Mark J. Joe
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199205301
- eISBN:
- 9780191695612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205301.003.0018
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Business History
The political problem of backlash is analogous to the economic problem of producing from a common pool. When a society has an asset that it uses in common, overusing it can destroy its value, and ...
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The political problem of backlash is analogous to the economic problem of producing from a common pool. When a society has an asset that it uses in common, overusing it can destroy its value, and private economic incentives militate toward overusing a commonly-owned asset. To keep claims on the polity from overly destabilizing production, political deals that work, like economic common pool deals that work, may not be pretty and may not be efficient when compared to the ideal. These problems are best illustrates by the destructive drilling in the East Texas oil fields in the 1930s.Less
The political problem of backlash is analogous to the economic problem of producing from a common pool. When a society has an asset that it uses in common, overusing it can destroy its value, and private economic incentives militate toward overusing a commonly-owned asset. To keep claims on the polity from overly destabilizing production, political deals that work, like economic common pool deals that work, may not be pretty and may not be efficient when compared to the ideal. These problems are best illustrates by the destructive drilling in the East Texas oil fields in the 1930s.
Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Yongcheol Shin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199296859
- eISBN:
- 9780191603853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199296855.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter provides an introduction to the interpretation and estimation of probability forecasts, which is considered to be a particularly useful method for presenting forecasts and ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to the interpretation and estimation of probability forecasts, which is considered to be a particularly useful method for presenting forecasts and decision-making. It shows how probability forecasts can accommodate stochastic uncertainty, parameter uncertainty, and model uncertainty. Practical guidance on their computation is provided.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the interpretation and estimation of probability forecasts, which is considered to be a particularly useful method for presenting forecasts and decision-making. It shows how probability forecasts can accommodate stochastic uncertainty, parameter uncertainty, and model uncertainty. Practical guidance on their computation is provided.
Berthold Rittberger
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199273423
- eISBN:
- 9780191602764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273421.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Develops a three-staged theory to explain why national governments have created and successively empowered the European Parliament. In a first step, it is argued that attempts by national governments ...
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Develops a three-staged theory to explain why national governments have created and successively empowered the European Parliament. In a first step, it is argued that attempts by national governments to transfer sovereignty to the EU-level in order to improve the problem-solving capacity of their domestic polities threaten to undermine domestic channels of interest representation and accountability. These challenges are commonly perceived by political elites in the member states as a ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’. In a second step, it is argued that the proposals political elites in different member states advance to alleviate the ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’ vary across and even within member states. In the final step, the chapter inquires how the different concerns about the ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’ affect the interaction among national governments during Treaty amending intergovernmental conferences. For each stage in the development of the theory, the chapter develops a set of hypotheses and observable implications. The hypotheses are subjected to empirical scrutiny in the ensuing chapters.Less
Develops a three-staged theory to explain why national governments have created and successively empowered the European Parliament. In a first step, it is argued that attempts by national governments to transfer sovereignty to the EU-level in order to improve the problem-solving capacity of their domestic polities threaten to undermine domestic channels of interest representation and accountability. These challenges are commonly perceived by political elites in the member states as a ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’. In a second step, it is argued that the proposals political elites in different member states advance to alleviate the ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’ vary across and even within member states. In the final step, the chapter inquires how the different concerns about the ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’ affect the interaction among national governments during Treaty amending intergovernmental conferences. For each stage in the development of the theory, the chapter develops a set of hypotheses and observable implications. The hypotheses are subjected to empirical scrutiny in the ensuing chapters.
Robert E. Goodin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199547944
- eISBN:
- 9780191720116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547944.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
In its recent ‘deliberative’ turn, democratic theory has forgotten a conventional wisdom, once widely appreciated, that there is much in politics that is better not discussed. This chapter catalogues ...
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In its recent ‘deliberative’ turn, democratic theory has forgotten a conventional wisdom, once widely appreciated, that there is much in politics that is better not discussed. This chapter catalogues what topics might be deemed ‘politically undiscussable’, and why, as a first step toward showing how and to what extent talking about such matters might help or hinder their resolution. One important way discussion helps is by information-pooling helping to establish the truth of the matter. Even where that is not a viable aspiration, discussion might nonetheless serve a ‘premise-revealing’ function, showing one another that we are reasonable agents and in that way helping to desensitize contentious issues.Less
In its recent ‘deliberative’ turn, democratic theory has forgotten a conventional wisdom, once widely appreciated, that there is much in politics that is better not discussed. This chapter catalogues what topics might be deemed ‘politically undiscussable’, and why, as a first step toward showing how and to what extent talking about such matters might help or hinder their resolution. One important way discussion helps is by information-pooling helping to establish the truth of the matter. Even where that is not a viable aspiration, discussion might nonetheless serve a ‘premise-revealing’ function, showing one another that we are reasonable agents and in that way helping to desensitize contentious issues.
