Edward G. Carmines and Robert Huckfeldt
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294719
- eISBN:
- 9780191599361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294719.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Provides an overview of the ways political scientists have explained political behaviour. Traces the development of approaches from the early electoral studies to economic models, to combinations of ...
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Provides an overview of the ways political scientists have explained political behaviour. Traces the development of approaches from the early electoral studies to economic models, to combinations of context and political agency in a political sociological response, and finally to a return to the individual voter in the form of political psychology. The politics of race is discussed as an example of the interaction of individual and social effects, representing the direction in which the broader political behaviour sub‐discipline is heading.Less
Provides an overview of the ways political scientists have explained political behaviour. Traces the development of approaches from the early electoral studies to economic models, to combinations of context and political agency in a political sociological response, and finally to a return to the individual voter in the form of political psychology. The politics of race is discussed as an example of the interaction of individual and social effects, representing the direction in which the broader political behaviour sub‐discipline is heading.
Rudy B. Andeweg
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250158
- eISBN:
- 9780191599439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250154.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter gives an overview of approaches to the study of governments, building explicitly on the work of A. King (1975) and C. Campbell (1993), who, respectively, offered three research themes ...
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This chapter gives an overview of approaches to the study of governments, building explicitly on the work of A. King (1975) and C. Campbell (1993), who, respectively, offered three research themes (composition, internal dynamics and external relations) and three theoretical perspectives (institutionalism, rational choice and political sociology/psychology). Each of the three research themes is discussed separately, using examples that illustrate the theoretical perspectives: under ‘composition’, the examples are coalition formation (rational choice) and recruitment/motivation (political sociology/psychology); under ‘internal dynamics’, the examples are prime–ministerial v. cabinet government (institutionalism) and political roles/groupthink (political sociology/psychology); and under ‘external relations’, the examples are executive–legislative relations (institutionalism) and control over bureaucracy (rational choice). The last section of the chapter compares the three theoretical approaches.Less
This chapter gives an overview of approaches to the study of governments, building explicitly on the work of A. King (1975) and C. Campbell (1993), who, respectively, offered three research themes (composition, internal dynamics and external relations) and three theoretical perspectives (institutionalism, rational choice and political sociology/psychology). Each of the three research themes is discussed separately, using examples that illustrate the theoretical perspectives: under ‘composition’, the examples are coalition formation (rational choice) and recruitment/motivation (political sociology/psychology); under ‘internal dynamics’, the examples are prime–ministerial v. cabinet government (institutionalism) and political roles/groupthink (political sociology/psychology); and under ‘external relations’, the examples are executive–legislative relations (institutionalism) and control over bureaucracy (rational choice). The last section of the chapter compares the three theoretical approaches.
Eugene Borgida, Christopher M. Federico, and John L. Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335453
- eISBN:
- 9780199893904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335453.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In contemporary social-scientific work on citizenship and current challenges to the effective practice of citizenship, fragmentation in analysis and focus seems to be the rule. While scholars in ...
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In contemporary social-scientific work on citizenship and current challenges to the effective practice of citizenship, fragmentation in analysis and focus seems to be the rule. While scholars in political science, social psychology and mass communications have all made notable contributions to our understanding of present-day citizenship, it is suggested in this chapter that they concentrate on very different aspects of the overall problem. In light of this fragmentary pattern of inquiry, it is submitted that an explicitly interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of citizenship holds great potential for insight and integration across topic areas, and for the development of informed interventions aimed at meeting challenges currently faced by democratic citizens. This introductory chapter overviews five carefully selected themes related to democratic citizenship that address the key challenges to existing perspectives on citizenship. These are themes for which scholars may not be aware of work in other disciplines on the same topic, or where scholars are insufficiently aware of such work and might well benefit from greater intellectual commerce. In other words, these are themes that provide excellent opportunities for the interdisciplinary cross-talk that we have encouraged in the various contributions to this volume.Less
In contemporary social-scientific work on citizenship and current challenges to the effective practice of citizenship, fragmentation in analysis and focus seems to be the rule. While scholars in political science, social psychology and mass communications have all made notable contributions to our understanding of present-day citizenship, it is suggested in this chapter that they concentrate on very different aspects of the overall problem. In light of this fragmentary pattern of inquiry, it is submitted that an explicitly interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of citizenship holds great potential for insight and integration across topic areas, and for the development of informed interventions aimed at meeting challenges currently faced by democratic citizens. This introductory chapter overviews five carefully selected themes related to democratic citizenship that address the key challenges to existing perspectives on citizenship. These are themes for which scholars may not be aware of work in other disciplines on the same topic, or where scholars are insufficiently aware of such work and might well benefit from greater intellectual commerce. In other words, these are themes that provide excellent opportunities for the interdisciplinary cross-talk that we have encouraged in the various contributions to this volume.
