Andrew Spicer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter is an overview of Yeltsin's economic reforms, with a focus on the financial markets and banks associated with privatization. The architects of Russian reform hoped that private activity ...
More
This chapter is an overview of Yeltsin's economic reforms, with a focus on the financial markets and banks associated with privatization. The architects of Russian reform hoped that private activity could be rapidly and irreversibly severed from the polity such that a “depoliticized” market would quickly fill the void left by the rapid destruction of the state planning system. In contrast, the emergence of a new market system actually evolved through a gradual process of economic experimentation and political settlement where the domains of states and markets were inextricably intertwined. Market reform policies helped dismantle the economic and political structures of the Soviet regime, but they did not dictate what emerged in its place.Less
This chapter is an overview of Yeltsin's economic reforms, with a focus on the financial markets and banks associated with privatization. The architects of Russian reform hoped that private activity could be rapidly and irreversibly severed from the polity such that a “depoliticized” market would quickly fill the void left by the rapid destruction of the state planning system. In contrast, the emergence of a new market system actually evolved through a gradual process of economic experimentation and political settlement where the domains of states and markets were inextricably intertwined. Market reform policies helped dismantle the economic and political structures of the Soviet regime, but they did not dictate what emerged in its place.
Reinoud Leenders
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451003
- eISBN:
- 9780801465871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451003.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
This chapter examines political corruption and the politics of state-building in postwar Lebanon, with particular emphasis on why the country's political elites failed to establish sound and ...
More
This chapter examines political corruption and the politics of state-building in postwar Lebanon, with particular emphasis on why the country's political elites failed to establish sound and effective institutions that could have withstood endemic corruption. It begins by discussing how postwar political settlement eroded the independence and capabilities of the state's watchdogs to guard the bureaucratic qualities of state institutions. It then considers the failure to put in place bureaucratic institutions in the health sector, the politics of the importers' cartel in the energy and power sector, Syria's interference in the regulation of the oil sector, the debacle of the port of Beirut, and the controversy surrounding quarrying. It also analyzes the politics of reconstruction in Lebanon and the political bickering over the return of the country's large number of internally displaced persons. The chapter suggests that Lebanon's postwar political settlement obstructed bureaucratic organization while providing incentives for political actors to look for alternative institutional arrangements.Less
This chapter examines political corruption and the politics of state-building in postwar Lebanon, with particular emphasis on why the country's political elites failed to establish sound and effective institutions that could have withstood endemic corruption. It begins by discussing how postwar political settlement eroded the independence and capabilities of the state's watchdogs to guard the bureaucratic qualities of state institutions. It then considers the failure to put in place bureaucratic institutions in the health sector, the politics of the importers' cartel in the energy and power sector, Syria's interference in the regulation of the oil sector, the debacle of the port of Beirut, and the controversy surrounding quarrying. It also analyzes the politics of reconstruction in Lebanon and the political bickering over the return of the country's large number of internally displaced persons. The chapter suggests that Lebanon's postwar political settlement obstructed bureaucratic organization while providing incentives for political actors to look for alternative institutional arrangements.
Daniel Stedman Jones
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161013
- eISBN:
- 9781400851836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161013.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter describes the contours and limits of the political settlement in Great Britain and the United States in the middle of the twentieth century. It shows how at the heart of both New Deal ...
More
This chapter describes the contours and limits of the political settlement in Great Britain and the United States in the middle of the twentieth century. It shows how at the heart of both New Deal liberalism and the British Liberal and Labour reforms was a happy conception of the state so long as its power was in the hands of an enlightened and expert policy elite. The famous Brain Trust around Franklin Roosevelt and the progressive liberal civil service personified by Beveridge and Keynes fit exactly this notion of top-down reform for the benefit of society as a whole. The progressive liberal project was not revolutionary; it was born of a desire to preserve and defend liberal democracy and the capitalist system.Less
This chapter describes the contours and limits of the political settlement in Great Britain and the United States in the middle of the twentieth century. It shows how at the heart of both New Deal liberalism and the British Liberal and Labour reforms was a happy conception of the state so long as its power was in the hands of an enlightened and expert policy elite. The famous Brain Trust around Franklin Roosevelt and the progressive liberal civil service personified by Beveridge and Keynes fit exactly this notion of top-down reform for the benefit of society as a whole. The progressive liberal project was not revolutionary; it was born of a desire to preserve and defend liberal democracy and the capitalist system.
