Herbert Kitschelt
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297567
- eISBN:
- 9780191600104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297564.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This is the third of three chapters on the implications of electoral politics and the design of political institutions for welfare state adjustment. Kitschelt's main proposition is that the strategic ...
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This is the third of three chapters on the implications of electoral politics and the design of political institutions for welfare state adjustment. Kitschelt's main proposition is that the strategic configuration of party systems, net of public opinion on social policy reforms, is a critical force that shapes social policy reform programmes and their implementation. He lays out mechanisms that may induce politicians to pursue often unpopular reforms based on internal opportunities offered by the dynamic of competitive party democracy that have received only scant attention in the comparative political economy and social policy literature. The central guiding proposition of the chapter requires two important qualifications: first, that the dynamic of party competition is only one of several mechanisms that affect social policy retrenchment; and second, that a comparative study of social policy change in the 1980s and 1990s would ideally rely on equivalent measures across a wide range of countries, but cross‐nationally comparable measures are not available. These data limitations currently make it impossible to determine the explanatory power of internal political conditions relative to external demographic and economic changes in accounts of social policy retrenchment, so Kitschelt uses case studies from Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, and Japan to illustrate how mechanisms of party competition impinge on social policy change, and beyond that, attempts to generalize his argument based on a reading of much looser expert judgements about social policy retrenchment in a broader set of countries.Less
This is the third of three chapters on the implications of electoral politics and the design of political institutions for welfare state adjustment. Kitschelt's main proposition is that the strategic configuration of party systems, net of public opinion on social policy reforms, is a critical force that shapes social policy reform programmes and their implementation. He lays out mechanisms that may induce politicians to pursue often unpopular reforms based on internal opportunities offered by the dynamic of competitive party democracy that have received only scant attention in the comparative political economy and social policy literature. The central guiding proposition of the chapter requires two important qualifications: first, that the dynamic of party competition is only one of several mechanisms that affect social policy retrenchment; and second, that a comparative study of social policy change in the 1980s and 1990s would ideally rely on equivalent measures across a wide range of countries, but cross‐nationally comparable measures are not available. These data limitations currently make it impossible to determine the explanatory power of internal political conditions relative to external demographic and economic changes in accounts of social policy retrenchment, so Kitschelt uses case studies from Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, and Japan to illustrate how mechanisms of party competition impinge on social policy change, and beyond that, attempts to generalize his argument based on a reading of much looser expert judgements about social policy retrenchment in a broader set of countries.
Paul Pierson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297567
- eISBN:
- 9780191600104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297564.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This concluding chapter argues that the contemporary politics of the welfare state takes shape against a backdrop of both intense pressures for austerity and enduring popularity. In this context, ...
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This concluding chapter argues that the contemporary politics of the welfare state takes shape against a backdrop of both intense pressures for austerity and enduring popularity. In this context, even strong supporters of the welfare state may come to acknowledge the need for adjustment, and even severe critics may need to accept the political realities of continuing popular enthusiasm for social provision. Thus, in most of the affluent democracies, the politics of social policy centre on the renegotiation, restructuring, and modernization of the terms of the post‐war social contract rather than on its dismantling. The crucial issue is whether particular national settings facilitate the emergence of such a centrist reform effort, and if so, on what terms. The argument proceeds in three stages: in the first, a basic framework is outlined for studying the politics of reform in a context of permanent austerity; in the second, two complications are discussed — the need to incorporate different dimensions of social policy reform and the need to recognize three quite distinct configurations of welfare state politics among the affluent democracies; in the third, these arguments are applied to analyse the politics of restructuring in the liberal, social democratic, and conservative ‘worlds’ (regimes) of welfare capitalism.Less
This concluding chapter argues that the contemporary politics of the welfare state takes shape against a backdrop of both intense pressures for austerity and enduring popularity. In this context, even strong supporters of the welfare state may come to acknowledge the need for adjustment, and even severe critics may need to accept the political realities of continuing popular enthusiasm for social provision. Thus, in most of the affluent democracies, the politics of social policy centre on the renegotiation, restructuring, and modernization of the terms of the post‐war social contract rather than on its dismantling. The crucial issue is whether particular national settings facilitate the emergence of such a centrist reform effort, and if so, on what terms. The argument proceeds in three stages: in the first, a basic framework is outlined for studying the politics of reform in a context of permanent austerity; in the second, two complications are discussed — the need to incorporate different dimensions of social policy reform and the need to recognize three quite distinct configurations of welfare state politics among the affluent democracies; in the third, these arguments are applied to analyse the politics of restructuring in the liberal, social democratic, and conservative ‘worlds’ (regimes) of welfare capitalism.