Lindsey C. Levitan, Penny S. Visser, and Susan T. Fiske
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335453
- eISBN:
- 9780199893904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335453.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The field of political psychology is currently flourishing, owing by and large to the strength it draws from its interdisciplinary nature. Interdisciplinary connections can generally be characterized ...
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The field of political psychology is currently flourishing, owing by and large to the strength it draws from its interdisciplinary nature. Interdisciplinary connections can generally be characterized as exportation: borrowing a principle from the other discipline while remaining steadfastly within one's own disciplinary paradigm. While exportation has yielded numerous important findings, political psychology stands to benefit the most from synergistic interdisciplinary connections. This chapter explores why genuine synergy has been so rare, and provides guidance for developing a synergistic interdisciplinary research agenda.Less
The field of political psychology is currently flourishing, owing by and large to the strength it draws from its interdisciplinary nature. Interdisciplinary connections can generally be characterized as exportation: borrowing a principle from the other discipline while remaining steadfastly within one's own disciplinary paradigm. While exportation has yielded numerous important findings, political psychology stands to benefit the most from synergistic interdisciplinary connections. This chapter explores why genuine synergy has been so rare, and provides guidance for developing a synergistic interdisciplinary research agenda.
Sarah Scuzzarello, Catarine Kinnvall, and Kristen R. Monroe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385557
- eISBN:
- 9780199864669
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385557.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
What are the critical issues underlying the psychology of ethics and care in a global world? This exciting volume argues that globalization, multiculturalism, and group conflict must be ...
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What are the critical issues underlying the psychology of ethics and care in a global world? This exciting volume argues that globalization, multiculturalism, and group conflict must be reconceptualized from an ethical perspective to fully appreciate the extent to which people will act on behalf of others in a global world. In particular, the authors problematize the concepts of globalization, ethics, and care by discussing how local and global linkages may be constructed to produce diverse ethical results, depending on context. Deciphering the political psychology of real or perceived violence in a global world calls for such a new approach to understand both the collective experience and the shaping of subjectivity. The editors have assembled some of the top political psychologists to construct an interdisciplinary approach that elucidates how political, economic, social, and psychological forces interact and are mutually reinforced in a global context. Taken as a whole, the contributions explore the difficulties and possibilities for caring for others by moving beyond cognitive differences and inequalities of power. Individual chapters explore issues of social courage, bystander intervention, the psychology of prolonged occupation, political conflict and moral reasoning, the relationship between identification, threat and attitudes, and the psychology of altruism and tolerance, with special focus on societies from Finland, Germany and Northern Ireland to Israel, Poland, and the United States.Less
What are the critical issues underlying the psychology of ethics and care in a global world? This exciting volume argues that globalization, multiculturalism, and group conflict must be reconceptualized from an ethical perspective to fully appreciate the extent to which people will act on behalf of others in a global world. In particular, the authors problematize the concepts of globalization, ethics, and care by discussing how local and global linkages may be constructed to produce diverse ethical results, depending on context. Deciphering the political psychology of real or perceived violence in a global world calls for such a new approach to understand both the collective experience and the shaping of subjectivity. The editors have assembled some of the top political psychologists to construct an interdisciplinary approach that elucidates how political, economic, social, and psychological forces interact and are mutually reinforced in a global context. Taken as a whole, the contributions explore the difficulties and possibilities for caring for others by moving beyond cognitive differences and inequalities of power. Individual chapters explore issues of social courage, bystander intervention, the psychology of prolonged occupation, political conflict and moral reasoning, the relationship between identification, threat and attitudes, and the psychology of altruism and tolerance, with special focus on societies from Finland, Germany and Northern Ireland to Israel, Poland, and the United States.
Kristen Renwick Monroe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151373
- eISBN:
- 9781400840366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151373.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter focuses on why all of the participants—rescuers, bystanders, or perpetrators—had claimed that they had no choice in how they treated others during World War II. It argues that self-image ...