Anthony Bebbington, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, Marja Hinfelaar, Cynthia A. Sanborn, Jessica Achberger, Celina Grisi Huber, Verónica Hurtado, Tania Ramírez, and Scott D. Odell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198820932
- eISBN:
- 9780191860478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Bolivia’s natural resources have served as a ‘mechanism of trade’ mobilized by competing interest groups to build coalitions, create political pacts, and negotiate political settlements in which ...
More
Bolivia’s natural resources have served as a ‘mechanism of trade’ mobilized by competing interest groups to build coalitions, create political pacts, and negotiate political settlements in which dominant actors attempt to win over those resistant to a particular vision of development and/or governance. These pacts and settlements are revisited constantly, reflecting the weak and fragmented power of the central state and of the elite and persistent tensions between national and subnational elites. Ideas about, and modes of, natural resource governance have been central to periods of instability and stability, and to significant periods of political rupture. The period since 2006 has been characterized by a stable settlement involving an alliance between the presidency, his dominant party, and national social movements. This settlement is sustained through bargains with parts of the economic elite and subnational actors with holding power, as well as through ideas of resource nationalism and state-led developmentalism.Less
Bolivia’s natural resources have served as a ‘mechanism of trade’ mobilized by competing interest groups to build coalitions, create political pacts, and negotiate political settlements in which dominant actors attempt to win over those resistant to a particular vision of development and/or governance. These pacts and settlements are revisited constantly, reflecting the weak and fragmented power of the central state and of the elite and persistent tensions between national and subnational elites. Ideas about, and modes of, natural resource governance have been central to periods of instability and stability, and to significant periods of political rupture. The period since 2006 has been characterized by a stable settlement involving an alliance between the presidency, his dominant party, and national social movements. This settlement is sustained through bargains with parts of the economic elite and subnational actors with holding power, as well as through ideas of resource nationalism and state-led developmentalism.
Anthony Bebbington, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, Marja Hinfelaar, Cynthia A. Sanborn, Jessica Achberger, Celina Grisi Huber, Verónica Hurtado, Tania Ramírez, and Scott D. Odell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198820932
- eISBN:
- 9780191860478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter develops a conceptual framework for understanding the politics of extractive industry governance. Building from the work of Karl, Ross, Watts, and others, and their efforts to understand ...
More
This chapter develops a conceptual framework for understanding the politics of extractive industry governance. Building from the work of Karl, Ross, Watts, and others, and their efforts to understand the political drivers and consequences of the resource curse, the chapter proposes an approach that also engages with political settlements theory, addressing the political implications of the materiality of natural resources and the politics of ideas surrounding resource governance. The chapter then introduces a programme of cross-country, comparative research designed to address the relationships among political settlements, extractive industry, and patterns of development; describes the questions that guided this research; and presents the methods used.Less
This chapter develops a conceptual framework for understanding the politics of extractive industry governance. Building from the work of Karl, Ross, Watts, and others, and their efforts to understand the political drivers and consequences of the resource curse, the chapter proposes an approach that also engages with political settlements theory, addressing the political implications of the materiality of natural resources and the politics of ideas surrounding resource governance. The chapter then introduces a programme of cross-country, comparative research designed to address the relationships among political settlements, extractive industry, and patterns of development; describes the questions that guided this research; and presents the methods used.
Anthony Bebbington, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, Marja Hinfelaar, Cynthia A. Sanborn, Jessica Achberger, Celina Grisi Huber, Verónica Hurtado, Tania Ramírez, and Scott D. Odell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198820932
- eISBN:
- 9780191860478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter synthesizes findings from Bolivia, Ghana, Peru, and Zambia. It concludes that political settlements influence the relationships between resource-dependent economies and patterns of ...