Jochen Clasen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199270712
- eISBN:
- 9780191603266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270716.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This introductory chapter reflects on the need for in-depth historically sensitive research on the development of advanced welfare states. Contrasting the diverging trends and social and economic ...
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This introductory chapter reflects on the need for in-depth historically sensitive research on the development of advanced welfare states. Contrasting the diverging trends and social and economic fortunes in the UK and Germany since the late 1970s, it argues that the two countries have all but undergone a role reversal in terms of their efficiency and sustainability as models of modern social capitalism. The chapter introduces the aims of the book, i.e. empirical investigation into, and causes for, the development of three major social policy domains in the two countries over the past 25 years or so. In order to comprehend similarities and diverging trends, multi-causal accounts at programme level are required.Less
This introductory chapter reflects on the need for in-depth historically sensitive research on the development of advanced welfare states. Contrasting the diverging trends and social and economic fortunes in the UK and Germany since the late 1970s, it argues that the two countries have all but undergone a role reversal in terms of their efficiency and sustainability as models of modern social capitalism. The chapter introduces the aims of the book, i.e. empirical investigation into, and causes for, the development of three major social policy domains in the two countries over the past 25 years or so. In order to comprehend similarities and diverging trends, multi-causal accounts at programme level are required.
Jochen Clasen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199270712
- eISBN:
- 9780191603266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270716.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter reviews the results of the empirical chapters in the light of conceptual and theoretical discussions in earlier chapters. It argues that historically sensitive diachronic comparisons of ...
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This chapter reviews the results of the empirical chapters in the light of conceptual and theoretical discussions in earlier chapters. It argues that historically sensitive diachronic comparisons of policy programmes are particularly suited for a systematic empirical welfare state analyses. Reviewing factors which impinged on policy change, it argues for a multi-causal accounts of change taking account of institutional variation and diverse actor constellation across welfare state programmes. It concludes with an assessment of the EU on national policy making which has been fairly modest in the three domains covered, but it likely to gain relevance in all of them.Less
This chapter reviews the results of the empirical chapters in the light of conceptual and theoretical discussions in earlier chapters. It argues that historically sensitive diachronic comparisons of policy programmes are particularly suited for a systematic empirical welfare state analyses. Reviewing factors which impinged on policy change, it argues for a multi-causal accounts of change taking account of institutional variation and diverse actor constellation across welfare state programmes. It concludes with an assessment of the EU on national policy making which has been fairly modest in the three domains covered, but it likely to gain relevance in all of them.
Helen Margetts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573547
- eISBN:
- 9780191722677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573547.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Organization Studies
This chapter does not attempt to verify the validity of the claims made for modernization, nor to develop the ‘theory of modernization’, but rather to discern from them analytically some meaning of ...
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This chapter does not attempt to verify the validity of the claims made for modernization, nor to develop the ‘theory of modernization’, but rather to discern from them analytically some meaning of the word that may be used to identify characteristics of a modernization reform, characteristics that might prove to be associated with surprise, disappointment, and other unintended or unanticipated consequences. It draws out from the most basic and earliest discussions of the term ‘modernization’ three possible candidates for the characteristics or ‘pillars’ of modernization reform: efficiency, integration, and specialization. It then looks at the work of analysts, proponents, and critics of three broad types of modernization: social modernization emerging from societal trends, such as changes in belief and value systems; state-centred modernization, where the state drives social change; and modernization of the state itself, geared at creating a more efficient and productive state. The final section considers whether the three characteristics of modernization (efficiency, integration, and specialization) have survived the analysis and how they might be used to classify a reform as ‘modernizing’ and be identified as possible sources of ‘paradoxes of modernization’ discussed in this book.Less
This chapter does not attempt to verify the validity of the claims made for modernization, nor to develop the ‘theory of modernization’, but rather to discern from them analytically some meaning of the word that may be used to identify characteristics of a modernization reform, characteristics that might prove to be associated with surprise, disappointment, and other unintended or unanticipated consequences. It draws out from the most basic and earliest discussions of the term ‘modernization’ three possible candidates for the characteristics or ‘pillars’ of modernization reform: efficiency, integration, and specialization. It then looks at the work of analysts, proponents, and critics of three broad types of modernization: social modernization emerging from societal trends, such as changes in belief and value systems; state-centred modernization, where the state drives social change; and modernization of the state itself, geared at creating a more efficient and productive state. The final section considers whether the three characteristics of modernization (efficiency, integration, and specialization) have survived the analysis and how they might be used to classify a reform as ‘modernizing’ and be identified as possible sources of ‘paradoxes of modernization’ discussed in this book.
