Lev Ginzburg and Mark Colyvan
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168167
- eISBN:
- 9780199790159
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168167.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The main focus of the book is the presentation of the inertial view of population growth. This view provides a rather simple model for complex population dynamics, and is achieved at the level of the ...
More
The main focus of the book is the presentation of the inertial view of population growth. This view provides a rather simple model for complex population dynamics, and is achieved at the level of the single species without invoking species interactions. An important part of the account is the maternal effect. Investment of mothers in the quality of their daughters makes the rate of reproduction of the current generation depend not only on the current environment, but also on the environment experienced by the previous generation.Less
The main focus of the book is the presentation of the inertial view of population growth. This view provides a rather simple model for complex population dynamics, and is achieved at the level of the single species without invoking species interactions. An important part of the account is the maternal effect. Investment of mothers in the quality of their daughters makes the rate of reproduction of the current generation depend not only on the current environment, but also on the environment experienced by the previous generation.
John D. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515340
- eISBN:
- 9780191705687
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515340.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This book integrates a diverse and scattered literature to produce a synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central theme is differentiation, both among and within species, in the ...
More
This book integrates a diverse and scattered literature to produce a synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central theme is differentiation, both among and within species, in the contemporary flora of the Mediterranean basin. This theme is developed by linking population processes to species evolution, and by examining the variation and evolution of ecological function in the context of spatial habitat variation and regional history. The Mediterranean is a region with a complex geological and climatic history, and a highly heterogeneous landscape in which human activities have greatly modified local conditions and the spatial configuration of habitats. This book explores the evolutionary processes that have shaped plant evolution in the context of these major influences on vegetation. The book is structured around two central topics in evolutionary ecology: diversity and adaptation. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of such endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is also characterized by dramatic variations in ecological conditions, often over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in the Mediterranean mosaic.Less
This book integrates a diverse and scattered literature to produce a synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central theme is differentiation, both among and within species, in the contemporary flora of the Mediterranean basin. This theme is developed by linking population processes to species evolution, and by examining the variation and evolution of ecological function in the context of spatial habitat variation and regional history. The Mediterranean is a region with a complex geological and climatic history, and a highly heterogeneous landscape in which human activities have greatly modified local conditions and the spatial configuration of habitats. This book explores the evolutionary processes that have shaped plant evolution in the context of these major influences on vegetation. The book is structured around two central topics in evolutionary ecology: diversity and adaptation. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of such endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is also characterized by dramatic variations in ecological conditions, often over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in the Mediterranean mosaic.
Alex Córdoba-Aguilar (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230693
- eISBN:
- 9780191710889
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230693.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
This book is a collection of nineteen chapters where summaries of major ecological and evolutionary questions have been asked and responded using dragonflies and damselflies as study subjects. Each ...
More
This book is a collection of nineteen chapters where summaries of major ecological and evolutionary questions have been asked and responded using dragonflies and damselflies as study subjects. Each chapter is written by a well-respected scientist. The topics covered are: demography, population and community ecology, life-history, distribution, abundance, migration, conservation, applied use, predator-prey interactions, mating isolation, lifetime reproductive success estimates, reproduction vs. survival, parasite-host relationships, cryptic female choice, sexual conflict, territoriality, sex-limited colour polymorphisms, sexual size dimorphism, flight performance, and wing evolution. Each chapter puts forward new data and hypothesis in relation to further ecological and evolutionary questions.Less
This book is a collection of nineteen chapters where summaries of major ecological and evolutionary questions have been asked and responded using dragonflies and damselflies as study subjects. Each chapter is written by a well-respected scientist. The topics covered are: demography, population and community ecology, life-history, distribution, abundance, migration, conservation, applied use, predator-prey interactions, mating isolation, lifetime reproductive success estimates, reproduction vs. survival, parasite-host relationships, cryptic female choice, sexual conflict, territoriality, sex-limited colour polymorphisms, sexual size dimorphism, flight performance, and wing evolution. Each chapter puts forward new data and hypothesis in relation to further ecological and evolutionary questions.