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This chapter focuses on why all of the participants—rescuers, bystanders, or perpetrators—had claimed that they had no choice in how they treated others during World War II. It argues that self-image is the central psychological variable, with rescuers, bystanders, and Nazi supporters revealing dramatically different self-concepts. Identity constrains choice for all individuals, not just rescuers, though character and self-image are not all there is to it. The chapter further asserts that the ethical importance of values works through the fashion in which values are integrated into the speaker's sense of self and worldview. Personal suffering, in the form of past trauma, heightens awareness of the plight of others for rescuers; for bystanders and Nazis, however, it increases a sense of vulnerability manifesting itself in a defensive posture and heightened in-group/out-group distinctions. Finally, the chapter notes that the speakers' cognitive categorization systems carry strong ethical overtones.Less
This chapter focuses on why all of the participants—rescuers, bystanders, or perpetrators—had claimed that they had no choice in how they treated others during World War II. It argues that self-image is the central psychological variable, with rescuers, bystanders, and Nazi supporters revealing dramatically different self-concepts. Identity constrains choice for all individuals, not just rescuers, though character and self-image are not all there is to it. The chapter further asserts that the ethical importance of values works through the fashion in which values are integrated into the speaker's sense of self and worldview. Personal suffering, in the form of past trauma, heightens awareness of the plight of others for rescuers; for bystanders and Nazis, however, it increases a sense of vulnerability manifesting itself in a defensive posture and heightened in-group/out-group distinctions. Finally, the chapter notes that the speakers' cognitive categorization systems carry strong ethical overtones.
Michael L. Frazer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390667
- eISBN:
- 9780199866687
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390667.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Although known as “the age of reason,” the eighteenth century was actually an era in which many leading moral and political philosophers placed equal emphasis on feeling. While Enlightenment ...
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Although known as “the age of reason,” the eighteenth century was actually an era in which many leading moral and political philosophers placed equal emphasis on feeling. While Enlightenment rationalists such as Immanuel Kant separated reflective reason from the unreflective mental faculties which must obey its commands, their sentimentalist contemporaries such as David Hume, Adam Smith, and J. G. Herder did not. Instead, they saw moral and political reflection as the proper work of the mind as a whole. Without emotion, imagination and the imaginative sharing of emotion then known as “sympathy,” we would be incapable of developing the reflectively-refined moral sentiments which are the basis of our commitment to justice and virtue. This book seeks to reclaim the sentimentalist theory of reflection as a resource for enriching social science, normative theory, and political practice today.Less
Although known as “the age of reason,” the eighteenth century was actually an era in which many leading moral and political philosophers placed equal emphasis on feeling. While Enlightenment rationalists such as Immanuel Kant separated reflective reason from the unreflective mental faculties which must obey its commands, their sentimentalist contemporaries such as David Hume, Adam Smith, and J. G. Herder did not. Instead, they saw moral and political reflection as the proper work of the mind as a whole. Without emotion, imagination and the imaginative sharing of emotion then known as “sympathy,” we would be incapable of developing the reflectively-refined moral sentiments which are the basis of our commitment to justice and virtue. This book seeks to reclaim the sentimentalist theory of reflection as a resource for enriching social science, normative theory, and political practice today.
Charles M. Judd, Leaf Van Boven, Michaela Huber, and Ana P. Nunes
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151458
- eISBN:
- 9781400840298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151458.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter investigates perceptions of policy and partisan polarization through the use of an interactive histogram procedure (in which respondents were asked to raise and lower bars to reflect ...
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This chapter investigates perceptions of policy and partisan polarization through the use of an interactive histogram procedure (in which respondents were asked to raise and lower bars to reflect what they perceived to be the distribution of the public on some issue). The chapter discusses how respondents handled this task, as well as the reliability of the estimates it provided. Respondents were able to use this novel method to report their perceptions and to do so in ways that were not merely the result of projecting their own attitudes. The chapter then turns to a set of important issues in political perception that these data permit us to address.Less
This chapter investigates perceptions of policy and partisan polarization through the use of an interactive histogram procedure (in which respondents were asked to raise and lower bars to reflect what they perceived to be the distribution of the public on some issue). The chapter discusses how respondents handled this task, as well as the reliability of the estimates it provided. Respondents were able to use this novel method to report their perceptions and to do so in ways that were not merely the result of projecting their own attitudes. The chapter then turns to a set of important issues in political perception that these data permit us to address.
