Jeremy Seekings
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732166
- eISBN:
- 9780199866144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732166.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In multiracial or otherwise multicultural societies, people may discriminate in the allocation of scarce resources against members of particular racial or cultural groups. This chapter examines how ...
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In multiracial or otherwise multicultural societies, people may discriminate in the allocation of scarce resources against members of particular racial or cultural groups. This chapter examines how people in postapartheid South Africa assess the desert of others in terms of access to social assistance from the state and employment opportunities. It uses attitudinal survey data from Cape Town — a city characterized by both inequality and cultural diversity — to examine who is viewed as deserving and undeserving of public assistance. In particular, it explores whether perceptions of desert reflect racial discrimination. It is shown that there are clear perceptions of what kinds of poor people are considered deserving of public assistance and who is considered undeserving, that these perceptions are shared widely across the population, and that explicit racial consideration makes little or no differences to these perceptions. These patterns contrast with those in some other areas of public life — including, notably, employment decisions — where racial differences are evident. One lesson from the chapter is that there are some areas of public policy that are likely to be relatively amenable to building cross-racial support for interracial redistribution.Less
In multiracial or otherwise multicultural societies, people may discriminate in the allocation of scarce resources against members of particular racial or cultural groups. This chapter examines how people in postapartheid South Africa assess the desert of others in terms of access to social assistance from the state and employment opportunities. It uses attitudinal survey data from Cape Town — a city characterized by both inequality and cultural diversity — to examine who is viewed as deserving and undeserving of public assistance. In particular, it explores whether perceptions of desert reflect racial discrimination. It is shown that there are clear perceptions of what kinds of poor people are considered deserving of public assistance and who is considered undeserving, that these perceptions are shared widely across the population, and that explicit racial consideration makes little or no differences to these perceptions. These patterns contrast with those in some other areas of public life — including, notably, employment decisions — where racial differences are evident. One lesson from the chapter is that there are some areas of public policy that are likely to be relatively amenable to building cross-racial support for interracial redistribution.
Ida Susser
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195367317
- eISBN:
- 9780199951192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367317.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some concluding thoughts. Poor working-class people in Greenpoint–Williamsburg were engaged in constant conflict with the New York City ...
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This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some concluding thoughts. Poor working-class people in Greenpoint–Williamsburg were engaged in constant conflict with the New York City administration and the state and federal agencies which affected their environment and subsistence. When protest surfaced, it was a manifestation of anger and frustration built up in relation to poor employment conditions, government agencies that caused delay and humiliation, absentee landlords, and inadequate city services. The forms protest took and the demands for city services reflected the dependent position to which the workers of Greenpoint–Williamsburg had been reduced. The racial divisions within poor people's movements were clearly related to real estate trends precipitated by the same regional developments which had led to high levels of unemployment and a rising need for public assistance among black, white, and Hispanic workers.Less
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some concluding thoughts. Poor working-class people in Greenpoint–Williamsburg were engaged in constant conflict with the New York City administration and the state and federal agencies which affected their environment and subsistence. When protest surfaced, it was a manifestation of anger and frustration built up in relation to poor employment conditions, government agencies that caused delay and humiliation, absentee landlords, and inadequate city services. The forms protest took and the demands for city services reflected the dependent position to which the workers of Greenpoint–Williamsburg had been reduced. The racial divisions within poor people's movements were clearly related to real estate trends precipitated by the same regional developments which had led to high levels of unemployment and a rising need for public assistance among black, white, and Hispanic workers.
Gordon K. Mantler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807838518
- eISBN:
- 9781469608075
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9781469608068_Mantler
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
The Poor People's Campaign of 1968 has long been overshadowed by the assassination of its architect, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and the political turmoil of that year. This major reinterpretation of ...