Robert E. Goodin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199547944
- eISBN:
- 9780191720116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547944.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
Insofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other ...
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Insofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other equally good ways of pooling information? This chapter develops a contrast between two ways of pooling information: mechanically (through vote counting) and discursively (through talking together). It goes on to canvass five ways in which pooling information discursively might capture information that would have been lost had the information-pooling been done by more purely mechanical means.Less
Insofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other equally good ways of pooling information? This chapter develops a contrast between two ways of pooling information: mechanically (through vote counting) and discursively (through talking together). It goes on to canvass five ways in which pooling information discursively might capture information that would have been lost had the information-pooling been done by more purely mechanical means.
Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198742005
- eISBN:
- 9780191599163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198742002.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and ...
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This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and welfare states. The post‐war welfare state was premised upon assumptions about family structure and labour market behaviour that, today, are largely invalid. Risks that in the 1950s or 1960s were assumed away are now becoming dominant, and vice versa. The post‐war welfare state being the child of the 1930s Depression and the ‘workers question’, was moulded on a society in which the prototypical client was a male production worker, who is now rather hard to find. A first step towards an understanding of the contemporary welfare state crisis must begin with: (a) a diagnosis of the changing distribution and intensity of social risks, and (b) a comprehensive examination of how risks are pooled and distributed between state, market, and family. The different sections of the chapter are: The State in the Welfare Nexus—the misunderstood family, and the welfare triad of state, market, and family; The Foundations of Welfare Regimes: Risk Management—family and market ‘failures’; and The distribution of risks and models of solidarity—class risks, life‐course risks, intergenerational risks, de‐commodification, and familialism and de‐familialism.Less
This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and welfare states. The post‐war welfare state was premised upon assumptions about family structure and labour market behaviour that, today, are largely invalid. Risks that in the 1950s or 1960s were assumed away are now becoming dominant, and vice versa. The post‐war welfare state being the child of the 1930s Depression and the ‘workers question’, was moulded on a society in which the prototypical client was a male production worker, who is now rather hard to find. A first step towards an understanding of the contemporary welfare state crisis must begin with: (a) a diagnosis of the changing distribution and intensity of social risks, and (b) a comprehensive examination of how risks are pooled and distributed between state, market, and family. The different sections of the chapter are: The State in the Welfare Nexus—the misunderstood family, and the welfare triad of state, market, and family; The Foundations of Welfare Regimes: Risk Management—family and market ‘failures’; and The distribution of risks and models of solidarity—class risks, life‐course risks, intergenerational risks, de‐commodification, and familialism and de‐familialism.
Attracta Ingram
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198279631
- eISBN:
- 9780191599545
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198279639.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter discusses the connection between liberal democratic thought and a political understanding of rights, and their impact on belief in universal rights, human rights, rights-scepticism and ...
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This chapter discusses the connection between liberal democratic thought and a political understanding of rights, and their impact on belief in universal rights, human rights, rights-scepticism and talent pooling. It argues that rights are political in the sense of being moral powers which are specified by the political principles of a voluntary politics. The assertion of human rights should not be discouraged by the parochialism of liberal theory. Bodily integrity need not be violated under the principle of strong social provision.Less
This chapter discusses the connection between liberal democratic thought and a political understanding of rights, and their impact on belief in universal rights, human rights, rights-scepticism and talent pooling. It argues that rights are political in the sense of being moral powers which are specified by the political principles of a voluntary politics. The assertion of human rights should not be discouraged by the parochialism of liberal theory. Bodily integrity need not be violated under the principle of strong social provision.
Malcolm Ausden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198568728
- eISBN:
- 9780191717529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568728.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter discusses the management of open bodies of water and wetlands on seasonally or permanently waterlogged soil. It concentrates on freshwater habitats, but briefly discusses management of ...