George E. Marcus
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335453
- eISBN:
- 9780199893904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335453.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
A large body of psychological research on citizen competence has resoundingly suggested that citizens are ill-equipped to meet the demands of sound democratic decision making. This chapter challenges ...
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A large body of psychological research on citizen competence has resoundingly suggested that citizens are ill-equipped to meet the demands of sound democratic decision making. This chapter challenges this view, arguing that democratic politics presents a wide array of challenges, each demanding different civic skills. In particular, it contends that it is necessary to embrace a more agonistic view of democratic politics — one that places citizens at the center of a conflict over power and resources. Drawing broadly on interdisciplinary evidence, the chapter argues that citizens are actually quite adept at meeting the challenges of self-governance in the democratic polity.Less
A large body of psychological research on citizen competence has resoundingly suggested that citizens are ill-equipped to meet the demands of sound democratic decision making. This chapter challenges this view, arguing that democratic politics presents a wide array of challenges, each demanding different civic skills. In particular, it contends that it is necessary to embrace a more agonistic view of democratic politics — one that places citizens at the center of a conflict over power and resources. Drawing broadly on interdisciplinary evidence, the chapter argues that citizens are actually quite adept at meeting the challenges of self-governance in the democratic polity.
Kristen Renwick Monroe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151373
- eISBN:
- 9781400840366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151373.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter reflects on the curious puzzle of how identity can influence moral choice, and why. In so doing the chapter discusses the background context within which this volume operates, as it ...
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This chapter reflects on the curious puzzle of how identity can influence moral choice, and why. In so doing the chapter discusses the background context within which this volume operates, as it traces an initial intellectual objective of explaining the psychology of genocide to an exploration of how the themes found in the Holocaust resonate with other periods of genocide, other instances of ethnic cleansing, other acts of prejudice, discrimination and group hatred, and animosity, just as they resonate with other instances of compassion, heroic altruism, and moral courage. The psychological forces at work during the Holocaust, this chapter argues, partake of the same political psychology underlying other political acts driven by identity. From here, the chapter develops a new theory of moral choice to tackle these issues and gives a brief overview of the succeeding chapters.Less
This chapter reflects on the curious puzzle of how identity can influence moral choice, and why. In so doing the chapter discusses the background context within which this volume operates, as it traces an initial intellectual objective of explaining the psychology of genocide to an exploration of how the themes found in the Holocaust resonate with other periods of genocide, other instances of ethnic cleansing, other acts of prejudice, discrimination and group hatred, and animosity, just as they resonate with other instances of compassion, heroic altruism, and moral courage. The psychological forces at work during the Holocaust, this chapter argues, partake of the same political psychology underlying other political acts driven by identity. From here, the chapter develops a new theory of moral choice to tackle these issues and gives a brief overview of the succeeding chapters.
Eugene Borgida, Christopher M Federico, and John L Sullivan (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335453
- eISBN:
- 9780199893904
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335453.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
While scholars in political science, social psychology and mass communications have made notable contributions to our understanding of democratic citizenship, they concentrate on very different ...
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While scholars in political science, social psychology and mass communications have made notable contributions to our understanding of democratic citizenship, they concentrate on very different aspects of the overall problem. The current volume challenges this fragmentary pattern of inquiry, and adopts an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of citizenship, which holds great potential for insight and integration across topic areas, and for the development of informed interventions aimed at meeting challenges faced by democratic citizens. The volume is organized around five themes related to democratic citizenship: citizen knowledge about politics; persuasion processes and intervention processes; group identity, and perception of individual citizens and social groups; hate crimes and intolerance; and the challenge of rapid changes in technology and mass media. These themes address the key challenges to existing perspectives on citizenship, represent themes that are central to the health of democratic societies, and reflect ongoing lines of research that offer important contributions to an interdisciplinary political psychology perspective on citizenship. These also represent themes for which scholars may not be aware of work in other disciplines on the same topic, or where scholars are insufficiently aware of such work and might well benefit from greater intellectual commerce. In other words, these are themes that provide opportunities for the interdisciplinary cross-talk that characterizes contributions to this volume by scholars from psychology, political science, sociology, and mass communications. In the final section, commentators reflect on different aspects of the scholarly agenda put forth in this volume, including what this body of work suggests about the state of political psychology's contributions to our understanding of these issues. Thus, the volume aims to provide a multifaceted, interdisciplinary look at the political psychology of democratic citizenship. The interdisciplinary bent of contemporary work in political psychology may uniquely equip it to provide us with a more nuanced understanding of citizenship issues — and perhaps even of competing democratic theories — in democratic societies.Less