Adolfo Cordero-Rivera and Robby Stoks
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230693
- eISBN:
- 9780191710889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230693.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
Population ecologists track wild animals over their lifetimes using mark-recapture methods. Odonates are easily marked and remain near water bodies, allowing for high recapture rates. In recent ...
More
Population ecologists track wild animals over their lifetimes using mark-recapture methods. Odonates are easily marked and remain near water bodies, allowing for high recapture rates. In recent years, the focus in mark-recapture models has switched from population size estimates to survival and recapture rate estimation, and from testing hypotheses to model selection and inference. This chapter presents a review of the literature on mark-recapture studies, with a suggestion of areas where more research is needed. These include the effect of marking on survival and recapture rates, differences in survival between sexes and female colour morphs, the relative importance of processes in the larval and the adult stage in driving population dynamics, and the contribution of local and regional processes in shaping metapopulation dynamics.Less
Population ecologists track wild animals over their lifetimes using mark-recapture methods. Odonates are easily marked and remain near water bodies, allowing for high recapture rates. In recent years, the focus in mark-recapture models has switched from population size estimates to survival and recapture rate estimation, and from testing hypotheses to model selection and inference. This chapter presents a review of the literature on mark-recapture studies, with a suggestion of areas where more research is needed. These include the effect of marking on survival and recapture rates, differences in survival between sexes and female colour morphs, the relative importance of processes in the larval and the adult stage in driving population dynamics, and the contribution of local and regional processes in shaping metapopulation dynamics.
John D. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515340
- eISBN:
- 9780191705687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515340.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter explores the biogeography of endemism and the population ecology of endemic species. The key feature of endemism is stated clearly: the majority of species have a narrow endemic ...
More
This chapter explores the biogeography of endemism and the population ecology of endemic species. The key feature of endemism is stated clearly: the majority of species have a narrow endemic distribution. The diversity of endemic distribution patterns in the Mediterranean flora, and the historical and biogeographic associations of endemic plants are discussed. Endemism is examined in the context of the ecology and dynamics of the plant communities in which they occur. Finally, the ecological and biological correlates of endemism, in particular whether endemic species differ from widespread species in traits linked to ecological function and habitat occupation, are explored.Less
This chapter explores the biogeography of endemism and the population ecology of endemic species. The key feature of endemism is stated clearly: the majority of species have a narrow endemic distribution. The diversity of endemic distribution patterns in the Mediterranean flora, and the historical and biogeographic associations of endemic plants are discussed. Endemism is examined in the context of the ecology and dynamics of the plant communities in which they occur. Finally, the ecological and biological correlates of endemism, in particular whether endemic species differ from widespread species in traits linked to ecological function and habitat occupation, are explored.
Lori Lach, Catherine Parr, and Kirsti Abbott (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199544639
- eISBN:
- 9780191720192
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544639.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
From scorching, barren deserts to humid tropical forests, from deep in the soil, to high in the tree canopies, ants are everywhere! Comprising a substantial part of living biomass on earth, ants are ...