More
This chapter synthesizes findings from Bolivia, Ghana, Peru, and Zambia. It concludes that political settlements influence the relationships between resource-dependent economies and patterns of social inclusion. However, neither authoritarian, dominant leader forms of politics, nor competitive democratic politics has fostered significant economic diversification or reduced levels of resource dependence. The extractive economy does, however, influence the dynamics of national political settlements. The rents that resource extraction makes possible, and the high cost of engaging in extractive industries, induce asymmetries and create incentives for political exclusion. Colonial and post-colonial histories of resource extraction give political valence to ideas that have helped mobilize actors who have challenged relations of power and institutional arrangements. The materiality of subsoil resources has direct implications for subnational forms of holding power that can influence resource access and control. Mineral and hydrocarbon economies bring both transnational and local political actors into the constitution of national political settlements.Less
This chapter synthesizes findings from Bolivia, Ghana, Peru, and Zambia. It concludes that political settlements influence the relationships between resource-dependent economies and patterns of social inclusion. However, neither authoritarian, dominant leader forms of politics, nor competitive democratic politics has fostered significant economic diversification or reduced levels of resource dependence. The extractive economy does, however, influence the dynamics of national political settlements. The rents that resource extraction makes possible, and the high cost of engaging in extractive industries, induce asymmetries and create incentives for political exclusion. Colonial and post-colonial histories of resource extraction give political valence to ideas that have helped mobilize actors who have challenged relations of power and institutional arrangements. The materiality of subsoil resources has direct implications for subnational forms of holding power that can influence resource access and control. Mineral and hydrocarbon economies bring both transnational and local political actors into the constitution of national political settlements.
Sam Hickey, Naomi Hossain, and David Jackman
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198835684
- eISBN:
- 9780191873201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198835684.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
This chapter consolidates findings from the country cases to offer insight into the politics of education reform. It argues that the education sector presents different resources and incentives to ...
More
This chapter consolidates findings from the country cases to offer insight into the politics of education reform. It argues that the education sector presents different resources and incentives to political elites, and as such, the political settlement has a direct bearing on the potential for, and delivery of, reforms. At a national level, political dominance can enable elites to overcome vested interests, but may prevent the emergence of coalitions for learning reforms. More competitive polities are more vulnerable to short-termism and vested interests. At the local level, an absence of political dominance combined with decentralisation can lead to innovative solutions to educational challenges. The strategic implications of the analysis presented include that learning reforms should be closely aligned to the dynamics of the political settlement, and underscore the importance of coalition building. Analysis should be sensitive to the sub-national political dynamics, and recognize the value of ‘best-fit’ local solutions.Less
This chapter consolidates findings from the country cases to offer insight into the politics of education reform. It argues that the education sector presents different resources and incentives to political elites, and as such, the political settlement has a direct bearing on the potential for, and delivery of, reforms. At a national level, political dominance can enable elites to overcome vested interests, but may prevent the emergence of coalitions for learning reforms. More competitive polities are more vulnerable to short-termism and vested interests. At the local level, an absence of political dominance combined with decentralisation can lead to innovative solutions to educational challenges. The strategic implications of the analysis presented include that learning reforms should be closely aligned to the dynamics of the political settlement, and underscore the importance of coalition building. Analysis should be sensitive to the sub-national political dynamics, and recognize the value of ‘best-fit’ local solutions.
Reinoud Leenders
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451003
- eISBN:
- 9780801465871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451003.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
This chapter examines whether the general failure to build sound bureaucratic institutions in Lebanon can be attributed to the politics of formation. More specifically, it highlights five ...
More
This chapter examines whether the general failure to build sound bureaucratic institutions in Lebanon can be attributed to the politics of formation. More specifically, it highlights five interrelated features of the political settlement that influenced the process of decision making in the Second Republic from 1989 until 2005. It begins with a discussion of the political debate over the Ta'if Accord, along with its role in the political controversies of postwar Lebanon. It then considers various constitutional amendments pursued by Lebanon in accordance with the Ta'if agreement as well as Syria's role in postwar Lebanon. It also explores how Lebanon's political elites—and Syria's growing interventions—gave rise to a political process that can be characterized in reference to five (interrelated) patterns that constitute the political settlement of the Second Republic.Less
This chapter examines whether the general failure to build sound bureaucratic institutions in Lebanon can be attributed to the politics of formation. More specifically, it highlights five interrelated features of the political settlement that influenced the process of decision making in the Second Republic from 1989 until 2005. It begins with a discussion of the political debate over the Ta'if Accord, along with its role in the political controversies of postwar Lebanon. It then considers various constitutional amendments pursued by Lebanon in accordance with the Ta'if agreement as well as Syria's role in postwar Lebanon. It also explores how Lebanon's political elites—and Syria's growing interventions—gave rise to a political process that can be characterized in reference to five (interrelated) patterns that constitute the political settlement of the Second Republic.