While scholars in political science, social psychology and mass communications have made notable contributions to our understanding of democratic citizenship, they concentrate on very different aspects of the overall problem. The current volume challenges this fragmentary pattern of inquiry, and adopts an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of citizenship, which holds great potential for insight and integration across topic areas, and for the development of informed interventions aimed at meeting challenges faced by democratic citizens. The volume is organized around five themes related to democratic citizenship: citizen knowledge about politics; persuasion processes and intervention processes; group identity, and perception of individual citizens and social groups; hate crimes and intolerance; and the challenge of rapid changes in technology and mass media. These themes address the key challenges to existing perspectives on citizenship, represent themes that are central to the health of democratic societies, and reflect ongoing lines of research that offer important contributions to an interdisciplinary political psychology perspective on citizenship. These also represent themes for which scholars may not be aware of work in other disciplines on the same topic, or where scholars are insufficiently aware of such work and might well benefit from greater intellectual commerce. In other words, these are themes that provide opportunities for the interdisciplinary cross-talk that characterizes contributions to this volume by scholars from psychology, political science, sociology, and mass communications. In the final section, commentators reflect on different aspects of the scholarly agenda put forth in this volume, including what this body of work suggests about the state of political psychology's contributions to our understanding of these issues. Thus, the volume aims to provide a multifaceted, interdisciplinary look at the political psychology of democratic citizenship. The interdisciplinary bent of contemporary work in political psychology may uniquely equip it to provide us with a more nuanced understanding of citizenship issues — and perhaps even of competing democratic theories — in democratic societies.
Catarina Kinnvall and Paul Nesbitt-Larking
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199747542
- eISBN:
- 9780199897254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199747542.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Chapter 1 introduces the central argument of the book by addressing a critically important matter that has so far been only gestured toward in the vast literature on globalization: the political ...
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Chapter 1 introduces the central argument of the book by addressing a critically important matter that has so far been only gestured toward in the vast literature on globalization: the political psychological experience of living in a rapidly changing world. The chapter is centrally concerned with how narratives and discourses affect notions of self and others and how they construct and influence identity constructions among both majority and minority communities. More specifically, the chapter explores the ways in which political identities are actively struggled over, constructed by, and disseminated among both majority and minority group members in the context of a range of political projects. The focus is on diasporic and “postdiasporic” (second- and subsequent generations) Muslims living in the West and the various identity strategies available to them in a world characterized by global change and discourses on terror. The chapter also provides an overview of the book.Less
Chapter 1 introduces the central argument of the book by addressing a critically important matter that has so far been only gestured toward in the vast literature on globalization: the political psychological experience of living in a rapidly changing world. The chapter is centrally concerned with how narratives and discourses affect notions of self and others and how they construct and influence identity constructions among both majority and minority communities. More specifically, the chapter explores the ways in which political identities are actively struggled over, constructed by, and disseminated among both majority and minority group members in the context of a range of political projects. The focus is on diasporic and “postdiasporic” (second- and subsequent generations) Muslims living in the West and the various identity strategies available to them in a world characterized by global change and discourses on terror. The chapter also provides an overview of the book.
Jason Gainous and Kevin M. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199965076
- eISBN:
- 9780199350476
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199965076.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Using theory and data from leading online social media, Gainous and Wagner illustrate how platforms such as Twitter and Facebook are bypassing traditional media and creating a new forum for the ...
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Using theory and data from leading online social media, Gainous and Wagner illustrate how platforms such as Twitter and Facebook are bypassing traditional media and creating a new forum for the exchange of political information and campaigning. Beginning with a strong theoretical foundation grounded in political, communications, and psychology literature, this book examines the effect of online social media on how people come to learn, understand, and engage in politics. By lowering the cost of both supplying the information and obtaining it, social networking applications have recreated how, when, and where people are informed. The authors illustrate how political actors utilized these Internet networks to control the flow of information and win elections. These new and growing online communities are a new forum for the exchange of information that is governed by relationships formed and maintained outside traditional media. With an approach grounded in both social science theory and empirical data, Gainous and Wagner show how the online social media revolution is creating a new paradigm for political communication and shifting the very foundation of the political process.Less
Using theory and data from leading online social media, Gainous and Wagner illustrate how platforms such as Twitter and Facebook are bypassing traditional media and creating a new forum for the exchange of political information and campaigning. Beginning with a strong theoretical foundation grounded in political, communications, and psychology literature, this book examines the effect of online social media on how people come to learn, understand, and engage in politics. By lowering the cost of both supplying the information and obtaining it, social networking applications have recreated how, when, and where people are informed. The authors illustrate how political actors utilized these Internet networks to control the flow of information and win elections. These new and growing online communities are a new forum for the exchange of information that is governed by relationships formed and maintained outside traditional media. With an approach grounded in both social science theory and empirical data, Gainous and Wagner show how the online social media revolution is creating a new paradigm for political communication and shifting the very foundation of the political process.