More
From scorching, barren deserts to humid tropical forests, from deep in the soil, to high in the tree canopies, ants are everywhere! Comprising a substantial part of living biomass on earth, ants are integral to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. More than 12,000 species have been described to date, and it is estimated that perhaps as many still await classification. Their social structure provides a rich ground for exploring how division of labour affects the acquisition of resources, foraging and defensive behaviours, and coevolution with the flora and fauna with which they interact. The study of ants has led to significant advances in our understanding of insect evolution, global diversity patterns, competitive interactions, mutualisms, ecosystem's responses to change, and biological invasions. Ant Ecology explores these and other key ecological issues and new developments in myrmecology across a range of scales. The book begins with a global perspective on species diversity in time and space and explores interactions at the community level before describing the population ecology of these social insects. The final section covers the recent ecological phenomenon of invasive ants: how they move across the globe, invade, affect ecosystems, and are managed by humans. Each chapter links ant ecology to broader ecological principles, provides a succinct summary, and discusses future research directions. The Synthesis and Perspectives highlights contributions of ant ecology to ecology more broadly, and outlines promising areas for future research.Less
From scorching, barren deserts to humid tropical forests, from deep in the soil, to high in the tree canopies, ants are everywhere! Comprising a substantial part of living biomass on earth, ants are integral to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. More than 12,000 species have been described to date, and it is estimated that perhaps as many still await classification. Their social structure provides a rich ground for exploring how division of labour affects the acquisition of resources, foraging and defensive behaviours, and coevolution with the flora and fauna with which they interact. The study of ants has led to significant advances in our understanding of insect evolution, global diversity patterns, competitive interactions, mutualisms, ecosystem's responses to change, and biological invasions. Ant Ecology explores these and other key ecological issues and new developments in myrmecology across a range of scales. The book begins with a global perspective on species diversity in time and space and explores interactions at the community level before describing the population ecology of these social insects. The final section covers the recent ecological phenomenon of invasive ants: how they move across the globe, invade, affect ecosystems, and are managed by humans. Each chapter links ant ecology to broader ecological principles, provides a succinct summary, and discusses future research directions. The Synthesis and Perspectives highlights contributions of ant ecology to ecology more broadly, and outlines promising areas for future research.
David J. Gibson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199671465
- eISBN:
- 9780191792496
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671465.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This introductory chapter defines the scope and breadth of the topic of plant population ecology as the study of plant populations in their habitat. A brief history of the topic is discussed followed ...
More
This introductory chapter defines the scope and breadth of the topic of plant population ecology as the study of plant populations in their habitat. A brief history of the topic is discussed followed by an outline of the goals of plant population ecology along with a list of important books and papers, and presentation of fourteen fundamental questions intended to guide the future direction of the discipline. Four case studies are introduced that are returned to throughout the rest of the book. A road map for using the book is outlined.Less
This introductory chapter defines the scope and breadth of the topic of plant population ecology as the study of plant populations in their habitat. A brief history of the topic is discussed followed by an outline of the goals of plant population ecology along with a list of important books and papers, and presentation of fourteen fundamental questions intended to guide the future direction of the discipline. Four case studies are introduced that are returned to throughout the rest of the book. A road map for using the book is outlined.
John H. Rappole
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231146784
- eISBN:
- 9780231518635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231146784.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter focuses on the avian migrant's population ecology. The basic equation for population growth states that change in the population over time equals the birth or natality rate minus the ...
More
This chapter focuses on the avian migrant's population ecology. The basic equation for population growth states that change in the population over time equals the birth or natality rate minus the death or mortality rate. This type of population growth is referred to as “density independent.” Although no population is truly independent of its size, as population size is what birth and death rates act upon, in density-independent populations there is little interindividual effect on members based on their numbers alone. This chapter describes an alternative model for density-dependent population limitation in multiple habitats. It then considers other models for migrant population limitation that emphasized breeding habitat availability and assumed that nonbreeding-period effects on population size were assumed to be largely density-independent. It also discusses the density-independent and density-dependent causes of population change in avian migrants.Less
This chapter focuses on the avian migrant's population ecology. The basic equation for population growth states that change in the population over time equals the birth or natality rate minus the death or mortality rate. This type of population growth is referred to as “density independent.” Although no population is truly independent of its size, as population size is what birth and death rates act upon, in density-independent populations there is little interindividual effect on members based on their numbers alone. This chapter describes an alternative model for density-dependent population limitation in multiple habitats. It then considers other models for migrant population limitation that emphasized breeding habitat availability and assumed that nonbreeding-period effects on population size were assumed to be largely density-independent. It also discusses the density-independent and density-dependent causes of population change in avian migrants.
Otso Ovaskainen, Henrik Johan de Knegt, and Maria del Mar Delgado
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198714866
- eISBN:
- 9780191783210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714866.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
This chapter introduces mathematical and statistical modelling approaches in population ecology. It starts with a conceptual section, continues with mathematical and statistical sections, and ends ...