Sohela Nazneen and Simeen Mahmud
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198722564
- eISBN:
- 9780191789250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722564.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Political settlement frameworks are gender blind. This chapter interrogates this assertion by analysing selected country case studies of the gendered nature of political processes and identifying ...
More
Political settlement frameworks are gender blind. This chapter interrogates this assertion by analysing selected country case studies of the gendered nature of political processes and identifying what contextual and structural factors promote gender-inclusive development policies and outcomes. These factors include: elite support for a gender equity agenda; ability of the women’s movement to contain oppositional elite or non-elite groups; transnational discourse and actors creating space for the gender equity agenda; presence of male allies and ‘femocrats’ within the state apparatus; and policy coalitions exerting pressure on the state. The political opportunity structure and the history of how women’s political entitlement was established influence the dynamics between these factors. The chapter concludes that a political settlement framework benefits from using a gender lens to allow for exploration of the role played by (gendered) ideas, (gender) ideology, informal relations, policy coalitions, and bottom-up strategies in how settlements are reached and sustained.Less
Political settlement frameworks are gender blind. This chapter interrogates this assertion by analysing selected country case studies of the gendered nature of political processes and identifying what contextual and structural factors promote gender-inclusive development policies and outcomes. These factors include: elite support for a gender equity agenda; ability of the women’s movement to contain oppositional elite or non-elite groups; transnational discourse and actors creating space for the gender equity agenda; presence of male allies and ‘femocrats’ within the state apparatus; and policy coalitions exerting pressure on the state. The political opportunity structure and the history of how women’s political entitlement was established influence the dynamics between these factors. The chapter concludes that a political settlement framework benefits from using a gender lens to allow for exploration of the role played by (gendered) ideas, (gender) ideology, informal relations, policy coalitions, and bottom-up strategies in how settlements are reached and sustained.
Lant Pritchett, Kunal Sen, and Eric Werker
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198801641
- eISBN:
- 9780191840289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter sets out the deals and development framework, a conceptual framework which offers a new way to analyse growth. The framework focuses on analysing the political settlement within a ...
More
This chapter sets out the deals and development framework, a conceptual framework which offers a new way to analyse growth. The framework focuses on analysing the political settlement within a country and the rent space, i.e. which individuals receive the returns to assets and how. The processes of how deals are made between economic and political elites are discussed, and open or closed and ordered or disordered deals distinguished. The framework highlights the interconnectedness of these three ‘variables’ and shows how changes in either the political settlement, rent space or deals space affect growth rates and the structural transformation within a country.Less
This chapter sets out the deals and development framework, a conceptual framework which offers a new way to analyse growth. The framework focuses on analysing the political settlement within a country and the rent space, i.e. which individuals receive the returns to assets and how. The processes of how deals are made between economic and political elites are discussed, and open or closed and ordered or disordered deals distinguished. The framework highlights the interconnectedness of these three ‘variables’ and shows how changes in either the political settlement, rent space or deals space affect growth rates and the structural transformation within a country.
Sam Hickey, Kunal Sen, and Badru Bukenya (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198722564
- eISBN:
- 9780191789250
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722564.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
It is now widely accepted that politics plays a significant role in shaping the possibilities for inclusive development. However, the specific ways in which this happens across different types and ...
