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This chapter examines party-funding. The radical reform inherent in the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 quickly proved inadequate to the challenges of regulating an area so central to party competition. The founding legislation was not sufficiently clear about donor transparency, and the Electoral Commission was uncertain about how to calibrate regulatory burdens, and how to allocate its resources across the complex nature of its mission. This brought the Commission into tension with its original architect, the CSPL, and underlined the difficulty faced by the Commission as it struggled to sustain necessary political support from Parliament and from the parties. The new system, unquestionably a major advance over what went before in terms of transparency, nevertheless in several respects actually stimulated greater controversy, with compliance issues becoming particularly controversial where previously they had not existed.

This chapter draws attention to David Duke as one of the celebrity headliners of the Charlottesville Unite the Right rally. It details how Duke presaged and inspired the alt-right and describes his influence on the modern history of nationalist and supremacist movements in America. It also notes Duke's influence on alt-right leaders and Donald Trump during the presidential election of the United States. The chapter analyzes how a perennial political election loser can turn losses into ideological and cultural gains. It discusses how all bad news is really good news in the eyes of a guerrilla information warfare insurrectionist in order to understand the influence of David Duke.

This chapter examines how even after Puerto Rican migrants could claim U.S. citizenship, various groups in the U.S. persisted in constructing Puerto Ricans as “foreigners” for their own purposes. New York charity boards in the 1930s, for example, defined Puerto Ricans as foreign immigrants in order to justify “repatriations” of impoverished people to the island and thereby shrink their relief rolls. In response, Puerto Rican leaders organized politically in New York, overcoming the restrictions of state literacy laws, to elect political leaders.

This chapter discusses and analyzes reasons why point-summing methods are not acceptable methods for electing and ranking. Points invite comparisons and not evaluations, and when they are in large numbers, there is a large difference in their meanings and uses among the voters. Summing or averaging numbers, without constituting an interval measure, is of no use, as these numbers are not drawn from a bona fide interval scale. Point-summing methods are not used in political elections because such methods that favor and penalize centrist candidates are not accepted for electing or grading political candidates. Another reason is that such methods maximize manipulability as both judges and voters can make changes easily in the final scores of any candidate or competitor. The chapter also compares point-summing methods with other traditional methods or approval voting.