Search Results

Until the late 1980s, Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world, and foreign travel was administratively restricted. The freedom of movement reinstated in the region around 1990 led to massive migration. However, instead of acceleration of the highly selective outflow of ethnic minorities, political opponents and elites, which predominated past movements or westbound exodus feared at the time the transition to democracy began, quite new and partly unexpected phenomena occurred. Those phenomena included: an unprecedented intensification of international flows within Central and Eastern Europe, an influx of people from outside the region, and illegal transit migration. In the 1990s, migration in the region reflected, and will continue to do so, the interplay of three different kinds of imbalances: demographic, economic, and political whose clear outcome is the persistence of a latent potential for emigration.

This chapter examines the far southern boundary of Quechua's spread throughout the Andes. It argues that Quechua reached north-west Argentina in Inka times and that it was widely used during the colonial period as well. The rationale for this argument is based primarily on evidence for (1) the extent of Inka resettlements in Argentina; (2) the nature of Inka relations with local peoples in the far south; and (3) continued use of Quechua under the Spaniards, as described in the documentary sources. Less clear are the precise population movements that brought Quechua speakers initially to Santiago del Estero, as the archaeological record suggests that the Inka frontier lay higher up the slopes in the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, and Catamarca, where the majority of Inka installations are found. The documents reveal that activities of the Spaniards had further, far-reaching consequences for Quechua's presence in the south Andes, and that ultimately Quechua was replaced in most of north-west Argentina by Spanish.

This chapter locates European and African migration to North America in the long continuum of migrations throughout thousands of years of human history. It connects the geographic locus of migration and the occurrence of slave migration, indenture contracts, and free migration to changing demands for forced and free labor at various stages of regional economic development. Although the United States was certainly a focal point for European migration, and the descendants of Africans are a significant part of its present population, the United States stood on the periphery of the slave trade, and absorbed less than 10% of its product. The great population movements throughout the tropical world and Asia that followed the abolition of the slave trade completely evaded North America. Not until after World War II did movements of tropical peoples from the Third World direct themselves to highly developed regions like North America and Europe.

This chapter examines how changing patterns of migration and the dynamics of citizenship laws both affect and reflect the abilities of African states to consolidate power. It shows that these two phenomena are interconnected because citizenship laws embody the identities that African states have tried to construct on the assumption that populations are no longer mobile. It argues that, contrary to conventional wisdom, African boundaries have fundamentally altered the nature of population movements across the continent. As a result, citizenship has acquired a salience that is often greater than the ties between ethnic groups separated by a border. However, African countries have not exploited the surprising firmness of their boundaries to develop innovative citizenship regulations that might establish a strong national bond between state and citizen. Because of this, a critical opportunity for state consolidation often has been lost.

This chapter discusses some aspects of urban society which provided a background to all these conflicts, specifically rapid population movement and poverty. It explains that relationship between political power, elite consumption, trade and the agrarian society established in the mid-eighteenth century had come under pressure by 1830 and this pressure originated in the incompatibility of the colonial state and the Indian successor regimes to the Mughal Empire. It argues that many conflicts between different social groups reflect the changing role of the state. The British had eroded the old forms of government and redistribution without replacing them with new system.

From the perspective of a contemporary immigration specialist, this chapter assesses the extent to which current population movements may be different from those in the distant past. People in ancient times moved more for environmental than purely economic reasons and population pressures and human conflict also played a much greater role. Migrations also seemed to have been large, collective movements of entire peoples over considerable time periods and distances that could displace or absorb local populations. In contrast, because today's population movements are more temporary, internal, and individualized, immigrants are always ethnic minorities that assimilate to the societies where they reside. However, the chapter also points out that some of these apparent differences between contemporary and ancient migrations may be related to methodological limitations inherent in studying the distant past.

National revival in Bulgaria exhibits many of the features of other nationalist reawakenings: a cultural quickening, the ‘apostles’ and ‘awakeners’, the emergence of an ‘imagined community’, the need for a committed social group with sufficient material wealth to further the cause, the importance of external as well as internal factors, and the equal or probably greater importance of ‘the defining other’. As with all other nationalisms, it was conditioned by historical, social, cultural, political, and international factors whose relative strengths and juxtapositions were unique. Furthermore, although the Bulgarian national state was a successor state of the Ottoman empire, the national revival that made that state possible, was, ironically, less the result of the empire's decline than of its regeneration. The evolution of Bulgaria's nationalism was conditioned by political and economic developments outside as well as within the Ottoman empire.

This final chapter synthesizes the chapters in the volume. It emphasizes the value of interdisciplinary approaches as they apply to complex issues of migration, mobility, ethnicity, and social identity. Drawing on the book’s chapters, warfare, elite intermarriage, economic opportunities and/or state economic demands, ecological traumas, and political ebbs and flows are all discussed as forces impacting population movements. Ethnicity and social identity are also themes throughout the book, and this concluding chapter assesses attributes of these concepts in light of the book’s overall contributions.