More
This chapter introduces mathematical and statistical modelling approaches in population ecology. It starts with a conceptual section, continues with mathematical and statistical sections, and ends with a perspectives section. The conceptual section motivates the modelling approaches by providing the necessary background to population ecology. The mathematical sections start by constructing an individual-based model in homogeneous space, and then simplifies the model to derive the classical model of logistic population growth. The models are then expanded to heterogeneous space in two contrasting ways, resulting in models called the plant population model and the butterfly metapopulation model. Both types of models are used to analyse the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation at the population level. To illustrate the interplay between models and data, the statistical section analyses data generated by the mathematical models, with emphasis on the analyses of time-series data, species distribution modelling, and metapopulation modelling.Less
This chapter introduces mathematical and statistical modelling approaches in population ecology. It starts with a conceptual section, continues with mathematical and statistical sections, and ends with a perspectives section. The conceptual section motivates the modelling approaches by providing the necessary background to population ecology. The mathematical sections start by constructing an individual-based model in homogeneous space, and then simplifies the model to derive the classical model of logistic population growth. The models are then expanded to heterogeneous space in two contrasting ways, resulting in models called the plant population model and the butterfly metapopulation model. Both types of models are used to analyse the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation at the population level. To illustrate the interplay between models and data, the statistical section analyses data generated by the mathematical models, with emphasis on the analyses of time-series data, species distribution modelling, and metapopulation modelling.
Otso Ovaskainen, Henrik Johan de Knegt, and Maria del Mar Delgado
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198714866
- eISBN:
- 9780191783210
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714866.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
This book presents an integrative approach tomathematical and statistical modelling in ecology and evolutionary biology. After an introductory chapter, the book devotes one chapter for movement ...
More
This book presents an integrative approach tomathematical and statistical modelling in ecology and evolutionary biology. After an introductory chapter, the book devotes one chapter for movement ecology, one for population ecology, one for community ecology, and one for genetics and evolutionary ecology. Each chapter starts with a conceptual section, which provides the necessary biological background and motivates the modelling approaches. The next three sections present mathematical modelling approaches, followed by one section devoted to statistical approaches. Each chapter ends with a perspectives section, which summarizes the key messages and discusses the limitations of the approaches considered. To illustrate how the very same modelling approaches apply in different fields of ecology and evolutionary biology, the book uses movement models as a building block to construct single-species models of population dynamics, the models of which are further expanded to models of species communities and to models of evolutionary dynamics. In all chapters, the book starts by making assumptions at the level of individuals, leading to individual-based simulationmodels. To derive analytical insights and to compare the behaviours of different types of models, the book shows how the individual-based models can be simplified, e.g. to yield models formulated directly at the population level. The book has a special emphasis on the integration of models with data. To achieve this, it applies statistical methods to data generated by mathematical models, and thus asks to what extent does the data contain signals of the underlying mechanisms.Less
This book presents an integrative approach tomathematical and statistical modelling in ecology and evolutionary biology. After an introductory chapter, the book devotes one chapter for movement ecology, one for population ecology, one for community ecology, and one for genetics and evolutionary ecology. Each chapter starts with a conceptual section, which provides the necessary biological background and motivates the modelling approaches. The next three sections present mathematical modelling approaches, followed by one section devoted to statistical approaches. Each chapter ends with a perspectives section, which summarizes the key messages and discusses the limitations of the approaches considered. To illustrate how the very same modelling approaches apply in different fields of ecology and evolutionary biology, the book uses movement models as a building block to construct single-species models of population dynamics, the models of which are further expanded to models of species communities and to models of evolutionary dynamics. In all chapters, the book starts by making assumptions at the level of individuals, leading to individual-based simulationmodels. To derive analytical insights and to compare the behaviours of different types of models, the book shows how the individual-based models can be simplified, e.g. to yield models formulated directly at the population level. The book has a special emphasis on the integration of models with data. To achieve this, it applies statistical methods to data generated by mathematical models, and thus asks to what extent does the data contain signals of the underlying mechanisms.