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The Poor People's Campaign of 1968 has long been overshadowed by the assassination of its architect, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and the political turmoil of that year. This major reinterpretation of civil rights and Chicano movement history demonstrates how King's unfinished crusade became the era's most high-profile attempt at multiracial collaboration and sheds light on the interdependent relationship between racial identity and political coalition among African Americans and Mexican Americans. It argues that while the fight against poverty held great potential for black-brown cooperation, such efforts also exposed the complex dynamics between the nation's two largest minority groups. Drawing on oral histories, archives, periodicals, and FBI surveillance files, the author paints a rich portrait of the campaign and the larger antipoverty work from which it emerged, including the labor activism of Cesar Chavez, opposition of Black and Chicano Power to state violence in Chicago and Denver, and advocacy for Mexican American land-grant rights in New Mexico. Ultimately, he challenges readers to rethink the multiracial history of the long civil rights movement and the difficulty of sustaining political coalitions.Less
The Poor People's Campaign of 1968 has long been overshadowed by the assassination of its architect, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and the political turmoil of that year. This major reinterpretation of civil rights and Chicano movement history demonstrates how King's unfinished crusade became the era's most high-profile attempt at multiracial collaboration and sheds light on the interdependent relationship between racial identity and political coalition among African Americans and Mexican Americans. It argues that while the fight against poverty held great potential for black-brown cooperation, such efforts also exposed the complex dynamics between the nation's two largest minority groups. Drawing on oral histories, archives, periodicals, and FBI surveillance files, the author paints a rich portrait of the campaign and the larger antipoverty work from which it emerged, including the labor activism of Cesar Chavez, opposition of Black and Chicano Power to state violence in Chicago and Denver, and advocacy for Mexican American land-grant rights in New Mexico. Ultimately, he challenges readers to rethink the multiracial history of the long civil rights movement and the difficulty of sustaining political coalitions.
Madhavi Sunder
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342109
- eISBN:
- 9780199866823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342109.003.0019
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Since 1990, the United Nations has understood development in the broad terms of expanding human capabilities, thanks in part to Amartya Sen. Sen's vision of “development as freedom” is pluralist, ...
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Since 1990, the United Nations has understood development in the broad terms of expanding human capabilities, thanks in part to Amartya Sen. Sen's vision of “development as freedom” is pluralist, measuring development on the capacity for many freedoms. These freedoms range from basic needs, such as the right to life and health, to more expansive freedoms of movement, creative work, and participation in social, economic, and cultural institutions. Intellectual property (IP) law is essential to all of these freedoms and regulates our capacity to participate in cultural and scientific creation. A broader understanding of IP and development as freedom recognizes the importance of participating in the process of knowledge creation. The poor must be recognized as both receivers and producers of knowledge. In the Knowledge Age, wealth lies not simply in access to other people's knowledge, but also in the ability to produce new knowledge and to benefit from this creation, culturally and economically.Less
Since 1990, the United Nations has understood development in the broad terms of expanding human capabilities, thanks in part to Amartya Sen. Sen's vision of “development as freedom” is pluralist, measuring development on the capacity for many freedoms. These freedoms range from basic needs, such as the right to life and health, to more expansive freedoms of movement, creative work, and participation in social, economic, and cultural institutions. Intellectual property (IP) law is essential to all of these freedoms and regulates our capacity to participate in cultural and scientific creation. A broader understanding of IP and development as freedom recognizes the importance of participating in the process of knowledge creation. The poor must be recognized as both receivers and producers of knowledge. In the Knowledge Age, wealth lies not simply in access to other people's knowledge, but also in the ability to produce new knowledge and to benefit from this creation, culturally and economically.
Vincent D. Rougeau
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195188097
- eISBN:
- 9780199852109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188097.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter describes how a materialistic vision of society and the lack of a sense of common purpose in American life have made it extremely difficult for law and public policy to confront poverty ...
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This chapter describes how a materialistic vision of society and the lack of a sense of common purpose in American life have made it extremely difficult for law and public policy to confront poverty in the United States in a way that takes seriously the full humanity of poor people. After explaining how current reforms of economic assistance for those who are impoverished fail to take key cultural problems into account, it argues that the creators of welfare reform had an impoverished sense of the fundamental needs of poor people.Less
This chapter describes how a materialistic vision of society and the lack of a sense of common purpose in American life have made it extremely difficult for law and public policy to confront poverty in the United States in a way that takes seriously the full humanity of poor people. After explaining how current reforms of economic assistance for those who are impoverished fail to take key cultural problems into account, it argues that the creators of welfare reform had an impoverished sense of the fundamental needs of poor people.
Sonia Bhalotra
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264911
- eISBN:
- 9780191754098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264911.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The responsibility for child labour is often cast as resting with (exploitative) employers. This creates a demand for legislation that bars employers from employing children. However, a careful look ...