Jochen Clasen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199270712
- eISBN:
- 9780191603266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270716.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The chapter puts the book into the context of the contemporary discussion on welfare state reform, and reflects on major concepts and guiding notions, such as retrenchment, re-calibration, and ...
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The chapter puts the book into the context of the contemporary discussion on welfare state reform, and reflects on major concepts and guiding notions, such as retrenchment, re-calibration, and restructuring. It argues in favour of a robust conceptualisation and operationalisation of the ‘dependent variable’, combining both quantitative parameters, such as social spending, with qualitative ‘social rights’ indicators. Furthermore, the chapter underlines the interest both in capturing changes in policy direction (expansion or retrenchment) as well as in assessing policy profiles or patterns of change.Less
The chapter puts the book into the context of the contemporary discussion on welfare state reform, and reflects on major concepts and guiding notions, such as retrenchment, re-calibration, and restructuring. It argues in favour of a robust conceptualisation and operationalisation of the ‘dependent variable’, combining both quantitative parameters, such as social spending, with qualitative ‘social rights’ indicators. Furthermore, the chapter underlines the interest both in capturing changes in policy direction (expansion or retrenchment) as well as in assessing policy profiles or patterns of change.
Helen Margetts, Perri 6, and Christopher Hood (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573547
- eISBN:
- 9780191722677
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573547.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Organization Studies
This book explores the unintended and unanticipated effects associated with ‘modernization’ projects and tackles the key question that they provoke: Why do policy-makers persist in such enterprises ...
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This book explores the unintended and unanticipated effects associated with ‘modernization’ projects and tackles the key question that they provoke: Why do policy-makers persist in such enterprises in the face of evidence that they tend to fail? The book first discusses what is meant by ‘modernization’ and ‘unintended consequences’, placing public policy reform within more general intellectual and social trends. It presents eight case study ‘modernization’ projects. Their architects promised faster trains, a more efficient and reactive health service, a more motivated public service, better performing local government, enhanced information for prospective US university students, reduced rates of child malnutrition in developing countries, and a free, open, safe, interconnected cyberspace for people to conduct their social and political life. Each case provides a neat story with a paradox that varies the modernization theme and tackles the question: Why was the project pursued? The conclusion categorizes the cases in terms of their outcome, from success to disappointment, and suggests some strategies for a more balanced version of modernization for current and future policy-makers.Less
This book explores the unintended and unanticipated effects associated with ‘modernization’ projects and tackles the key question that they provoke: Why do policy-makers persist in such enterprises in the face of evidence that they tend to fail? The book first discusses what is meant by ‘modernization’ and ‘unintended consequences’, placing public policy reform within more general intellectual and social trends. It presents eight case study ‘modernization’ projects. Their architects promised faster trains, a more efficient and reactive health service, a more motivated public service, better performing local government, enhanced information for prospective US university students, reduced rates of child malnutrition in developing countries, and a free, open, safe, interconnected cyberspace for people to conduct their social and political life. Each case provides a neat story with a paradox that varies the modernization theme and tackles the question: Why was the project pursued? The conclusion categorizes the cases in terms of their outcome, from success to disappointment, and suggests some strategies for a more balanced version of modernization for current and future policy-makers.