Catarina Kinnvall and Paul Nesbitt-Larking
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199747542
- eISBN:
- 9780199897254
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199747542.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In an era of global risk and uncertainty, individuals and political communities have been exposed to an increasingly broad and unpredicted range of economic, strategic, cultural, and political ...
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In an era of global risk and uncertainty, individuals and political communities have been exposed to an increasingly broad and unpredicted range of economic, strategic, cultural, and political forces. Rapidly accelerating changes and sudden events exert an impact everywhere from the broadest planetary scale down to the scope of the individual mind and heart. This book explores how these shifts and shocks have conditioned the identity strategies adopted by Muslim minorities in order to construct their roles as political actors. On the basis of conversations with Muslims, the data uncover three typical identity strategies, each shaped by the citizenship regimes of particular Western states: retreatism, essentialism, and engagement. Grounded in an analysis of their colonial histories, patterns of immigration, and citizenship regimes, six Western countries—Canada, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom—serve as places for exploration of the emergence of Muslim political identities. Those regimes that have best been able to balance individual and community rights have most adequately promoted the politics of engagement, while regimes that focus on antiterrorist legislation and exclusionary majority discourses have conditioned retreatist and essentialist identity strategies among both minority and majority communities. In addition to describing the politics of engagement, the book makes the normative case for a climate of engagement among both minority and majority political communities, grounded in recognition, dialogue, deep multiculturalism, and a new global and “cosmopolitical” consciousness.Less
In an era of global risk and uncertainty, individuals and political communities have been exposed to an increasingly broad and unpredicted range of economic, strategic, cultural, and political forces. Rapidly accelerating changes and sudden events exert an impact everywhere from the broadest planetary scale down to the scope of the individual mind and heart. This book explores how these shifts and shocks have conditioned the identity strategies adopted by Muslim minorities in order to construct their roles as political actors. On the basis of conversations with Muslims, the data uncover three typical identity strategies, each shaped by the citizenship regimes of particular Western states: retreatism, essentialism, and engagement. Grounded in an analysis of their colonial histories, patterns of immigration, and citizenship regimes, six Western countries—Canada, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom—serve as places for exploration of the emergence of Muslim political identities. Those regimes that have best been able to balance individual and community rights have most adequately promoted the politics of engagement, while regimes that focus on antiterrorist legislation and exclusionary majority discourses have conditioned retreatist and essentialist identity strategies among both minority and majority communities. In addition to describing the politics of engagement, the book makes the normative case for a climate of engagement among both minority and majority political communities, grounded in recognition, dialogue, deep multiculturalism, and a new global and “cosmopolitical” consciousness.
Daniel Bar-Tal and Gemma H. Bennink
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195166439
- eISBN:
- 9780199849796
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166439.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Reconciliation is now being considered in the areas of political science and political psychology because of the notion that peacemaking should be looked into with a macrosocietal perspective, thus ...
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Reconciliation is now being considered in the areas of political science and political psychology because of the notion that peacemaking should be looked into with a macrosocietal perspective, thus involving reconciliation among the members of society instead of merely resolving conflict. The formal resolution of conflict usually only involves leaders, undermining the fact that they only account for a small portion of a society and that the members of the society may still be at war with each other. Reconciliation involves modifying motivations, beliefs, and attitudes of the majority, and such activities promote establishing or renewing relations within a group. This chapter looks into the nature of reconciliation as an outcome of a peacemaking and as a process.Less
Reconciliation is now being considered in the areas of political science and political psychology because of the notion that peacemaking should be looked into with a macrosocietal perspective, thus involving reconciliation among the members of society instead of merely resolving conflict. The formal resolution of conflict usually only involves leaders, undermining the fact that they only account for a small portion of a society and that the members of the society may still be at war with each other. Reconciliation involves modifying motivations, beliefs, and attitudes of the majority, and such activities promote establishing or renewing relations within a group. This chapter looks into the nature of reconciliation as an outcome of a peacemaking and as a process.
