America. Not until after World War II did movements of tropical peoples from the Third World direct themselves to highly developed regions like North America and Europe.Less
This chapter locates European and African migration to North America in the long continuum of migrations throughout thousands of years of human history. It connects the geographic locus of migration and the occurrence of slave migration, indenture contracts, and free migration to changing demands for forced and free labor at various stages of regional economic development. Although the United States was certainly a focal point for European migration, and the descendants of Africans are a significant part of its present population, the United States stood on the periphery of the slave trade, and absorbed less than 10% of its product. The great population movements throughout the tropical world and Asia that followed the abolition of the slave trade completely evaded North America. Not until after World War II did movements of tropical peoples from the Third World direct themselves to highly developed regions like North America and Europe.
Takeyuki (Gaku) Tsuda
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813036076
- eISBN:
- 9780813041780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036076.003.0017
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Social Groups
From the perspective of a contemporary immigration specialist, this chapter assesses the extent to which current population movements may be different from those in the distant past. People in ...
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From the perspective of a contemporary immigration specialist, this chapter assesses the extent to which current population movements may be different from those in the distant past. People in ancient times moved more for environmental than purely economic reasons and population pressures and human conflict also played a much greater role. Migrations also seemed to have been large, collective movements of entire peoples over considerable time periods and distances that could displace or absorb local populations. In contrast, because today's population movements are more temporary, internal, and individualized, immigrants are always ethnic minorities that assimilate to the societies where they reside. However, the chapter also points out that some of these apparent differences between contemporary and ancient migrations may be related to methodological limitations inherent in studying the distant past.Less
From the perspective of a contemporary immigration specialist, this chapter assesses the extent to which current population movements may be different from those in the distant past. People in ancient times moved more for environmental than purely economic reasons and population pressures and human conflict also played a much greater role. Migrations also seemed to have been large, collective movements of entire peoples over considerable time periods and distances that could displace or absorb local populations. In contrast, because today's population movements are more temporary, internal, and individualized, immigrants are always ethnic minorities that assimilate to the societies where they reside. However, the chapter also points out that some of these apparent differences between contemporary and ancient migrations may be related to methodological limitations inherent in studying the distant past.
Frances F. Berdan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056005
- eISBN:
- 9780813053783
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056005.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
This final chapter synthesizes the chapters in the volume. It emphasizes the value of interdisciplinary approaches as they apply to complex issues of migration, mobility, ethnicity, and social ...
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This final chapter synthesizes the chapters in the volume. It emphasizes the value of interdisciplinary approaches as they apply to complex issues of migration, mobility, ethnicity, and social identity. Drawing on the book’s chapters, warfare, elite intermarriage, economic opportunities and/or state economic demands, ecological traumas, and political ebbs and flows are all discussed as forces impacting population movements. Ethnicity and social identity are also themes throughout the book, and this concluding chapter assesses attributes of these concepts in light of the book’s overall contributions.Less
This final chapter synthesizes the chapters in the volume. It emphasizes the value of interdisciplinary approaches as they apply to complex issues of migration, mobility, ethnicity, and social identity. Drawing on the book’s chapters, warfare, elite intermarriage, economic opportunities and/or state economic demands, ecological traumas, and political ebbs and flows are all discussed as forces impacting population movements. Ethnicity and social identity are also themes throughout the book, and this concluding chapter assesses attributes of these concepts in light of the book’s overall contributions.
R. J. Crampton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541584
- eISBN:
- 9780191719325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541584.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
National revival in Bulgaria exhibits many of the features of other nationalist reawakenings: a cultural quickening, the ‘apostles’ and ‘awakeners’, the emergence of an ‘imagined community’, the need ...