David J. Gibson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199671465
- eISBN:
- 9780191792496
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671465.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This book provides authoritative guidance on research methodology for plant population ecology. Practical advice is provided to assist with the designing of field and greenhouse experiments and the ...
More
This book provides authoritative guidance on research methodology for plant population ecology. Practical advice is provided to assist with the designing of field and greenhouse experiments and the establishing of a research program in plant population ecology. Eight chapters cover facets and the philosophy behind experimental design (including the new Hierarchy of Hypotheses approach), experimental variables and treatments, measurement of plants and the environment, and statistics including basic parametric approaches, spatial pattern analysis, life table analysis, and modelling. Use of the R program for statistical analysis is emphasized and an Appendix provides a listing of appropriate packages. Four case studies are referred to throughout the book to illustrate the use of methodology. This edition includes new topics including generalized linear mixed models, life table response experiments, population viability analysis, and integral projection models. The molecular methods section has been brought up to date with the inclusion of descriptions and the relevance to plant population ecology of the newest approaches including SNPS, Gene expression profiling, epigenetics, and functional metagenomics.Less
This book provides authoritative guidance on research methodology for plant population ecology. Practical advice is provided to assist with the designing of field and greenhouse experiments and the establishing of a research program in plant population ecology. Eight chapters cover facets and the philosophy behind experimental design (including the new Hierarchy of Hypotheses approach), experimental variables and treatments, measurement of plants and the environment, and statistics including basic parametric approaches, spatial pattern analysis, life table analysis, and modelling. Use of the R program for statistical analysis is emphasized and an Appendix provides a listing of appropriate packages. Four case studies are referred to throughout the book to illustrate the use of methodology. This edition includes new topics including generalized linear mixed models, life table response experiments, population viability analysis, and integral projection models. The molecular methods section has been brought up to date with the inclusion of descriptions and the relevance to plant population ecology of the newest approaches including SNPS, Gene expression profiling, epigenetics, and functional metagenomics.
Michael G. Barbour
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520249554
- eISBN:
- 9780520933361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520249554.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Serotinus conifers have mature cones that remain closed and attached to the parent tree for 1 or more years after seed maturation; cones open rapidly when removed from the tree or when exposed to ...
More
Serotinus conifers have mature cones that remain closed and attached to the parent tree for 1 or more years after seed maturation; cones open rapidly when removed from the tree or when exposed to temperatures higher than those normally reached in the canopy due to sunlight and warm air. California has more than a dozen species of closed-cone conifers, all in the genera Cupressus, Pinus, and Sequoiadendron. This chapter provides a species-by-species summary of the population ecology of closed-cone pines and cypress in California. It offers suggestions for the management and protection of closed-cone conifers against fire regimes and other human activities.Less
Serotinus conifers have mature cones that remain closed and attached to the parent tree for 1 or more years after seed maturation; cones open rapidly when removed from the tree or when exposed to temperatures higher than those normally reached in the canopy due to sunlight and warm air. California has more than a dozen species of closed-cone conifers, all in the genera Cupressus, Pinus, and Sequoiadendron. This chapter provides a species-by-species summary of the population ecology of closed-cone pines and cypress in California. It offers suggestions for the management and protection of closed-cone conifers against fire regimes and other human activities.
MARC MANGEL and NICHOLAS WOLF
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520248847
- eISBN:
- 9780520933200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520248847.003.0021
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter uses a combination of models from behavioral and population ecology to address certain aspects of community dynamics. It aims to show how the synthesis of two different scientific ...