More
It is now widely accepted that politics plays a significant role in shaping the possibilities for inclusive development. However, the specific ways in which this happens across different types and forms of development, and in different contexts, remains poorly understood. This collection provides the state of the art review regarding what is currently known about the politics of inclusive development. Leading academics offer systematic reviews of how politics shapes development across multiple dimensions, including through growth, natural resource governance, poverty reduction, service delivery, social protection, justice systems, the empowerment of marginalized groups, and the role of both traditional and non-traditional donors. The book not only provides a comprehensive update but also a groundbreaking range of new directions for thinking and acting around these issues. The book’s originality thus derives not only from the wide scope of its case-study material, but also from the new conceptual approaches it offers for thinking about the politics of inclusive development, and the innovative and practical suggestions for donors, policymakers, and practitioners that flow from this.Less
It is now widely accepted that politics plays a significant role in shaping the possibilities for inclusive development. However, the specific ways in which this happens across different types and forms of development, and in different contexts, remains poorly understood. This collection provides the state of the art review regarding what is currently known about the politics of inclusive development. Leading academics offer systematic reviews of how politics shapes development across multiple dimensions, including through growth, natural resource governance, poverty reduction, service delivery, social protection, justice systems, the empowerment of marginalized groups, and the role of both traditional and non-traditional donors. The book not only provides a comprehensive update but also a groundbreaking range of new directions for thinking and acting around these issues. The book’s originality thus derives not only from the wide scope of its case-study material, but also from the new conceptual approaches it offers for thinking about the politics of inclusive development, and the innovative and practical suggestions for donors, policymakers, and practitioners that flow from this.
Sam Hickey, Kunal Sen, and Badru Bukenya
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198722564
- eISBN:
- 9780191789250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198722564.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This introduction brings together the main conceptual and empirical insights from this collection. Our findings suggest that new approaches to understanding the politics of development, including ...
More
This introduction brings together the main conceptual and empirical insights from this collection. Our findings suggest that new approaches to understanding the politics of development, including work on ‘limited access orders’ and ‘political settlements’, offer powerful insights into certain elements of this puzzle, particularly through a focus on the underlying forms of power relations that shape elite behaviour and institutional performance. However, these approaches need to be supplemented by broader and more critical forms of political theory to grasp how the politics of development is shaped by ideas as well as incentives, popular as well as elite forms of agency, transnational as well as national factors, and in dynamic as well as more structural ways. A broad conceptual framework is proposed that captures these concerns and suggests a basis for future research into the politics of inclusive development.Less
This introduction brings together the main conceptual and empirical insights from this collection. Our findings suggest that new approaches to understanding the politics of development, including work on ‘limited access orders’ and ‘political settlements’, offer powerful insights into certain elements of this puzzle, particularly through a focus on the underlying forms of power relations that shape elite behaviour and institutional performance. However, these approaches need to be supplemented by broader and more critical forms of political theory to grasp how the politics of development is shaped by ideas as well as incentives, popular as well as elite forms of agency, transnational as well as national factors, and in dynamic as well as more structural ways. A broad conceptual framework is proposed that captures these concerns and suggests a basis for future research into the politics of inclusive development.
Sam Hickey and Naomi Hossain
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198835684
- eISBN:
- 9780191873201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198835684.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
Politics is increasingly recognized to shape education outcomes in the global South, but there is little agreement on which forms of politics really matter, or how to conceptualize or investigate ...
More
Politics is increasingly recognized to shape education outcomes in the global South, but there is little agreement on which forms of politics really matter, or how to conceptualize or investigate them. This chapter outlines the main approaches and findings from the existing literature, before setting out a new framework for analysis, organized around the ‘domains of power’ framework. This brings together analysis of the overall organization of power within the society (the political settlement) with political analysis of the education sector (or policy domain). The chapter sets out the methodological approach that was deployed to undertake the research presented in this volume, explaining the comparative case study methodology and the focus on power relations, the role of ideas, the significance of the sector within the ordering of power, policy coalitions and legacies of past policies, and elite commitment and state capacity to deliver education quality reforms.Less
Politics is increasingly recognized to shape education outcomes in the global South, but there is little agreement on which forms of politics really matter, or how to conceptualize or investigate them. This chapter outlines the main approaches and findings from the existing literature, before setting out a new framework for analysis, organized around the ‘domains of power’ framework. This brings together analysis of the overall organization of power within the society (the political settlement) with political analysis of the education sector (or policy domain). The chapter sets out the methodological approach that was deployed to undertake the research presented in this volume, explaining the comparative case study methodology and the focus on power relations, the role of ideas, the significance of the sector within the ordering of power, policy coalitions and legacies of past policies, and elite commitment and state capacity to deliver education quality reforms.