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National revival in Bulgaria exhibits many of the features of other nationalist reawakenings: a cultural quickening, the ‘apostles’ and ‘awakeners’, the emergence of an ‘imagined community’, the need for a committed social group with sufficient material wealth to further the cause, the importance of external as well as internal factors, and the equal or probably greater importance of ‘the defining other’. As with all other nationalisms, it was conditioned by historical, social, cultural, political, and international factors whose relative strengths and juxtapositions were unique. Furthermore, although the Bulgarian national state was a successor state of the Ottoman empire, the national revival that made that state possible, was, ironically, less the result of the empire's decline than of its regeneration. The evolution of Bulgaria's nationalism was conditioned by political and economic developments outside as well as within the Ottoman empire.Less
National revival in Bulgaria exhibits many of the features of other nationalist reawakenings: a cultural quickening, the ‘apostles’ and ‘awakeners’, the emergence of an ‘imagined community’, the need for a committed social group with sufficient material wealth to further the cause, the importance of external as well as internal factors, and the equal or probably greater importance of ‘the defining other’. As with all other nationalisms, it was conditioned by historical, social, cultural, political, and international factors whose relative strengths and juxtapositions were unique. Furthermore, although the Bulgarian national state was a successor state of the Ottoman empire, the national revival that made that state possible, was, ironically, less the result of the empire's decline than of its regeneration. The evolution of Bulgaria's nationalism was conditioned by political and economic developments outside as well as within the Ottoman empire.
Graciela S. Cabana and Jeffery J. Clark (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813036076
- eISBN:
- 9780813041780
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036076.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Social Groups
All too often, anthropologists study specific facets of human migration without guidance from the other subdisciplines (archaeology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics) ...
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All too often, anthropologists study specific facets of human migration without guidance from the other subdisciplines (archaeology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics) that can provide new insights on the topic. The equivocal results of these narrow studies often make the discussion of impact and consequences speculative. In the last decade, however, anthropologists working independently in the four subdisciplines have developed powerful methodologies to detect and assess the scale of past migrations. Yet these advances are known only to a few specialized researchers. This book brings together these new methods in one volume and addresses innovative approaches to migration research that emerge from the collective effort of scholars from different intellectual backgrounds. Its chapters present a comprehensive anthropological exploration of the many topics related to human migration throughout the world, ranging from theoretical treatments to specific case studies derived primarily from the Americas prior to European contact.Less
All too often, anthropologists study specific facets of human migration without guidance from the other subdisciplines (archaeology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics) that can provide new insights on the topic. The equivocal results of these narrow studies often make the discussion of impact and consequences speculative. In the last decade, however, anthropologists working independently in the four subdisciplines have developed powerful methodologies to detect and assess the scale of past migrations. Yet these advances are known only to a few specialized researchers. This book brings together these new methods in one volume and addresses innovative approaches to migration research that emerge from the collective effort of scholars from different intellectual backgrounds. Its chapters present a comprehensive anthropological exploration of the many topics related to human migration throughout the world, ranging from theoretical treatments to specific case studies derived primarily from the Americas prior to European contact.
Nicholas S. Hopkins and Sohair R. Mehanna
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774164019
- eISBN:
- 9781617970382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774164019.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyzes selected aspects of population movement, with special reference to the case of Nubia. It examines a portion of the data collected in the years 1961–64 during the course of an ...
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This chapter analyzes selected aspects of population movement, with special reference to the case of Nubia. It examines a portion of the data collected in the years 1961–64 during the course of an anthropological-sociological study of Nubian society, including both the villages of Egyptian Nubia and the urban communities of Egypt and the Sudan. Specifically, the discussion describes the Nubian community in an historical perspective, sketching out some of the salient geographic, economic, and demographic features. It examines the empirical data with reference to a selected theory of migration phenomena. One of the noteworthy findings of the analysis is that great variation exists in the Nubian village social and economic structure as well as in the pattern of migration. Taken as a whole, Nubia very likely represents a wide variety of economic and social behaviors that may be as differentiated as the linguistic bases distinguishing the three regions of Nubia.Less
This chapter analyzes selected aspects of population movement, with special reference to the case of Nubia. It examines a portion of the data collected in the years 1961–64 during the course of an anthropological-sociological study of Nubian society, including both the villages of Egyptian Nubia and the urban communities of Egypt and the Sudan. Specifically, the discussion describes the Nubian community in an historical perspective, sketching out some of the salient geographic, economic, and demographic features. It examines the empirical data with reference to a selected theory of migration phenomena. One of the noteworthy findings of the analysis is that great variation exists in the Nubian village social and economic structure as well as in the pattern of migration. Taken as a whole, Nubia very likely represents a wide variety of economic and social behaviors that may be as differentiated as the linguistic bases distinguishing the three regions of Nubia.