More
This chapter uses a combination of models from behavioral and population ecology to address certain aspects of community dynamics. It aims to show how the synthesis of two different scientific traditions (the literature on prey choice by predators and the literature on population dynamics) can lead to new understandings and new empirical challenges. An evolutionary understanding of feeding behavior turns out to be a good starting point for combining the traditions of prey choice by predators and population dynamics. The model provides a quantitative basis for the qualitative pattern of decline of several subpopulations of harbor seal, sea lion, and sea otter.Less
This chapter uses a combination of models from behavioral and population ecology to address certain aspects of community dynamics. It aims to show how the synthesis of two different scientific traditions (the literature on prey choice by predators and the literature on population dynamics) can lead to new understandings and new empirical challenges. An evolutionary understanding of feeding behavior turns out to be a good starting point for combining the traditions of prey choice by predators and population dynamics. The model provides a quantitative basis for the qualitative pattern of decline of several subpopulations of harbor seal, sea lion, and sea otter.
Paul M. Leonardi
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199671533
- eISBN:
- 9780191751189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671533.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
In their demonstrations that technologies and organizations are sociomaterial, or how they become sociomaterial, scholars have not reflected in any measurable depth on the concept of materiality by ...
More
In their demonstrations that technologies and organizations are sociomaterial, or how they become sociomaterial, scholars have not reflected in any measurable depth on the concept of materiality by itself. This chapter explores how materiality emerges from an organization’s interaction with its environment. The verb “emerge” is used purposefully. To say that materiality is entirely strategically crafted would be to place an undue onus on the agency of a technology’s designer or developer, an onus which the author suggests may be misplaced. Thus to say that materiality emerges is to recognize that the physical and or/digital materials that are arranged into particular forms are arranged by someone. But the selection of those materials or the ways in which people decide to arrange them may not be entirely under their control because they do so within the constraints of an organization’s formal structure. By considering the insights of organizational theories that depict organizations as actively responding to environmental stimuli and other theories which propose that organizations are largely ineffective at responding to environmental pressures and are directly acted upon by their environments, the chapter demonstrates how the micro-level interpretative flexibility of artifacts, the evolution and composition of the set of relevant social groups that contribute to the artifact’s construction, the processes by which an artifact reaches a point of stabilization and closure, and the structure of the technological frames shared by designers are influenced by macro-level organizational responses to and pressures from their environments.Less
In their demonstrations that technologies and organizations are sociomaterial, or how they become sociomaterial, scholars have not reflected in any measurable depth on the concept of materiality by itself. This chapter explores how materiality emerges from an organization’s interaction with its environment. The verb “emerge” is used purposefully. To say that materiality is entirely strategically crafted would be to place an undue onus on the agency of a technology’s designer or developer, an onus which the author suggests may be misplaced. Thus to say that materiality emerges is to recognize that the physical and or/digital materials that are arranged into particular forms are arranged by someone. But the selection of those materials or the ways in which people decide to arrange them may not be entirely under their control because they do so within the constraints of an organization’s formal structure. By considering the insights of organizational theories that depict organizations as actively responding to environmental stimuli and other theories which propose that organizations are largely ineffective at responding to environmental pressures and are directly acted upon by their environments, the chapter demonstrates how the micro-level interpretative flexibility of artifacts, the evolution and composition of the set of relevant social groups that contribute to the artifact’s construction, the processes by which an artifact reaches a point of stabilization and closure, and the structure of the technological frames shared by designers are influenced by macro-level organizational responses to and pressures from their environments.
Jeffrey D. Corbin, Carla M. D’antonio, Andrew R. Dyer, and Mark R. Stromberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252202
- eISBN:
- 9780520933972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252202.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Grassland ecosystems cover 10 percent of California's land area, and this habitat type is home to many endangered animals and plants in the state. This chapter presents a state-of-the-art synthesis ...