Peter Taylor‐Gooby
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546701
- eISBN:
- 9780191720420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546701.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
This chapter argues that responses to the pressures on welfare are shaped by the context of globalization and fiercer international competition. This inclines governments to develop policies that ...
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This chapter argues that responses to the pressures on welfare are shaped by the context of globalization and fiercer international competition. This inclines governments to develop policies that stress the responsibility and motivation of individual citizens or use targets and competition to make services more responsive and cost-efficient rather than increasing spending on provision along existing lines. It introduces the principal argument of the book: that the thorough-going reform programmes underway in many countries are, by and large, successful in meeting goals of greater cost-efficiency and responsiveness. However they do so at the cost of damaging the values that underpin social citizenship, in particular citizen trust in public services.Less
This chapter argues that responses to the pressures on welfare are shaped by the context of globalization and fiercer international competition. This inclines governments to develop policies that stress the responsibility and motivation of individual citizens or use targets and competition to make services more responsive and cost-efficient rather than increasing spending on provision along existing lines. It introduces the principal argument of the book: that the thorough-going reform programmes underway in many countries are, by and large, successful in meeting goals of greater cost-efficiency and responsiveness. However they do so at the cost of damaging the values that underpin social citizenship, in particular citizen trust in public services.
Arthur C. Helton
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250318
- eISBN:
- 9780191599477
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250316.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Different policy futures could result from preferences such as containment, international cooperation, or taking a proactive approach. The continuing problem of forced displacement makes ...
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Different policy futures could result from preferences such as containment, international cooperation, or taking a proactive approach. The continuing problem of forced displacement makes international cooperation and proactive policy important objectives. Yet, achieving cooperative arrangements in the midst of crisis can be difficult. Policy reform may thus depend on marshalling and promoting a variety of counter‐intuitive factors and motivations in advance of crisis—i.e., leadership. In order to foster more international cooperation on refugee arrangements, an international organizational mechanism is needed to map out the interests and incentives to promote more concerted and sustainable humanitarian policy.Less
Different policy futures could result from preferences such as containment, international cooperation, or taking a proactive approach. The continuing problem of forced displacement makes international cooperation and proactive policy important objectives. Yet, achieving cooperative arrangements in the midst of crisis can be difficult. Policy reform may thus depend on marshalling and promoting a variety of counter‐intuitive factors and motivations in advance of crisis—i.e., leadership. In order to foster more international cooperation on refugee arrangements, an international organizational mechanism is needed to map out the interests and incentives to promote more concerted and sustainable humanitarian policy.
Jonathan Fox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199208852
- eISBN:
- 9780191709005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208852.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter asks whether policy reforms that formally permit participation by organized poor people actually led to power-sharing in practice. The Mexican state has more than two decades of ...
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This chapter asks whether policy reforms that formally permit participation by organized poor people actually led to power-sharing in practice. The Mexican state has more than two decades of experience with national rural development programs that convene ostensibly participatory regional and municipal councils. The chapter maps patterns of regional variation in pro-poor institutional change in rural Mexico by comparing seven programs, including the Community Food Councils (DICONSA), the Regional Development Funds (INI), the Municipal Development Funds (SEDESOL), Rural Development in Marginal Areas, the Protected Natural Areas, the Municipal Councils for Sustainable Rural Development (SAGAR), and the Regional Sustainable Development Program (PRODERS). The state-society councils' practices varied widely, across programs, across regions, and over time. There is no independent evidence that the majority of regional councils were pluralistic and participatory in any of the national programs studied.Less
This chapter asks whether policy reforms that formally permit participation by organized poor people actually led to power-sharing in practice. The Mexican state has more than two decades of experience with national rural development programs that convene ostensibly participatory regional and municipal councils. The chapter maps patterns of regional variation in pro-poor institutional change in rural Mexico by comparing seven programs, including the Community Food Councils (DICONSA), the Regional Development Funds (INI), the Municipal Development Funds (SEDESOL), Rural Development in Marginal Areas, the Protected Natural Areas, the Municipal Councils for Sustainable Rural Development (SAGAR), and the Regional Sustainable Development Program (PRODERS). The state-society councils' practices varied widely, across programs, across regions, and over time. There is no independent evidence that the majority of regional councils were pluralistic and participatory in any of the national programs studied.