Heather Bell
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207498
- eISBN:
- 9780191677694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207498.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book is about colonial medicine and its emphasis on colony. Colonial medicine suggests that we should understand overseas medical practice during the age of imperialism in the context of the ...
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This book is about colonial medicine and its emphasis on colony. Colonial medicine suggests that we should understand overseas medical practice during the age of imperialism in the context of the interwoven political, economic, and social institutions and interests that constituted each different colonial regime. Such an emphasis is particularly important because colonialism, even within the British empire, took on a wide range of forms. Certainties about the binary division between colonizer and colonized are being challenged as we come to appreciate the roles played by members of the ‘colonized’ population in colonial administrations. This book seeks to describe and define the ‘colonial’ and the ‘medical’ in Sudan between 1899 and 1940. Colonial officials, including doctors, worked at physical frontiers, between provinces, nations, peoples, and zones of infection and non-infection. Colonial medicine in Sudan involved employing non-European doctors and training African medical personnel. Colonial doctors recognized that one of the main ways in which colonial rule changed epidemiology was by influencing patterns of population movement.Less
This book is about colonial medicine and its emphasis on colony. Colonial medicine suggests that we should understand overseas medical practice during the age of imperialism in the context of the interwoven political, economic, and social institutions and interests that constituted each different colonial regime. Such an emphasis is particularly important because colonialism, even within the British empire, took on a wide range of forms. Certainties about the binary division between colonizer and colonized are being challenged as we come to appreciate the roles played by members of the ‘colonized’ population in colonial administrations. This book seeks to describe and define the ‘colonial’ and the ‘medical’ in Sudan between 1899 and 1940. Colonial officials, including doctors, worked at physical frontiers, between provinces, nations, peoples, and zones of infection and non-infection. Colonial medicine in Sudan involved employing non-European doctors and training African medical personnel. Colonial doctors recognized that one of the main ways in which colonial rule changed epidemiology was by influencing patterns of population movement.
Michael Toole
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195171853
- eISBN:
- 9780199865352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171853.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter addresses social injustice in relation to forced migrants (refugees and internally displaced persons). It addresses the effects of social injustice on the health of refugees and ...
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This chapter addresses social injustice in relation to forced migrants (refugees and internally displaced persons). It addresses the effects of social injustice on the health of refugees and internally displaced persons, including the impact of violence and various direct and indirect impacts on health. It describes roots and underlying issues, including poor health as a risk factor for conflict and international responses to homelessness, as well as what needs to be done. The chapter concludes that the plight of homeless people can be addressed only if the international community is serious about addressing the root causes of poverty, poor governance, exploitation, and inequities between rich and poor countries.Less
This chapter addresses social injustice in relation to forced migrants (refugees and internally displaced persons). It addresses the effects of social injustice on the health of refugees and internally displaced persons, including the impact of violence and various direct and indirect impacts on health. It describes roots and underlying issues, including poor health as a risk factor for conflict and international responses to homelessness, as well as what needs to be done. The chapter concludes that the plight of homeless people can be addressed only if the international community is serious about addressing the root causes of poverty, poor governance, exploitation, and inequities between rich and poor countries.
Karen J. Cullen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638871
- eISBN:
- 9780748653508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638871.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This chapter focuses further on the elements of social dislocation identified in Chapters 4 and 5, and is divided into two main parts: internal movement and migration within Scotland, and emigration. ...