This book is about colonial medicine and its emphasis on colony. Colonial medicine suggests that we should understand overseas medical practice during the age of imperialism in the context of the interwoven political, economic, and social institutions and interests that constituted each different colonial regime. Such an emphasis is particularly important because colonialism, even within the British empire, took on a wide range of forms. Certainties about the binary division between colonizer and colonized are being challenged as we come to appreciate the roles played by members of the ‘colonized’ population in colonial administrations. This book seeks to describe and define the ‘colonial’ and the ‘medical’ in Sudan between 1899 and 1940. Colonial officials, including doctors, worked at physical frontiers, between provinces, nations, peoples, and zones of infection and non-infection. Colonial medicine in Sudan involved employing non-European doctors and training African medical personnel. Colonial doctors recognized that one of the main ways in which colonial rule changed epidemiology was by influencing patterns of population movement.

This chapter analyzes selected aspects of population movement, with special reference to the case of Nubia. It examines a portion of the data collected in the years 1961–64 during the course of an anthropological-sociological study of Nubian society, including both the villages of Egyptian Nubia and the urban communities of Egypt and the Sudan. Specifically, the discussion describes the Nubian community in an historical perspective, sketching out some of the salient geographic, economic, and demographic features. It examines the empirical data with reference to a selected theory of migration phenomena. One of the noteworthy findings of the analysis is that great variation exists in the Nubian village social and economic structure as well as in the pattern of migration. Taken as a whole, Nubia very likely represents a wide variety of economic and social behaviors that may be as differentiated as the linguistic bases distinguishing the three regions of Nubia.

This chapter focuses further on the elements of social dislocation identified in Chapters 4 and 5, and is divided into two main parts: internal movement and migration within Scotland, and emigration. Town council records and more particularly kirk session minutes are used to identify the movement of large numbers of people across the country seeking food and charity, and to establish how this impacted on various parishes and regions. A subsection of the chapter is devoted to Scottish emigration to Ulster, England and continental Europe in the 1690s, focusing on the way in which people were forced to leave their homes and parishes to seek a means of survival from the worst effects of the famine. Identification of the types of areas which people were leaving and those where they sought famine relief further helps to examine the regional and local impact of the famine crisis. However, consideration is also given to push and pull factors which encouraged population movement. Within Scotland increased population movement was a feature of better opportunities becoming available in some regions. This was particularly the case with emigration as improved prospects were available in Ulster during the mid 1690s which encouraged Scots to emigrate and settle there.

This chapter addresses social injustice in relation to forced migrants (refugees and internally displaced persons). It addresses the effects of social injustice on the health of refugees and internally displaced persons, including the impact of violence and various direct and indirect impacts on health. It describes roots and underlying issues, including poor health as a risk factor for conflict and international responses to homelessness, as well as what needs to be done. The chapter concludes that the plight of homeless people can be addressed only if the international community is serious about addressing the root causes of poverty, poor governance, exploitation, and inequities between rich and poor countries.

This raises the fundamental question of what happened to the populations of the Hittite world after the collapse of the Hittite kingdom at the end of the Bronze Age. It sets the scene for discussion of the Neo-Hittite kingdoms which emerged in the Iron Age and their links with their Bronze Age predecessors. It also foreshadows discussion of the common assumption of widespread population movements at the end of the Hittite era. More generally, the Introduction indicates the scope of the book’s coverage, over the first four centuries of the Iron Age, and the range of foreign peoples and kingdoms that interacted with the Neo-Hittites throughout this period.

This chapter asks, how did Hong Kong society maintain an impressive stability despite enormous structural changes in the economy, massive population movements, and gross and persistent inequalities? It argues that one important and often overlooked factor was schooling. Tracing Hong Kong's history of provisioning schooling in the half century following the Second World War, in particular in the development of curriculum and examinations and the financial investment in and economic returns from education, the chapter analyzes how a diverse migrant population and a generation of local born were prepared for postwar development. Not only were the varied educational resources able to provide a work force with different classes of skills, but also they imparted a particular discipline, work ethic, and mobility aspirations.

This chapter examines the new world of population created by the ICPD in 1994. Over the centuries, different people in different places have worried about the relationship between human numbers and the natural world. Environmental and resource-scarcity arguments dominate the population movement that mushroomed in the 1960s, an outgrowth of the environmental movement in general. Another manifestation of concern with population and resources is a view, expressed by Europeans since the 1600s, that the distress of the poor and unemployed is due in part to the size of their families. The chapter describes the approach to population issues that prevailed from the time population became a widespread public concern in the 1960s. It focuses on the shift in approach that took place as women's health organizations and other feminist groups weighed in on population at the Cairo conference in 1994.

This chapter makes the case that displacement was one of the major responses by Native Americans to the encroachment of European powers. It first considers the nature of Native American movements in the Southeast during the centuries immediately prior to the arrival of the first Spaniards in Florida. Then, displacement is further broken down into several categories of population relocation: serial migration, diaspora, and flows to frontiers. Reasons for displacement vary greatly: destructive wars, depredations of slave trading, and incursions of colonial settlements undermined settlement stability to a historically unprecedented degree, while perceived opportunities provided yet another major stimulus for migration and relocation, as families and towns moved to locations advantageous for trade, travel, and communication. This examination of population movement opens social, environmental, and political discussions concerning the paths of Native American peoples in North America.