Michael A. Neblo
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226574417
- eISBN:
- 9780226574431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226574431.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter describes how three philosophers' thinking about the emotions continues to be relevant for political psychology, arguing that philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and David Hume were ...
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This chapter describes how three philosophers' thinking about the emotions continues to be relevant for political psychology, arguing that philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and David Hume were systematic thinkers who grounded their ethical and political theories in a descriptive psychology of human experience. Plato's analysis of regime types in terms of modal motivating emotions points toward a kind of comparative or historical political psychology. Aristotle tries to work more cooperatively with human nature as he finds it in his psychology, and the consequence is that he countenances regimes which strike us as more plausible as well. Hume's thoroughgoing psychological naturalism, along with his attack on religious dogmatism, were in themselves part of his political theory. The impulse to theorize in systematic ways, to do psychology with political intent, serves to advance both the science of psychology and the political goals that it might serve.Less
This chapter describes how three philosophers' thinking about the emotions continues to be relevant for political psychology, arguing that philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and David Hume were systematic thinkers who grounded their ethical and political theories in a descriptive psychology of human experience. Plato's analysis of regime types in terms of modal motivating emotions points toward a kind of comparative or historical political psychology. Aristotle tries to work more cooperatively with human nature as he finds it in his psychology, and the consequence is that he countenances regimes which strike us as more plausible as well. Hume's thoroughgoing psychological naturalism, along with his attack on religious dogmatism, were in themselves part of his political theory. The impulse to theorize in systematic ways, to do psychology with political intent, serves to advance both the science of psychology and the political goals that it might serve.
Stephen Benedict Dyson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719079993
- eISBN:
- 9781781702178
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719079993.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Why did Tony Blair take Britain to war with Iraq? Because, this book argues, he was following the core political beliefs and style—the Blair identity—manifest and consistent throughout his decade in ...
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Why did Tony Blair take Britain to war with Iraq? Because, this book argues, he was following the core political beliefs and style—the Blair identity—manifest and consistent throughout his decade in power. Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, and finally Iraq were wars to which Blair was drawn due to his black-and-white framing of the world, his overwhelming confidence that he could shape events, and his tightly-held, presidential style of government. This new application of political psychology to the British prime ministership analyses every answer Blair gave to a foreign policy question in the House of Commons during his decade in power in order to develop a portrait of the prime minister as decision maker. Drawing upon original interviews with major political, diplomatic and military figures at the top of British politics, the book reconstructs Blair's wars, tracing his personal influence on British foreign policy and international politics during his tumultuous tenure.Less
Why did Tony Blair take Britain to war with Iraq? Because, this book argues, he was following the core political beliefs and style—the Blair identity—manifest and consistent throughout his decade in power. Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, and finally Iraq were wars to which Blair was drawn due to his black-and-white framing of the world, his overwhelming confidence that he could shape events, and his tightly-held, presidential style of government. This new application of political psychology to the British prime ministership analyses every answer Blair gave to a foreign policy question in the House of Commons during his decade in power in order to develop a portrait of the prime minister as decision maker. Drawing upon original interviews with major political, diplomatic and military figures at the top of British politics, the book reconstructs Blair's wars, tracing his personal influence on British foreign policy and international politics during his tumultuous tenure.
Jennifer L. Lambe
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469631028
- eISBN:
- 9781469631042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631028.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Chapter 6 argues that the project of mental transformation in the service of revolution transpired largely beyond the institution. Imbued with the utopian spirit of social engineering, mental health ...
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Chapter 6 argues that the project of mental transformation in the service of revolution transpired largely beyond the institution. Imbued with the utopian spirit of social engineering, mental health professionals mobilized to implement their plans for psychological transformation. Nevertheless, as psychiatrists in particular discovered, this was a project that the revolutionary leadership itself planned to direct, and in many cases they were forced to take a backseat to its sui generis reeducation experiments. The end result was the unmistakable politicization of psychological change, as an assemblage of psychiatric concepts, language, and practice imbued official expectations and popular experiences of the revolutionary moment.Less
Chapter 6 argues that the project of mental transformation in the service of revolution transpired largely beyond the institution. Imbued with the utopian spirit of social engineering, mental health professionals mobilized to implement their plans for psychological transformation. Nevertheless, as psychiatrists in particular discovered, this was a project that the revolutionary leadership itself planned to direct, and in many cases they were forced to take a backseat to its sui generis reeducation experiments. The end result was the unmistakable politicization of psychological change, as an assemblage of psychiatric concepts, language, and practice imbued official expectations and popular experiences of the revolutionary moment.