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This chapter focuses further on the elements of social dislocation identified in Chapters 4 and 5, and is divided into two main parts: internal movement and migration within Scotland, and emigration. Town council records and more particularly kirk session minutes are used to identify the movement of large numbers of people across the country seeking food and charity, and to establish how this impacted on various parishes and regions. A subsection of the chapter is devoted to Scottish emigration to Ulster, England and continental Europe in the 1690s, focusing on the way in which people were forced to leave their homes and parishes to seek a means of survival from the worst effects of the famine. Identification of the types of areas which people were leaving and those where they sought famine relief further helps to examine the regional and local impact of the famine crisis. However, consideration is also given to push and pull factors which encouraged population movement. Within Scotland increased population movement was a feature of better opportunities becoming available in some regions. This was particularly the case with emigration as improved prospects were available in Ulster during the mid 1690s which encouraged Scots to emigrate and settle there.Less
This chapter focuses further on the elements of social dislocation identified in Chapters 4 and 5, and is divided into two main parts: internal movement and migration within Scotland, and emigration. Town council records and more particularly kirk session minutes are used to identify the movement of large numbers of people across the country seeking food and charity, and to establish how this impacted on various parishes and regions. A subsection of the chapter is devoted to Scottish emigration to Ulster, England and continental Europe in the 1690s, focusing on the way in which people were forced to leave their homes and parishes to seek a means of survival from the worst effects of the famine. Identification of the types of areas which people were leaving and those where they sought famine relief further helps to examine the regional and local impact of the famine crisis. However, consideration is also given to push and pull factors which encouraged population movement. Within Scotland increased population movement was a feature of better opportunities becoming available in some regions. This was particularly the case with emigration as improved prospects were available in Ulster during the mid 1690s which encouraged Scots to emigrate and settle there.
Paul Frymer
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691166056
- eISBN:
- 9781400885350
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166056.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This book examines the politics of the United States' westward expansion, showing how the government's regulation of population movements on the frontier, both settlement and removal, advanced ...
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This book examines the politics of the United States' westward expansion, showing how the government's regulation of population movements on the frontier, both settlement and removal, advanced national aspirations for empire and promoted the formation of a white settler nation. The book details how a government that struggled to exercise plenary power used federal land policies to assert authority over the direction of expansion by engineering the pace and patterns of settlement and to control the movement of populations. At times, the government mobilized populations for compact settlement in strategically important areas of the frontier; at other times, policies were designed to actively restrain settler populations in order to prevent violence, international conflict, and breakaway states. The book examines how these settlement patterns helped construct a dominant racial vision for America by incentivizing and directing the movement of white European settlers onto indigenous and diversely populated lands. The book pays close attention to the failures as well, from the lack of further expansion into Latin America to the defeat of the black colonization movement. It reveals the lasting and profound significance government settlement policies had for the nation, both for establishing America as dominantly white and for restricting broader aspirations for empire in lands that could not be so racially engineered.Less
This book examines the politics of the United States' westward expansion, showing how the government's regulation of population movements on the frontier, both settlement and removal, advanced national aspirations for empire and promoted the formation of a white settler nation. The book details how a government that struggled to exercise plenary power used federal land policies to assert authority over the direction of expansion by engineering the pace and patterns of settlement and to control the movement of populations. At times, the government mobilized populations for compact settlement in strategically important areas of the frontier; at other times, policies were designed to actively restrain settler populations in order to prevent violence, international conflict, and breakaway states. The book examines how these settlement patterns helped construct a dominant racial vision for America by incentivizing and directing the movement of white European settlers onto indigenous and diversely populated lands. The book pays close attention to the failures as well, from the lack of further expansion into Latin America to the defeat of the black colonization movement. It reveals the lasting and profound significance government settlement policies had for the nation, both for establishing America as dominantly white and for restricting broader aspirations for empire in lands that could not be so racially engineered.
BERNARD BAILYN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204190
- eISBN:
- 9780191676147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204190.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Few subjects of historical study have developed as rapidly and as creatively as the history of European expansion in the early modern period. How the subject will settle eventually, how one will ...