Hazel Gray
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198714644
- eISBN:
- 9780191782909
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198714644.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Economic Systems
This chapter sets out the analytical framework of political settlements and elaborates the framework to account for the socialist experiences of Tanzania and Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s. A ...
More
This chapter sets out the analytical framework of political settlements and elaborates the framework to account for the socialist experiences of Tanzania and Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s. A political settlement, as defined by Mushtaq Khan, is a combination of power and institutions that is mutually compatible and also sustainable in terms of economic and political viability. The chapter clarifies the core building blocks of the approach and sets out the main differences between political settlements and new institutional economics. The chapter then defines a socialist political settlement where productive rights are formally held by the collective and formal institutions protect common and collectively owned assets. The attempts to construct a socialist political settlement left important institutional, political, and economic legacies. These shaped incentives and constraints which influenced a number of critical processes at the heart of economic development—related to technological learning, accumulation for investment, and political stabilization.Less
This chapter sets out the analytical framework of political settlements and elaborates the framework to account for the socialist experiences of Tanzania and Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s. A political settlement, as defined by Mushtaq Khan, is a combination of power and institutions that is mutually compatible and also sustainable in terms of economic and political viability. The chapter clarifies the core building blocks of the approach and sets out the main differences between political settlements and new institutional economics. The chapter then defines a socialist political settlement where productive rights are formally held by the collective and formal institutions protect common and collectively owned assets. The attempts to construct a socialist political settlement left important institutional, political, and economic legacies. These shaped incentives and constraints which influenced a number of critical processes at the heart of economic development—related to technological learning, accumulation for investment, and political stabilization.
Robert Darko Osei, Charles Ackah, George Domfe, and Michael Danquah
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198801641
- eISBN:
- 9780191840289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explores the extent to which political settlements interacting with the rents space affect the nature of the deals space and consequently help explain economic growth in Ghana. The ...
More
This chapter explores the extent to which political settlements interacting with the rents space affect the nature of the deals space and consequently help explain economic growth in Ghana. The discussions are centred around four break points and therefore five growth episodes for Ghana: pre-1966, 1966–74, 1974–83, 1983–2001, and 2001–14. First, there are signs that the post-2001 period has been more ordered and open than the first twenty-five years after independence. Second, the political settlement has also changed somewhat over the years, from a dominant to a more competitive type. However, it is argued that political patronage remains rife. Third, the chapter finds that the interplay of political settlements and rent space has been important in shaping the nature of the deals space in Ghana. Finally, it highlights two types of positive and negative feedback loop relating to these variables over the years.Less
This chapter explores the extent to which political settlements interacting with the rents space affect the nature of the deals space and consequently help explain economic growth in Ghana. The discussions are centred around four break points and therefore five growth episodes for Ghana: pre-1966, 1966–74, 1974–83, 1983–2001, and 2001–14. First, there are signs that the post-2001 period has been more ordered and open than the first twenty-five years after independence. Second, the political settlement has also changed somewhat over the years, from a dominant to a more competitive type. However, it is argued that political patronage remains rife. Third, the chapter finds that the interplay of political settlements and rent space has been important in shaping the nature of the deals space in Ghana. Finally, it highlights two types of positive and negative feedback loop relating to these variables over the years.
Anthony Bebbington, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, Marja Hinfelaar, Cynthia A. Sanborn, Jessica Achberger, Celina Grisi Huber, Verónica Hurtado, Tania Ramírez, and Scott D. Odell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198820932
- eISBN:
- 9780191860478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines how political factors have influenced mineral extraction, governance, and development in Peru since the late nineteenth century. It argues that the legacies of the past have ...