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The responsibility for child labour is often cast as resting with (exploitative) employers. This creates a demand for legislation that bars employers from employing children. However, a careful look at household survey data suggests that the majority of employers are parents and, when not, parents have volunteered the child for work. This chapter focuses on the majority case of children working to help the family survive. It briefly discusses the role of legislation in curbing child labour, while arguing that it is not a substitute for efforts directed at creating income-generating opportunities amongst the poor and improving their access to education. Even when legislation is effective in lowering the incidence of child labour, it remains relevant to consider where children removed from the labour market go, which is why so much of the emphasis in the contemporary development literature is on education.Less
The responsibility for child labour is often cast as resting with (exploitative) employers. This creates a demand for legislation that bars employers from employing children. However, a careful look at household survey data suggests that the majority of employers are parents and, when not, parents have volunteered the child for work. This chapter focuses on the majority case of children working to help the family survive. It briefly discusses the role of legislation in curbing child labour, while arguing that it is not a substitute for efforts directed at creating income-generating opportunities amongst the poor and improving their access to education. Even when legislation is effective in lowering the incidence of child labour, it remains relevant to consider where children removed from the labour market go, which is why so much of the emphasis in the contemporary development literature is on education.
Michael D. Minta
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149257
- eISBN:
- 9781400840342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149257.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines the advocacy efforts of members of Congress for policies designed to help poor people. It investigates whether the differences that exist between black, Latino, and white ...
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This chapter examines the advocacy efforts of members of Congress for policies designed to help poor people. It investigates whether the differences that exist between black, Latino, and white legislators in racial and ethnic hearings also occur in social welfare hearings. It examine legislators' interventions in committee deliberations during part of the Clinton era (1993–1997) and the first term of the George W. Bush presidency (2001–2003). It focuses on how actively legislators engaged in the deliberations in terms of questioning witnesses and interacting with fellow members of Congress. It also examines other legislative interventions, such as testifying at hearings in favor of social welfare policies that benefit the poor and requesting hearings designed to help poor people, who are disproportionately minorities.Less
This chapter examines the advocacy efforts of members of Congress for policies designed to help poor people. It investigates whether the differences that exist between black, Latino, and white legislators in racial and ethnic hearings also occur in social welfare hearings. It examine legislators' interventions in committee deliberations during part of the Clinton era (1993–1997) and the first term of the George W. Bush presidency (2001–2003). It focuses on how actively legislators engaged in the deliberations in terms of questioning witnesses and interacting with fellow members of Congress. It also examines other legislative interventions, such as testifying at hearings in favor of social welfare policies that benefit the poor and requesting hearings designed to help poor people, who are disproportionately minorities.
G. A. Cohen
Michael Otsuka (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148700
- eISBN:
- 9781400838660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148700.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter explains a disagreement that Cohen had with his teacher and friend, Isaiah Berlin, about freedom and, more particularly, about the relationship between freedom and money. Contrary to the ...
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This chapter explains a disagreement that Cohen had with his teacher and friend, Isaiah Berlin, about freedom and, more particularly, about the relationship between freedom and money. Contrary to the very influential things that Isaiah wrote, Cohen argues that lack of money, poverty, carries with it lack of freedom. He regards this as an overwhelmingly obvious truth, one that is worth defending only because it has been so influentially denied. While lack of money, poverty, is not the only circumstance that restricts a person's freedom, it is one of them, and one of the most important of them. To put the point more precisely—there are lots of things that, because they are poor, poor people are not free to do, things that nonpoor people are, by contrast, indeed free to do.Less
This chapter explains a disagreement that Cohen had with his teacher and friend, Isaiah Berlin, about freedom and, more particularly, about the relationship between freedom and money. Contrary to the very influential things that Isaiah wrote, Cohen argues that lack of money, poverty, carries with it lack of freedom. He regards this as an overwhelmingly obvious truth, one that is worth defending only because it has been so influentially denied. While lack of money, poverty, is not the only circumstance that restricts a person's freedom, it is one of them, and one of the most important of them. To put the point more precisely—there are lots of things that, because they are poor, poor people are not free to do, things that nonpoor people are, by contrast, indeed free to do.
Mathias Risse
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142692
- eISBN:
- 9781400845507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142692.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines several arguments that find fault with the way we live now, the system of states. It considers four strategies one may deploy to identify faults of the state system and to use ...