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This chapter discusses the management of open bodies of water and wetlands on seasonally or permanently waterlogged soil. It concentrates on freshwater habitats, but briefly discusses management of brackish habitats, such as coastal grazing marshes, where they form a continuum with freshwater ones. Topics covered include principles of manipulating water levels, water quality, methods of improving the value of deep water bodies (>1 m) and large, shallow (less than about 1 m) for wildlife; temporary pools, permanent ponds and water-filled ditches, rivers, swamps and fens, bogs, wet scrub, wet woodland, wet grasslands.Less
This chapter discusses the management of open bodies of water and wetlands on seasonally or permanently waterlogged soil. It concentrates on freshwater habitats, but briefly discusses management of brackish habitats, such as coastal grazing marshes, where they form a continuum with freshwater ones. Topics covered include principles of manipulating water levels, water quality, methods of improving the value of deep water bodies (>1 m) and large, shallow (less than about 1 m) for wildlife; temporary pools, permanent ponds and water-filled ditches, rivers, swamps and fens, bogs, wet scrub, wet woodland, wet grasslands.
Matthew P. Fink
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753505
- eISBN:
- 9780199918805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753505.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to describe the specific events that by design or good fortune have produced the long history of success of the mutual fund ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to describe the specific events that by design or good fortune have produced the long history of success of the mutual fund industry. The book differs from most industry histories in that much of it is a personal narrative. The book's discussion of developments since 1970 reflects personal firsthand experience. The chapter then briefly defines some terms used to describe pooled investment vehicles.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to describe the specific events that by design or good fortune have produced the long history of success of the mutual fund industry. The book differs from most industry histories in that much of it is a personal narrative. The book's discussion of developments since 1970 reflects personal firsthand experience. The chapter then briefly defines some terms used to describe pooled investment vehicles.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742851
- eISBN:
- 9780199866298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742851.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The democratic era unleashed changes in leadership composition which led to leading Mexican politicians being less representative of the general population than at any time during the ...
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The democratic era unleashed changes in leadership composition which led to leading Mexican politicians being less representative of the general population than at any time during the semi-authoritarian period prior to 2000. This finding, which applies to the geographic origins of top politicians, dispels the notion that democratic models, in all respects, are more representative than centralized, authoritarian models. Democracy and the opening of the political system to other parties actually increased the presence of birthplaces from the capital in the backgrounds of the legislative elite and among cabinet secretaries, which seems counter intuitive. It may well be that when a significant change in a political model occurs, the narrowing quality characterizing the familial pool from which leading politicians emerge in a long standing political system, again will reproduce itself over time in a newly minted political model, but drawn from a different set of families. The democratic era has influenced significantly the educational credentials of Mexico's politicians, reversing provincial public institutions' lower visibility by dramatically increasing the presence of state colleges and universities among leaders in both the executive and legislative branches.Less
The democratic era unleashed changes in leadership composition which led to leading Mexican politicians being less representative of the general population than at any time during the semi-authoritarian period prior to 2000. This finding, which applies to the geographic origins of top politicians, dispels the notion that democratic models, in all respects, are more representative than centralized, authoritarian models. Democracy and the opening of the political system to other parties actually increased the presence of birthplaces from the capital in the backgrounds of the legislative elite and among cabinet secretaries, which seems counter intuitive. It may well be that when a significant change in a political model occurs, the narrowing quality characterizing the familial pool from which leading politicians emerge in a long standing political system, again will reproduce itself over time in a newly minted political model, but drawn from a different set of families. The democratic era has influenced significantly the educational credentials of Mexico's politicians, reversing provincial public institutions' lower visibility by dramatically increasing the presence of state colleges and universities among leaders in both the executive and legislative branches.
Lee Godden
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579853
- eISBN:
- 9780191722745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579853.003.0020
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
Environmental markets, in concert with the rise of property-based instruments to regulate natural resources, have gained ascendancy in many areas once the preserve of more traditional forms of legal ...