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Few subjects of historical study have developed as rapidly and as creatively as the history of European expansion in the early modern period. How the subject will settle eventually, how one will think about the expansion of Europe when the current enquiries are completed, is not yet clear. However, some of the present assumptions and the most urgent questions are explored in this book. Thus, Britain's westward expansion now appears, not as several distinct arrows of conquest and penetration west into North America and the Caribbean, but as a great arc of interactive parts sweeping north and west through Scotland, Ireland, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, mainland North America, and the West Indies. So too the Dutch emigration, and Germans to the west: the central question can be perceived only in the close context of population movements throughout central Europe. Common problems but different answers, are to be found everywhere in the history of European expansion.Less
Few subjects of historical study have developed as rapidly and as creatively as the history of European expansion in the early modern period. How the subject will settle eventually, how one will think about the expansion of Europe when the current enquiries are completed, is not yet clear. However, some of the present assumptions and the most urgent questions are explored in this book. Thus, Britain's westward expansion now appears, not as several distinct arrows of conquest and penetration west into North America and the Caribbean, but as a great arc of interactive parts sweeping north and west through Scotland, Ireland, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, mainland North America, and the West Indies. So too the Dutch emigration, and Germans to the west: the central question can be perceived only in the close context of population movements throughout central Europe. Common problems but different answers, are to be found everywhere in the history of European expansion.
Bernard Hung-kay Luk, Angel Lin, Choi Po-king, and Wong Ping-man
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099180
- eISBN:
- 9789882206984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099180.003.0011
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter asks, how did Hong Kong society maintain an impressive stability despite enormous structural changes in the economy, massive population movements, and gross and persistent inequalities? ...
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This chapter asks, how did Hong Kong society maintain an impressive stability despite enormous structural changes in the economy, massive population movements, and gross and persistent inequalities? It argues that one important and often overlooked factor was schooling. Tracing Hong Kong's history of provisioning schooling in the half century following the Second World War, in particular in the development of curriculum and examinations and the financial investment in and economic returns from education, the chapter analyzes how a diverse migrant population and a generation of local born were prepared for postwar development. Not only were the varied educational resources able to provide a work force with different classes of skills, but also they imparted a particular discipline, work ethic, and mobility aspirations.Less
This chapter asks, how did Hong Kong society maintain an impressive stability despite enormous structural changes in the economy, massive population movements, and gross and persistent inequalities? It argues that one important and often overlooked factor was schooling. Tracing Hong Kong's history of provisioning schooling in the half century following the Second World War, in particular in the development of curriculum and examinations and the financial investment in and economic returns from education, the chapter analyzes how a diverse migrant population and a generation of local born were prepared for postwar development. Not only were the varied educational resources able to provide a work force with different classes of skills, but also they imparted a particular discipline, work ethic, and mobility aspirations.
Trevor Bryce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218721
- eISBN:
- 9780191739101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218721.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
This raises the fundamental question of what happened to the populations of the Hittite world after the collapse of the Hittite kingdom at the end of the Bronze Age. It sets the scene for discussion ...
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This raises the fundamental question of what happened to the populations of the Hittite world after the collapse of the Hittite kingdom at the end of the Bronze Age. It sets the scene for discussion of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms which emerged in the Iron Age and their links with their Bronze Age predecessors. It also foreshadows discussion of the common assumption of widespread population movements at the end of the Hittite era. More generally, the Introduction indicates the scope of the book’s coverage, over the first four centuries of the Iron Age, and the range of foreign peoples and kingdoms that interacted with the Neo-Hittites throughout this period.Less
This raises the fundamental question of what happened to the populations of the Hittite world after the collapse of the Hittite kingdom at the end of the Bronze Age. It sets the scene for discussion of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms which emerged in the Iron Age and their links with their Bronze Age predecessors. It also foreshadows discussion of the common assumption of widespread population movements at the end of the Hittite era. More generally, the Introduction indicates the scope of the book’s coverage, over the first four centuries of the Iron Age, and the range of foreign peoples and kingdoms that interacted with the Neo-Hittites throughout this period.
John Firor
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300093209
- eISBN:
- 9780300133448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300093209.003.0002
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter examines the new world of population created by the ICPD in 1994. Over the centuries, different people in different places have worried about the relationship between human numbers and ...