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This chapter examines several arguments that find fault with the way we live now, the system of states. It considers four strategies one may deploy to identify faults of the state system and to use the identified moral failings to reach the conclusion that there ought to be no system of states, and thus no global order. The chapter first describes the contingent nature of states before discussing the argument that what is morally problematic about the state system is the very existence of borders. It then analyzes the concern that the existence of borders is inconsistent with the value of freedom, liberal justice, or democracy. It also investigates the claim that the state system wrongfully harms the poor because developing countries would be much better off today had it not been for the emergence of a state system with its ensuing colonial ambitions.Less
This chapter examines several arguments that find fault with the way we live now, the system of states. It considers four strategies one may deploy to identify faults of the state system and to use the identified moral failings to reach the conclusion that there ought to be no system of states, and thus no global order. The chapter first describes the contingent nature of states before discussing the argument that what is morally problematic about the state system is the very existence of borders. It then analyzes the concern that the existence of borders is inconsistent with the value of freedom, liberal justice, or democracy. It also investigates the claim that the state system wrongfully harms the poor because developing countries would be much better off today had it not been for the emergence of a state system with its ensuing colonial ambitions.
Gordon K. Mantler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807838518
- eISBN:
- 9781469608075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9780807838518.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter focuses on the time when Martin Luther King, Jr. formally announced SCLC's much-anticipated program of mass civil disobedience for the upcoming election year. The Poor People's Campaign ...
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This chapter focuses on the time when Martin Luther King, Jr. formally announced SCLC's much-anticipated program of mass civil disobedience for the upcoming election year. The Poor People's Campaign aimed to dramatize poverty in the United States, by leading “waves of the nation's poor and disinherited to Washington, D.C. . . . to secure at least jobs or income for all,” King stated. During the following spring, he continued, “we will be petitioning our government for specific reforms and we intend to build militant nonviolent actions until that government moves against poverty.” At the heart of the plan was King's notion of “militant nonviolence,” illustrated through a series of planned marches, rallies, demonstrations, and sit-ins designed to tie up federal agencies and Congress—all emanating from a central, semipermanent campout of poor people on the Washington Mall.Less
This chapter focuses on the time when Martin Luther King, Jr. formally announced SCLC's much-anticipated program of mass civil disobedience for the upcoming election year. The Poor People's Campaign aimed to dramatize poverty in the United States, by leading “waves of the nation's poor and disinherited to Washington, D.C. . . . to secure at least jobs or income for all,” King stated. During the following spring, he continued, “we will be petitioning our government for specific reforms and we intend to build militant nonviolent actions until that government moves against poverty.” At the heart of the plan was King's notion of “militant nonviolence,” illustrated through a series of planned marches, rallies, demonstrations, and sit-ins designed to tie up federal agencies and Congress—all emanating from a central, semipermanent campout of poor people on the Washington Mall.
William A Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550692
- eISBN:
- 9780191720413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550692.003.21
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Social marketing designs products or services to meet the special needs of poor people. This chapter focuses on this unique contribution of social marketing, developed out of the necessity to ...
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Social marketing designs products or services to meet the special needs of poor people. This chapter focuses on this unique contribution of social marketing, developed out of the necessity to compensate for dysfunctional public systems. It offers lessons about social marketing to low-income rural populations; uses examples from developing countries to show that social marketing can work when targeting poorer communities; and provides valuable lessons that social marketers can learn and apply in their own local interventions.Less
Social marketing designs products or services to meet the special needs of poor people. This chapter focuses on this unique contribution of social marketing, developed out of the necessity to compensate for dysfunctional public systems. It offers lessons about social marketing to low-income rural populations; uses examples from developing countries to show that social marketing can work when targeting poorer communities; and provides valuable lessons that social marketers can learn and apply in their own local interventions.
John Henderson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300196344
- eISBN:
- 9780300249286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300196344.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter emphasises the importance of taking seriously seventeenth-century medical theory, and its understanding of the environmental factors associated with plague. The increasing belief in the ...