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Environmental markets, in concert with the rise of property-based instruments to regulate natural resources, have gained ascendancy in many areas once the preserve of more traditional forms of legal regulation. Prominent among the trends has been the development of cap and trade regimes that utilize property rights as specific instruments to achieve ‘efficiencies’ in the regulation of common pool resources such as water, and increasingly in emerging ‘resources’ such as greenhouse gas emissions. Adoption of property rights is regarded as instituting a system that prevents the ‘tragedy of the commons’. This chapter critically explores this view by considering the emergence of new forms of property rights in common pool resources. It then examines a case study of the emergence of water property rights and market-based mechanisms in water law. It focuses upon Australia, although some comparisons are made with other jurisdictions. Finally, the chapter analyses experience with the use of property rights and trade in water to suggest some potential opportunities and challenges that property rights and cap and trade regimes may pose for the governance of common pool resources more widely.Less
Environmental markets, in concert with the rise of property-based instruments to regulate natural resources, have gained ascendancy in many areas once the preserve of more traditional forms of legal regulation. Prominent among the trends has been the development of cap and trade regimes that utilize property rights as specific instruments to achieve ‘efficiencies’ in the regulation of common pool resources such as water, and increasingly in emerging ‘resources’ such as greenhouse gas emissions. Adoption of property rights is regarded as instituting a system that prevents the ‘tragedy of the commons’. This chapter critically explores this view by considering the emergence of new forms of property rights in common pool resources. It then examines a case study of the emergence of water property rights and market-based mechanisms in water law. It focuses upon Australia, although some comparisons are made with other jurisdictions. Finally, the chapter analyses experience with the use of property rights and trade in water to suggest some potential opportunities and challenges that property rights and cap and trade regimes may pose for the governance of common pool resources more widely.
Norma van Surdam Graham
- Published in print:
- 1989
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195051544
- eISBN:
- 9780199872183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195051544.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Summation experiments using patterns that are far apart along any dimension (e.g., two lines of very different orientations) can answer the question of whether there are multiple analyzers along that ...
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Summation experiments using patterns that are far apart along any dimension (e.g., two lines of very different orientations) can answer the question of whether there are multiple analyzers along that dimension. Two classes of models are presented: probabilistic models in which variability in analyzers' outputs causes increased performance (probability summation); and deterministic models that predict increased performance without assuming variability by incorporating nonlinear pooling (Minkowski, Quick) into decision rules. This chapter presents the results on the spatial-frequency dimension (and their possible dependence on retinal inhomogeneity). An appendix derives convenient formulas in terms of observable quantities to allow easy use of the models in many situations. This chapter together with Chapters 7 through 10 cover what is sometimes called multidimensional signal detection theory.Less
Summation experiments using patterns that are far apart along any dimension (e.g., two lines of very different orientations) can answer the question of whether there are multiple analyzers along that dimension. Two classes of models are presented: probabilistic models in which variability in analyzers' outputs causes increased performance (probability summation); and deterministic models that predict increased performance without assuming variability by incorporating nonlinear pooling (Minkowski, Quick) into decision rules. This chapter presents the results on the spatial-frequency dimension (and their possible dependence on retinal inhomogeneity). An appendix derives convenient formulas in terms of observable quantities to allow easy use of the models in many situations. This chapter together with Chapters 7 through 10 cover what is sometimes called multidimensional signal detection theory.
Norma van Surdam Graham
- Published in print:
- 1989
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195051544
- eISBN:
- 9780199872183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195051544.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter considers the uncertainty arising from sources extrinsic to the observer, in particular from the observer's ignorance on any given trial as to which of several alternative stimuli will ...
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This chapter considers the uncertainty arising from sources extrinsic to the observer, in particular from the observer's ignorance on any given trial as to which of several alternative stimuli will be presented. Explanations based on multiple independent analyzers are presented, and their predictions for uncertainty experiments and summation experiments are calculated. These models differ in their assumptions about the probability distribution characterizing each analyzer's output and in their assumptions about how the multiple analyzer's outputs are combined to form the observer's decision rule. Several generalization are presented, e.g., probability distributions predicting shallower ROC slopes predict larger blocked-summation effects but smaller uncertainty effects. Further, these models provide some insight into and justification for the quick nonlinear pooling model presented in Chapter 4.Less
This chapter considers the uncertainty arising from sources extrinsic to the observer, in particular from the observer's ignorance on any given trial as to which of several alternative stimuli will be presented. Explanations based on multiple independent analyzers are presented, and their predictions for uncertainty experiments and summation experiments are calculated. These models differ in their assumptions about the probability distribution characterizing each analyzer's output and in their assumptions about how the multiple analyzer's outputs are combined to form the observer's decision rule. Several generalization are presented, e.g., probability distributions predicting shallower ROC slopes predict larger blocked-summation effects but smaller uncertainty effects. Further, these models provide some insight into and justification for the quick nonlinear pooling model presented in Chapter 4.