Jeremiah J. Garretson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479822133
- eISBN:
- 9781479824236
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479822133.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Why Tolerance Triumphed is the first accessible, data-driven account of how the LGBTQ movement achieved its most unexpected victory---the liberalization of mass opinion on gay rights. The current ...
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Why Tolerance Triumphed is the first accessible, data-driven account of how the LGBTQ movement achieved its most unexpected victory---the liberalization of mass opinion on gay rights. The current academic understanding of how social movements change mass opinion---through sympathetic media coverage and endorsements from political leaders---cannot provide an adequate explanation for the phenomenal success of the LGBTQ movement at changing the public’s views. The book argues that these factors were not the direct cause of changing attitudes, but contributed indirectly by signalling to other LGBTQ people across the United States that their lives were valued. The net result was a huge increase in the number of LGBTQ people who ‘came out’ and lived their lives openly. Building on recent breakthroughs in social and political psychology, the study introduces the theory of Affective Liberalization. This theory states that meeting and interacting with lesbians and gays in person---or by watching lesbian and gay characters via entertainment media---leads to more durable attitude change by subtly warming peoples’ subconscious reactions to lesbians and gays. Using expansive date-sets and cutting edge social science methods, the book finds that increased exposure to LGBTQ people, triggered by ACT-UP’s activism, provides a singular, compelling and complete explanation for the success of the LGBTQ movement in changing mass opinion.Less
Why Tolerance Triumphed is the first accessible, data-driven account of how the LGBTQ movement achieved its most unexpected victory---the liberalization of mass opinion on gay rights. The current academic understanding of how social movements change mass opinion---through sympathetic media coverage and endorsements from political leaders---cannot provide an adequate explanation for the phenomenal success of the LGBTQ movement at changing the public’s views. The book argues that these factors were not the direct cause of changing attitudes, but contributed indirectly by signalling to other LGBTQ people across the United States that their lives were valued. The net result was a huge increase in the number of LGBTQ people who ‘came out’ and lived their lives openly. Building on recent breakthroughs in social and political psychology, the study introduces the theory of Affective Liberalization. This theory states that meeting and interacting with lesbians and gays in person---or by watching lesbian and gay characters via entertainment media---leads to more durable attitude change by subtly warming peoples’ subconscious reactions to lesbians and gays. Using expansive date-sets and cutting edge social science methods, the book finds that increased exposure to LGBTQ people, triggered by ACT-UP’s activism, provides a singular, compelling and complete explanation for the success of the LGBTQ movement in changing mass opinion.
Michael L. Spezio and Ralph Adolphs
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226574417
- eISBN:
- 9780226574431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226574431.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter, which connects political psychology and decision neuroscience by addressing the challenges to the development of theory about the role of emotions in decision making, also considers the ...
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This chapter, which connects political psychology and decision neuroscience by addressing the challenges to the development of theory about the role of emotions in decision making, also considers the recent work in areas relating emotional processes to prudential decision making and reward, as well as social judgment. The dichotomy between cognition and emotion is described. In addition, a proposal that seeks to develop the concept of emotional processing within the context of complex decision making is reported. The methodological challenges strongly indicate that construction of inferential models of information processing in the brain needs to proceed by an integrative approach. Judgment and decision making in the social realm demonstrates some of the strongest links with emotional processing. The outlook for productive collaborative work between decision neuroscientists and political psychologists is promising.Less
This chapter, which connects political psychology and decision neuroscience by addressing the challenges to the development of theory about the role of emotions in decision making, also considers the recent work in areas relating emotional processes to prudential decision making and reward, as well as social judgment. The dichotomy between cognition and emotion is described. In addition, a proposal that seeks to develop the concept of emotional processing within the context of complex decision making is reported. The methodological challenges strongly indicate that construction of inferential models of information processing in the brain needs to proceed by an integrative approach. Judgment and decision making in the social realm demonstrates some of the strongest links with emotional processing. The outlook for productive collaborative work between decision neuroscientists and political psychologists is promising.