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This chapter emphasises the importance of taking seriously seventeenth-century medical theory, and its understanding of the environmental factors associated with plague. The increasing belief in the link between environment and disease led to closer attention by government and medical staff to the living conditions of the poor. In Florence, as in some other Italian cities at the time, the public health authorities instituted a detailed house-by-house survey of the living conditions of the poor. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the survey, and in the process reveals the crowded and insanitary living conditions of the poorer members of society. It stresses that measures taken to address these problems are not just evidence of insanitary conditions, but are also part of a long tradition of proactive sanitary legislation which sought to cleanse houses and streets of the filth seen as causing disease. More broadly, the chapter seeks to understand these measures in relation to attitudes towards the poorer members of society, as reflected in contemporary medical and government rhetoric, which even sought to blame the poor for the worsening epidemic through their poor diet, lifestyle, and behaviour.Less
This chapter emphasises the importance of taking seriously seventeenth-century medical theory, and its understanding of the environmental factors associated with plague. The increasing belief in the link between environment and disease led to closer attention by government and medical staff to the living conditions of the poor. In Florence, as in some other Italian cities at the time, the public health authorities instituted a detailed house-by-house survey of the living conditions of the poor. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the survey, and in the process reveals the crowded and insanitary living conditions of the poorer members of society. It stresses that measures taken to address these problems are not just evidence of insanitary conditions, but are also part of a long tradition of proactive sanitary legislation which sought to cleanse houses and streets of the filth seen as causing disease. More broadly, the chapter seeks to understand these measures in relation to attitudes towards the poorer members of society, as reflected in contemporary medical and government rhetoric, which even sought to blame the poor for the worsening epidemic through their poor diet, lifestyle, and behaviour.
Susan Stokes
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520086173
- eISBN:
- 9780520916234
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520086173.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This ethnography set in contemporary Peru provides an analysis of the making and unmaking of class consciousness among the urban poor. The author's research strategy is multifaceted; through ...
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This ethnography set in contemporary Peru provides an analysis of the making and unmaking of class consciousness among the urban poor. The author's research strategy is multifaceted; through interviews, participant observation, and survey research she digs deeply into the popular culture of the social activists and shantytown residents she studies. The result is a penetrating look at how social movements evolve, how poor people construct independent political cultures, and how the ideological domination of oppressed classes can shatter. This work is a new chapter in the growing literature on the formation of social movements, chronicling the transformation of Peru's poor from a culture of deference and clientelism in the late 1960s to a population mobilized for radical political action today.Less
This ethnography set in contemporary Peru provides an analysis of the making and unmaking of class consciousness among the urban poor. The author's research strategy is multifaceted; through interviews, participant observation, and survey research she digs deeply into the popular culture of the social activists and shantytown residents she studies. The result is a penetrating look at how social movements evolve, how poor people construct independent political cultures, and how the ideological domination of oppressed classes can shatter. This work is a new chapter in the growing literature on the formation of social movements, chronicling the transformation of Peru's poor from a culture of deference and clientelism in the late 1960s to a population mobilized for radical political action today.
David Miguel Molina and P. J. Blount
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813066202
- eISBN:
- 9780813065205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813066202.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
In chapter 3, Molina and Blount offer a contextualization of NASA’s interlocutory role throughout the long civil rights movement by mobilizing these three themes to analyze a series of archival and ...
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In chapter 3, Molina and Blount offer a contextualization of NASA’s interlocutory role throughout the long civil rights movement by mobilizing these three themes to analyze a series of archival and cultural artifacts. The authors first analyze the rhetoric deployed by the Poor People Campaign’s various mobilizations to show that the American space program was viewed with deep skepticism by the African American community and particularly within the context of ongoing struggles for black freedom. Second, they discuss the “distance” between the tropes of spatial disenfranchisement represented in the civil rights movement and the Moon missions to show how space exploration was portrayed as an acceleration of the marginalization of black spaces.Less
In chapter 3, Molina and Blount offer a contextualization of NASA’s interlocutory role throughout the long civil rights movement by mobilizing these three themes to analyze a series of archival and cultural artifacts. The authors first analyze the rhetoric deployed by the Poor People Campaign’s various mobilizations to show that the American space program was viewed with deep skepticism by the African American community and particularly within the context of ongoing struggles for black freedom. Second, they discuss the “distance” between the tropes of spatial disenfranchisement represented in the civil rights movement and the Moon missions to show how space exploration was portrayed as an acceleration of the marginalization of black spaces.
Bridget Hill
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206217
- eISBN:
- 9780191677021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206217.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
This chapter examines the employment of paupers as domestic servants in England during the 18th century. Pauper servants were usually those placed out by the parish authorities all too anxious to be ...