Yannis M. Ioannides
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691126852
- eISBN:
- 9781400845385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691126852.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the impact of social interactions on firms' location decisions, focusing on the effects of proximity to other firms, the size of the total urban economy, the availability of a ...
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This chapter examines the impact of social interactions on firms' location decisions, focusing on the effects of proximity to other firms, the size of the total urban economy, the availability of a suitable labor force, and risk pooling. It first introduces models that take into account the location of firms under uncertainty, with particular emphasis on the role of site rents in guiding location decisions and the problems that site rents encounter in the presence of more complex economic geography. The model is expanded to allow for randomness in firms' evaluations of alternative sites and for interdependence among firms' location decisions. The model is also extended to a framework for defining empirical measures of agglomeration, and the chapter concludes with a review of empirical studies that explore localization or urbanization effects via the measurement of total factor productivity at the plant level.Less
This chapter examines the impact of social interactions on firms' location decisions, focusing on the effects of proximity to other firms, the size of the total urban economy, the availability of a suitable labor force, and risk pooling. It first introduces models that take into account the location of firms under uncertainty, with particular emphasis on the role of site rents in guiding location decisions and the problems that site rents encounter in the presence of more complex economic geography. The model is expanded to allow for randomness in firms' evaluations of alternative sites and for interdependence among firms' location decisions. The model is also extended to a framework for defining empirical measures of agglomeration, and the chapter concludes with a review of empirical studies that explore localization or urbanization effects via the measurement of total factor productivity at the plant level.
Lee Cronk and Beth L. Leech
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154954
- eISBN:
- 9781400845484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154954.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter examines the role that institutions and organizations play in making cooperation possible as we go about our everyday lives. Successful organizations are often the ones that build on the ...
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This chapter examines the role that institutions and organizations play in making cooperation possible as we go about our everyday lives. Successful organizations are often the ones that build on the successes of previous organizations, using their abilities to mobilize and motivate people and to frame issues to leapfrog over the collective action dilemma. One of the most important areas of research to grow out of this tradition is the study of how groups of people successfully manage common-pool resources. The chapter first considers the distinction between informal, decentralized norms and conventions on the one hand, and formal organizations on the other, before explaining why organizations succeed or fail. It also explores the process known as “cultural group selection,” an important new frontier in the evolutionary study of cooperation which may help explain our flexible coalitional psychology.Less
This chapter examines the role that institutions and organizations play in making cooperation possible as we go about our everyday lives. Successful organizations are often the ones that build on the successes of previous organizations, using their abilities to mobilize and motivate people and to frame issues to leapfrog over the collective action dilemma. One of the most important areas of research to grow out of this tradition is the study of how groups of people successfully manage common-pool resources. The chapter first considers the distinction between informal, decentralized norms and conventions on the one hand, and formal organizations on the other, before explaining why organizations succeed or fail. It also explores the process known as “cultural group selection,” an important new frontier in the evolutionary study of cooperation which may help explain our flexible coalitional psychology.
Tim M. Blackburn, Julie L. Lockwood, and Phillip Cassey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199232543
- eISBN:
- 9780191715983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232543.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter considers the long-term outcomes of exotic bird establishment in terms of the propensity for evolution in exotic bird populations. It shows that exotic birds have occasionally lost ...
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This chapter considers the long-term outcomes of exotic bird establishment in terms of the propensity for evolution in exotic bird populations. It shows that exotic birds have occasionally lost substantial amounts of genetic variation via the introduction process, but that just as many (if not more) populations have not lost genetic variation. It is difficult to pin down the influence that the loss or gain of genetic variation has on establishment success; this is a research area that is ripe for exploration.Less
This chapter considers the long-term outcomes of exotic bird establishment in terms of the propensity for evolution in exotic bird populations. It shows that exotic birds have occasionally lost substantial amounts of genetic variation via the introduction process, but that just as many (if not more) populations have not lost genetic variation. It is difficult to pin down the influence that the loss or gain of genetic variation has on establishment success; this is a research area that is ripe for exploration.
James Bergin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280292
- eISBN:
- 9780191602498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280290.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Considers the traditional screening model and covers the basic features of screening models, including pooling and separating equilibria.
Considers the traditional screening model and covers the basic features of screening models, including pooling and separating equilibria.