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This chapter examines the new world of population created by the ICPD in 1994. Over the centuries, different people in different places have worried about the relationship between human numbers and the natural world. Environmental and resource-scarcity arguments dominate the population movement that mushroomed in the 1960s, an outgrowth of the environmental movement in general. Another manifestation of concern with population and resources is a view, expressed by Europeans since the 1600s, that the distress of the poor and unemployed is due in part to the size of their families. The chapter describes the approach to population issues that prevailed from the time population became a widespread public concern in the 1960s. It focuses on the shift in approach that took place as women's health organizations and other feminist groups weighed in on population at the Cairo conference in 1994.Less
This chapter examines the new world of population created by the ICPD in 1994. Over the centuries, different people in different places have worried about the relationship between human numbers and the natural world. Environmental and resource-scarcity arguments dominate the population movement that mushroomed in the 1960s, an outgrowth of the environmental movement in general. Another manifestation of concern with population and resources is a view, expressed by Europeans since the 1600s, that the distress of the poor and unemployed is due in part to the size of their families. The chapter describes the approach to population issues that prevailed from the time population became a widespread public concern in the 1960s. It focuses on the shift in approach that took place as women's health organizations and other feminist groups weighed in on population at the Cairo conference in 1994.
Takao Suzuki
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813044279
- eISBN:
- 9780813046266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813044279.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Ancient cases of tuberculosis in Far East Asia at around 2200-2000 years BP, probably associated with population movement at that time, raise a question concerning the origin and transmission of ...
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Ancient cases of tuberculosis in Far East Asia at around 2200-2000 years BP, probably associated with population movement at that time, raise a question concerning the origin and transmission of tuberculosis to the Americas. Many archaeological and physical anthropological studies suggest that the earliest human migrants to the American continent crossed the area that is now the Bering Strait from Northeast Asia at around 14,000-12,000 years BP. However, the earliest evidence of tuberculosis in Asia dates to a much later period than the time of this estimated population movement through Beringia to the Americas. It is also clear that the earliest cases of tuberculosis found in the Old World, including those from Far East Asia, date back to a much earlier time than the earliest known cases in the New World.Less
Ancient cases of tuberculosis in Far East Asia at around 2200-2000 years BP, probably associated with population movement at that time, raise a question concerning the origin and transmission of tuberculosis to the Americas. Many archaeological and physical anthropological studies suggest that the earliest human migrants to the American continent crossed the area that is now the Bering Strait from Northeast Asia at around 14,000-12,000 years BP. However, the earliest evidence of tuberculosis in Asia dates to a much later period than the time of this estimated population movement through Beringia to the Americas. It is also clear that the earliest cases of tuberculosis found in the Old World, including those from Far East Asia, date back to a much earlier time than the earliest known cases in the New World.
Paul Frymer
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691166056
- eISBN:
- 9781400885350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166056.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines the process of American territorial expansion and settlement to the Mississippi River between the American Revolution (and even further back into British times) up until 1840. ...
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This chapter examines the process of American territorial expansion and settlement to the Mississippi River between the American Revolution (and even further back into British times) up until 1840. During the course of this settlement, the thirteen seaside states increased to twenty-six. This was a time when the federal government first asserted authority over the public land. The chapter first considers how early statesmen asserted sovereignty over Native Americans before discussing the issue of boundary lines between the federal government and the Indians, how the government mobilized populations for compact settlement in strategically important areas of the frontier, and how the government assumed a monopoly over the public domain and used its authority to restrain population movements. It shows that federal land policies were used by national officials to avoid being stretched too thin while maintaining strength through compactness.Less
This chapter examines the process of American territorial expansion and settlement to the Mississippi River between the American Revolution (and even further back into British times) up until 1840. During the course of this settlement, the thirteen seaside states increased to twenty-six. This was a time when the federal government first asserted authority over the public land. The chapter first considers how early statesmen asserted sovereignty over Native Americans before discussing the issue of boundary lines between the federal government and the Indians, how the government mobilized populations for compact settlement in strategically important areas of the frontier, and how the government assumed a monopoly over the public domain and used its authority to restrain population movements. It shows that federal land policies were used by national officials to avoid being stretched too thin while maintaining strength through compactness.