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This chapter examines the employment of paupers as domestic servants in England during the 18th century. Pauper servants were usually those placed out by the parish authorities all too anxious to be rid of the responsibility for their maintenance. These types of servants provided a cheap source of labour for those with small incomes because they were paid very little. During this period, most parishes offered servant training in order to provide employment for the poor.Less
This chapter examines the employment of paupers as domestic servants in England during the 18th century. Pauper servants were usually those placed out by the parish authorities all too anxious to be rid of the responsibility for their maintenance. These types of servants provided a cheap source of labour for those with small incomes because they were paid very little. During this period, most parishes offered servant training in order to provide employment for the poor.
Mathias Risse
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142692
- eISBN:
- 9781400845507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142692.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines from a secular standpoint the notion that the earth belongs to humankind collectively by offering a view on the ownership status of the earth that it calls Common Ownership. It ...
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This chapter examines from a secular standpoint the notion that the earth belongs to humankind collectively by offering a view on the ownership status of the earth that it calls Common Ownership. It first considers collective ownership of the earth and some of its conceptions, especially Common Ownership, before describing what work Common Ownership does in an engagement with libertarianism. It then defends Common Ownership against objections in terms of the value of the environment and discusses two alternative conceptions of collective ownership. It relates the results to global justice and shows how Common Ownership enters into debates in the philosophical literature. Finally, it explores one version of left-libertarianism and one of Thomas Pogge's arguments for the claim that the global order harms the poor.Less
This chapter examines from a secular standpoint the notion that the earth belongs to humankind collectively by offering a view on the ownership status of the earth that it calls Common Ownership. It first considers collective ownership of the earth and some of its conceptions, especially Common Ownership, before describing what work Common Ownership does in an engagement with libertarianism. It then defends Common Ownership against objections in terms of the value of the environment and discusses two alternative conceptions of collective ownership. It relates the results to global justice and shows how Common Ownership enters into debates in the philosophical literature. Finally, it explores one version of left-libertarianism and one of Thomas Pogge's arguments for the claim that the global order harms the poor.
Sarah Dayens
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076213
- eISBN:
- 9781781702116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076213.003.0012
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
The message contained in reggae music is above all a message of denunciation: the point is to show what is really happening, based on the fundamental distinction made by Rastafari between Good and ...
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The message contained in reggae music is above all a message of denunciation: the point is to show what is really happening, based on the fundamental distinction made by Rastafari between Good and Evil, between Zion and Babylon. Within a world viewed as a permanent struggle, reggae music develops a social critique and a denunciation of oppression. Reggae is therefore a music of resistance, based on a rhetoric of oppression that defines the terms which govern a worldview, and is rooted in the daily reality of the lives of poor people in Jamaica. Reggae music argues that poverty is neither a shameful condition nor in the order of things, but rather is only the consequence of the corruption of an elite that maintains a society based on exploitation, which therefore could be changed. Rastafari can be considered as a strong critique of consumer society and, more generally, capitalism. The rhetoric of oppression developed by reggae music articulates a fundamental opposition between the oppressors and the oppressed (based on the essential distinction of Babylon/Evil and Zion/Good), and the notion of hope.Less
The message contained in reggae music is above all a message of denunciation: the point is to show what is really happening, based on the fundamental distinction made by Rastafari between Good and Evil, between Zion and Babylon. Within a world viewed as a permanent struggle, reggae music develops a social critique and a denunciation of oppression. Reggae is therefore a music of resistance, based on a rhetoric of oppression that defines the terms which govern a worldview, and is rooted in the daily reality of the lives of poor people in Jamaica. Reggae music argues that poverty is neither a shameful condition nor in the order of things, but rather is only the consequence of the corruption of an elite that maintains a society based on exploitation, which therefore could be changed. Rastafari can be considered as a strong critique of consumer society and, more generally, capitalism. The rhetoric of oppression developed by reggae music articulates a fundamental opposition between the oppressors and the oppressed (based on the essential distinction of Babylon/Evil and Zion/Good), and the notion of hope.
Todd May
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748639823
- eISBN:
- 9780748671724
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748639823.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter explains the current status of democratic politics. Liberals reject utopia, seeing in it a dangerous illusion. Leftists embrace utopia, seeing in it a sign of hope. The distinction ...