More
This chapter examines how political factors have influenced mineral extraction, governance, and development in Peru since the late nineteenth century. It argues that the legacies of the past have weighed heavily in contemporary governance, but also points to periods in which shifting political alliances and agency aimed to alter past legacies and introduce positive institutional change. The chapter identifies three periods with distinct and relatively stable arrangements for the distribution of power. For the most recent, post-2000 period, it discusses how government responses to social conflict included the creation of institutions to redistribute mining rents, regulate environmental impacts, and promote indigenous participation. However, it argues that political instability and fragmentation have inhibited the effectiveness of these institutions and of longer-term policymaking in general, which in turn explains Peru’s persistent reliance on natural resource extraction and the challenges to more inclusive and sustainable development.Less
This chapter examines how political factors have influenced mineral extraction, governance, and development in Peru since the late nineteenth century. It argues that the legacies of the past have weighed heavily in contemporary governance, but also points to periods in which shifting political alliances and agency aimed to alter past legacies and introduce positive institutional change. The chapter identifies three periods with distinct and relatively stable arrangements for the distribution of power. For the most recent, post-2000 period, it discusses how government responses to social conflict included the creation of institutions to redistribute mining rents, regulate environmental impacts, and promote indigenous participation. However, it argues that political instability and fragmentation have inhibited the effectiveness of these institutions and of longer-term policymaking in general, which in turn explains Peru’s persistent reliance on natural resource extraction and the challenges to more inclusive and sustainable development.
Anthony Bebbington, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, Marja Hinfelaar, Cynthia A. Sanborn, Jessica Achberger, Celina Grisi Huber, Verónica Hurtado, Tania Ramírez, and Scott D. Odell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198820932
- eISBN:
- 9780191860478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter highlights the centrality of clientelist political pressures in explaining why over 100 years of mineral resource extraction has failed to translate into broad-based development in ...
More
This chapter highlights the centrality of clientelist political pressures in explaining why over 100 years of mineral resource extraction has failed to translate into broad-based development in Ghana. Contrary to studies that highlight the role of inclusive political settlements for the effective management of mineral rents, we find that broad-based elite inclusion also risks undermining the effective management of rents for long-term development in contexts where rents are deployed with the aim of ‘buying-off’ elites who can potentially undermine the stability of ruling coalitions. All ruling coalitions have allocated significant shares of mineral rents to chiefs not necessarily for the socio-economic development of mineral-rich communities, but mainly because political elites want to avoid provoking resistance from a group that brokers land and votes in rural areas. Under such circumstances, inclusive political settlements may at best result in unproductive peace, as substantial mineral resources are shared for consumption rather than development.Less
This chapter highlights the centrality of clientelist political pressures in explaining why over 100 years of mineral resource extraction has failed to translate into broad-based development in Ghana. Contrary to studies that highlight the role of inclusive political settlements for the effective management of mineral rents, we find that broad-based elite inclusion also risks undermining the effective management of rents for long-term development in contexts where rents are deployed with the aim of ‘buying-off’ elites who can potentially undermine the stability of ruling coalitions. All ruling coalitions have allocated significant shares of mineral rents to chiefs not necessarily for the socio-economic development of mineral-rich communities, but mainly because political elites want to avoid provoking resistance from a group that brokers land and votes in rural areas. Under such circumstances, inclusive political settlements may at best result in unproductive peace, as substantial mineral resources are shared for consumption rather than development.
Reinoud Leenders
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451003
- eISBN:
- 9780801465871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451003.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
This book has shown how political corruption permeated Lebanon's bureaucratic institutions throughout the post-Ta'if period. It has analyzed incidences of corruption in their immediate institutional ...
More
This book has shown how political corruption permeated Lebanon's bureaucratic institutions throughout the post-Ta'if period. It has analyzed incidences of corruption in their immediate institutional and political contexts by focusing on the institutions' bureaucratic organization and the underlying politics of their evolution. The book concludes with a summary of its findings, first by discussing how political settlement contributed to the failure of public institutions in postwar Lebanon to meet the criteria of bureaucratic organization. It then considers why the central bank was spared from the bickering of political elites and describes the Lebanese state as a state of muhasasa, or an allotment state. It also presents some key Lebanese voices on the subject of corruption and explains why Lebanon's attempts at administrative reform to combat corruption have been widely regarded as a failure. Finally, the book assesses the implications of its findings for the comparative study of postwar recovery.Less
This book has shown how political corruption permeated Lebanon's bureaucratic institutions throughout the post-Ta'if period. It has analyzed incidences of corruption in their immediate institutional and political contexts by focusing on the institutions' bureaucratic organization and the underlying politics of their evolution. The book concludes with a summary of its findings, first by discussing how political settlement contributed to the failure of public institutions in postwar Lebanon to meet the criteria of bureaucratic organization. It then considers why the central bank was spared from the bickering of political elites and describes the Lebanese state as a state of muhasasa, or an allotment state. It also presents some key Lebanese voices on the subject of corruption and explains why Lebanon's attempts at administrative reform to combat corruption have been widely regarded as a failure. Finally, the book assesses the implications of its findings for the comparative study of postwar recovery.