More
Grassland ecosystems cover 10 percent of California's land area, and this habitat type is home to many endangered animals and plants in the state. This chapter presents a state-of-the-art synthesis by scientists studying California grasslands on the status of our knowledge of the history, ecology, and management of grasslands. It begins with an overview that presents the nomenclature, systematics, and classifications of the important plant species and communities, and also discusses the role of climatic and soil conditions in the distribution of grasslands, including population and community ecology. The book concludes with management and conservation efforts, and the use of restoration science to combat exotic species and restore native biodiversity.Less
Grassland ecosystems cover 10 percent of California's land area, and this habitat type is home to many endangered animals and plants in the state. This chapter presents a state-of-the-art synthesis by scientists studying California grasslands on the status of our knowledge of the history, ecology, and management of grasslands. It begins with an overview that presents the nomenclature, systematics, and classifications of the important plant species and communities, and also discusses the role of climatic and soil conditions in the distribution of grasslands, including population and community ecology. The book concludes with management and conservation efforts, and the use of restoration science to combat exotic species and restore native biodiversity.
John H. Rappole
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231146784
- eISBN:
- 9780231518635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231146784.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter summarizes the book's main points concerning the ecology, life history, and evolution of migratory birds. It first considers migration as a behavior used to exploit geographically ...
More
This chapter summarizes the book's main points concerning the ecology, life history, and evolution of migratory birds. It first considers migration as a behavior used to exploit geographically separate environments that differ seasonally in their value for survival and reproduction. It then discusses the avian migrant's breeding period, postbreeding period, fall transient period, wintering period, and spring transient period. It also reviews the avian migrant's population ecology, evolution and biogeography, and its role in the movement and spread of pathogens such as West Nile virus (WNV) and avian influenza, along with the relevance of avian migrant “connectivity” to conservation. Finally, it reflects on the issue of migrant origins and migration as a life history strategy.Less
This chapter summarizes the book's main points concerning the ecology, life history, and evolution of migratory birds. It first considers migration as a behavior used to exploit geographically separate environments that differ seasonally in their value for survival and reproduction. It then discusses the avian migrant's breeding period, postbreeding period, fall transient period, wintering period, and spring transient period. It also reviews the avian migrant's population ecology, evolution and biogeography, and its role in the movement and spread of pathogens such as West Nile virus (WNV) and avian influenza, along with the relevance of avian migrant “connectivity” to conservation. Finally, it reflects on the issue of migrant origins and migration as a life history strategy.
Dana M. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526105547
- eISBN:
- 9781526132215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526105547.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
The global anarchist movement, while an international phenomenon, is not even distributed through the world. This chapter adopts a meso-structural approach to analyze the variety and distribution of ...
More
The global anarchist movement, while an international phenomenon, is not even distributed through the world. This chapter adopts a meso-structural approach to analyze the variety and distribution of anarchist organizational forms throughout the world. I utilize the Anarchist Yellow Pages (AYP), an international directory of anarchist groupings, which listed over two thousand organizations in 2005. This chapter explores the types of these anarchist organizations and their geographic clustering throughout the world, with special emphasis on 21 countries that had at least 20 such organizations. The concentrations of anarchist organizations found in the AYP suggest that the movement tends to be strongly European-centered. North Americans are disproportionately involved in various media organizations; Spain, France, and Sweden have strong syndicalist tendencies; Italy and Germany tend to have a high percentage of physical spaces like social centers and info shops. Finally, the presence of rights and “democracy” in different countries may, in part, explain where the global anarchist movement is concentrated.Less
The global anarchist movement, while an international phenomenon, is not even distributed through the world. This chapter adopts a meso-structural approach to analyze the variety and distribution of anarchist organizational forms throughout the world. I utilize the Anarchist Yellow Pages (AYP), an international directory of anarchist groupings, which listed over two thousand organizations in 2005. This chapter explores the types of these anarchist organizations and their geographic clustering throughout the world, with special emphasis on 21 countries that had at least 20 such organizations. The concentrations of anarchist organizations found in the AYP suggest that the movement tends to be strongly European-centered. North Americans are disproportionately involved in various media organizations; Spain, France, and Sweden have strong syndicalist tendencies; Italy and Germany tend to have a high percentage of physical spaces like social centers and info shops. Finally, the presence of rights and “democracy” in different countries may, in part, explain where the global anarchist movement is concentrated.