Daniel Kernell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198526551
- eISBN:
- 9780191723896
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526551.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter describes the morphology of individual gamma and (mainly) alpha motoneurones as well as the composition and localization of motoneuronal populations (pools) innervating different muscles ...
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This chapter describes the morphology of individual gamma and (mainly) alpha motoneurones as well as the composition and localization of motoneuronal populations (pools) innervating different muscles and muscle portions. Within the ventral horn of the spinal cord, motoneuronal cell bodies for a given muscle lie within an elongated rostro-caudal ‘column’, and cells of different sizes and properties are generally intermingled. Each motoneurone has several dendrites, typically extending to distances of many cell body diameters in all directions. Reconstructions of dendritic trees are described and the relationships are analyzed between the dimensions of dendrites, sizes of cell bodies, and conduction velocities of motor axons. Furthermore, the possible relationships are discussed between various aspects of motoneuronal cytochemistry, morphological characteristics, and functional properties. Large motoneurones seem to be more vulnerable than smaller ones in various kinds of disease (e.g., poliomyelitis).Less
This chapter describes the morphology of individual gamma and (mainly) alpha motoneurones as well as the composition and localization of motoneuronal populations (pools) innervating different muscles and muscle portions. Within the ventral horn of the spinal cord, motoneuronal cell bodies for a given muscle lie within an elongated rostro-caudal ‘column’, and cells of different sizes and properties are generally intermingled. Each motoneurone has several dendrites, typically extending to distances of many cell body diameters in all directions. Reconstructions of dendritic trees are described and the relationships are analyzed between the dimensions of dendrites, sizes of cell bodies, and conduction velocities of motor axons. Furthermore, the possible relationships are discussed between various aspects of motoneuronal cytochemistry, morphological characteristics, and functional properties. Large motoneurones seem to be more vulnerable than smaller ones in various kinds of disease (e.g., poliomyelitis).
Clark C. Gibson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278855
- eISBN:
- 9780191602863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278857.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on the problem of collective action as it relates to development at the operational level. It first explores how individuals’ motivation may hamper their incentive to work ...
More
This chapter focuses on the problem of collective action as it relates to development at the operational level. It first explores how individuals’ motivation may hamper their incentive to work together. Next, it looks at how missing or asymmetric information about the actions or characteristics of individuals may also inhibit their cooperation. This exploration of collective-action problems is undertaken using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework.Less
This chapter focuses on the problem of collective action as it relates to development at the operational level. It first explores how individuals’ motivation may hamper their incentive to work together. Next, it looks at how missing or asymmetric information about the actions or characteristics of individuals may also inhibit their cooperation. This exploration of collective-action problems is undertaken using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework.
Elinor Ostrom
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199656202
- eISBN:
- 9780191742149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656202.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Collective-action problems vary in scale from very small problems involving only a few individuals, such as a farmer-managed irrigation system, to extremely large problems involving global resources, ...
More
Collective-action problems vary in scale from very small problems involving only a few individuals, such as a farmer-managed irrigation system, to extremely large problems involving global resources, such as the atmosphere and the oceans. If we are to solve collective-action problems effectively, we must rethink the way current scholarship analyzes market and governmental institutions. We need to recognize the importance of entrepreneurship in both the public and private spheres. Further, we need to recognize that the existence of a large number of governmental units at multiple scales is not automatically a negative indicator of performance. When governance systems are arranged in a polycentric system — from small to very large — collective-action problems at multiple scales can be more effectively tackled. This chapter analyzes how polycentric systems enable citizens, public officials, businessmen, and resource users — the public entrepreneurs of society — to tackle collective-action problems at diverse scales.Less
Collective-action problems vary in scale from very small problems involving only a few individuals, such as a farmer-managed irrigation system, to extremely large problems involving global resources, such as the atmosphere and the oceans. If we are to solve collective-action problems effectively, we must rethink the way current scholarship analyzes market and governmental institutions. We need to recognize the importance of entrepreneurship in both the public and private spheres. Further, we need to recognize that the existence of a large number of governmental units at multiple scales is not automatically a negative indicator of performance. When governance systems are arranged in a polycentric system — from small to very large — collective-action problems at multiple scales can be more effectively tackled. This chapter analyzes how polycentric systems enable citizens, public officials, businessmen, and resource users — the public entrepreneurs of society — to tackle collective-action problems at diverse scales.