Eric Werker and Lant Pritchett
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198801641
- eISBN:
- 9780191840289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter finds five growth episodes in Liberia’s history. From 1960 to 1971, a period of miracle growth during the presidency of William Tubman. Stagnation and decline followed during the period ...
More
This chapter finds five growth episodes in Liberia’s history. From 1960 to 1971, a period of miracle growth during the presidency of William Tubman. Stagnation and decline followed during the period of 1971–9 when Tubman’s successor, William Tolbert, faced a series of negative trade shocks and a crumbling coalition of support causing negative feedback loops within the economy. Tolbert was overthrown in 1979 by Samuel Doe who oversaw Liberia’s political and economic collapse in 1980–9, and whose political settlement and exclusion of certain factions sowed the seeds for the civil war between 1990 and 2005. The fifth and final period of rapid growth from 2005 to the present day follows the election of Ellen Sirleaf Johnson, and the political stability she brought to the country, which allowed growth to return to the country. However, structural transformation remains elusive due to continued corruption, fragility, and reliance on personal relationships to keep the ruling coalition in power.Less
This chapter finds five growth episodes in Liberia’s history. From 1960 to 1971, a period of miracle growth during the presidency of William Tubman. Stagnation and decline followed during the period of 1971–9 when Tubman’s successor, William Tolbert, faced a series of negative trade shocks and a crumbling coalition of support causing negative feedback loops within the economy. Tolbert was overthrown in 1979 by Samuel Doe who oversaw Liberia’s political and economic collapse in 1980–9, and whose political settlement and exclusion of certain factions sowed the seeds for the civil war between 1990 and 2005. The fifth and final period of rapid growth from 2005 to the present day follows the election of Ellen Sirleaf Johnson, and the political stability she brought to the country, which allowed growth to return to the country. However, structural transformation remains elusive due to continued corruption, fragility, and reliance on personal relationships to keep the ruling coalition in power.
Mirza Hassan and Selim Raihan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198801641
- eISBN:
- 9780191840289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter shows how elite political settlements over time have influenced economic growth in Bangladesh. More concretely, the chapter focuses on the analysis of economic, institutional, and ...
More
This chapter shows how elite political settlements over time have influenced economic growth in Bangladesh. More concretely, the chapter focuses on the analysis of economic, institutional, and political economy conditions behind structural breaks in economic growth, phases of growth acceleration, and transitions in growth regimes in Bangladesh. This involves analysis of the pattern of structural change in the economy, mapping of the rent generation and rent allocations process in different sectors, discussions on the institutional space (i.e. delineation of the nature of formal and informal institutions that tend to affect a firm’s behaviour), and analysis of the deals environment of the business. The chapter also explores the incentives and ideology/vision of the political, state, and economic elites, the nature of state–business relations, and the influence of de facto growth coalitions to explain the dynamics of current trends and future prospects for growth in Bangladesh.Less
This chapter shows how elite political settlements over time have influenced economic growth in Bangladesh. More concretely, the chapter focuses on the analysis of economic, institutional, and political economy conditions behind structural breaks in economic growth, phases of growth acceleration, and transitions in growth regimes in Bangladesh. This involves analysis of the pattern of structural change in the economy, mapping of the rent generation and rent allocations process in different sectors, discussions on the institutional space (i.e. delineation of the nature of formal and informal institutions that tend to affect a firm’s behaviour), and analysis of the deals environment of the business. The chapter also explores the incentives and ideology/vision of the political, state, and economic elites, the nature of state–business relations, and the influence of de facto growth coalitions to explain the dynamics of current trends and future prospects for growth in Bangladesh.