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This chapter explains the current status of democratic politics. Liberals reject utopia, seeing in it a dangerous illusion. Leftists embrace utopia, seeing in it a sign of hope. The distinction between reform and revolution has played an important role in the left's view of itself. Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward's approach to poor people's movements claims that they arise during periods of massive dislocation. They have provided significant conditions for a poor people's movement, but have neglected the spark of the movement itself, the conditions under which one moves from a situation ready for struggle to a movement. The difference and similarity of withdrawal and identity politics is covered. Jacques Rancière has pointed to the rarity of democratic politics, and Piven and Cloward are sober about the emergence of poor people's movements. Rancière has given a framework from within which to think about a democratic politics.Less
This chapter explains the current status of democratic politics. Liberals reject utopia, seeing in it a dangerous illusion. Leftists embrace utopia, seeing in it a sign of hope. The distinction between reform and revolution has played an important role in the left's view of itself. Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward's approach to poor people's movements claims that they arise during periods of massive dislocation. They have provided significant conditions for a poor people's movement, but have neglected the spark of the movement itself, the conditions under which one moves from a situation ready for struggle to a movement. The difference and similarity of withdrawal and identity politics is covered. Jacques Rancière has pointed to the rarity of democratic politics, and Piven and Cloward are sober about the emergence of poor people's movements. Rancière has given a framework from within which to think about a democratic politics.
Carol Graham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691169460
- eISBN:
- 9781400884971
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691169460.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The Declaration of Independence states that all people are endowed with certain unalienable rights, and that among these is the pursuit of happiness. But is happiness available equally to everyone in ...
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The Declaration of Independence states that all people are endowed with certain unalienable rights, and that among these is the pursuit of happiness. But is happiness available equally to everyone in America today? How about elsewhere in the world? This book draws on cutting-edge research linking income inequality with well-being to show how the widening prosperity gap has led to rising inequality in people's beliefs, hopes, and aspirations. For the United States and other developed countries, the high costs of being poor are most evident not in material deprivation but rather in stress, insecurity, and lack of hope. The result is an optimism gap between rich and poor that, if left unchecked, could lead to an increasingly divided society. The book reveals how people who do not believe in their own futures are unlikely to invest in them, and how the consequences can range from job instability and poor education to greater mortality rates, failed marriages, and higher rates of incarceration. The book explains why the least optimistic people in America are poor whites, not poor blacks or Hispanics. This book highlights the importance of well-being measures in identifying and monitoring trends in life satisfaction and optimism—and misery and despair—and demonstrates how hope and happiness can lead to improved economic outcomes.Less
The Declaration of Independence states that all people are endowed with certain unalienable rights, and that among these is the pursuit of happiness. But is happiness available equally to everyone in America today? How about elsewhere in the world? This book draws on cutting-edge research linking income inequality with well-being to show how the widening prosperity gap has led to rising inequality in people's beliefs, hopes, and aspirations. For the United States and other developed countries, the high costs of being poor are most evident not in material deprivation but rather in stress, insecurity, and lack of hope. The result is an optimism gap between rich and poor that, if left unchecked, could lead to an increasingly divided society. The book reveals how people who do not believe in their own futures are unlikely to invest in them, and how the consequences can range from job instability and poor education to greater mortality rates, failed marriages, and higher rates of incarceration. The book explains why the least optimistic people in America are poor whites, not poor blacks or Hispanics. This book highlights the importance of well-being measures in identifying and monitoring trends in life satisfaction and optimism—and misery and despair—and demonstrates how hope and happiness can lead to improved economic outcomes.
S. R. Osmani
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198283966
- eISBN:
- 9780191684470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198283966.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the relation between nutrition and poverty. Nutrition and poverty are two very closely related themes because many ...
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This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the relation between nutrition and poverty. Nutrition and poverty are two very closely related themes because many elementary aspects of being poor, such as hunger and inadequate health care, tend to impair a person's nutritional status. The study of nutrition can illuminate the study of poverty in two related ways. The first has to do with the process of poverty, and the second with the assessment of the extent of its prevalence.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the relation between nutrition and poverty. Nutrition and poverty are two very closely related themes because many elementary aspects of being poor, such as hunger and inadequate health care, tend to impair a person's nutritional status. The study of nutrition can illuminate the study of poverty in two related ways. The first has to do with the process of poverty, and the second with the assessment of the extent of its prevalence.