Wendy Dobson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235216
- eISBN:
- 9780191715624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235216.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter notes the special role of financial services in an economy and distinguishes policy reform from domestic deregulation and capital account deregulation. The impacts of policy reform and ...
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This chapter notes the special role of financial services in an economy and distinguishes policy reform from domestic deregulation and capital account deregulation. The impacts of policy reform and the benefits and risks of broader financial sector development, growth, income distribution, and poverty are discussed. The impacts of reform include: increased domestic competition; causing further reform and greater regulatory transparency; increased resiliency of the domestic financial system to shocks; encouragement of the diffusion of new skills, products and technologies; and facilitation of access to international capital. The elements of successful trade-policy reform are noted, based on the experiences of China, Thailand, and Latin America. Issues in need of additional research are identified, including the impact on domestic financial performance of foreign equity participation, improvement of available data on and transparency of barriers to cross-border transactions and foreign entry, measures used to moderate unanticipated impacts of liberalization, and further elucidation of the rationales for the WTO Financial Services Agreement (FSA) commitments. The role of international negotiations is addressed in terms of how they can help individual countries, what can be learned from international rules and commitments undertaken, whether there is scope for improvement, whether existing commitments promote desirable policies, possible reasons for refraining from commitments, and issues in need of further research. An addendum reviews the liberalization of financial services in the Western Hemisphere and in China.Less
This chapter notes the special role of financial services in an economy and distinguishes policy reform from domestic deregulation and capital account deregulation. The impacts of policy reform and the benefits and risks of broader financial sector development, growth, income distribution, and poverty are discussed. The impacts of reform include: increased domestic competition; causing further reform and greater regulatory transparency; increased resiliency of the domestic financial system to shocks; encouragement of the diffusion of new skills, products and technologies; and facilitation of access to international capital. The elements of successful trade-policy reform are noted, based on the experiences of China, Thailand, and Latin America. Issues in need of additional research are identified, including the impact on domestic financial performance of foreign equity participation, improvement of available data on and transparency of barriers to cross-border transactions and foreign entry, measures used to moderate unanticipated impacts of liberalization, and further elucidation of the rationales for the WTO Financial Services Agreement (FSA) commitments. The role of international negotiations is addressed in terms of how they can help individual countries, what can be learned from international rules and commitments undertaken, whether there is scope for improvement, whether existing commitments promote desirable policies, possible reasons for refraining from commitments, and issues in need of further research. An addendum reviews the liberalization of financial services in the Western Hemisphere and in China.
Holly Jarman and Scott L. Greer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388299
- eISBN:
- 9780199866519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388299.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Jarman and Greer consider how the fragmentation of the U.S. political system acts as a key obstacle to state‐wide universal health insurance coverage. The “paradox of purity” poses a difficult ...
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Jarman and Greer consider how the fragmentation of the U.S. political system acts as a key obstacle to state‐wide universal health insurance coverage. The “paradox of purity” poses a difficult dilemma for reformers: groups with influence among policymakers have a better of chance of seeing their reforms enacted, but to be successful, they must adopt narrower policy goals or accept smaller reforms. Less influential groups are free to “think big,” but have a greatly reduced chance of seeing their goals implemented. Jarman and Greer consider how a social movement for health reform might resolve this paradox. Their chapter analyzes the campaigns for universal health coverage in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, contrasting the fragmentation of Pennsylvania activists with the coalition‐building techniques developed in Wisconsin to assess how proponents of big ideas can successfully build a support base broad enough to overcome a fragmented U.S. political system.Less
Jarman and Greer consider how the fragmentation of the U.S. political system acts as a key obstacle to state‐wide universal health insurance coverage. The “paradox of purity” poses a difficult dilemma for reformers: groups with influence among policymakers have a better of chance of seeing their reforms enacted, but to be successful, they must adopt narrower policy goals or accept smaller reforms. Less influential groups are free to “think big,” but have a greatly reduced chance of seeing their goals implemented. Jarman and Greer consider how a social movement for health reform might resolve this paradox. Their chapter analyzes the campaigns for universal health coverage in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, contrasting the fragmentation of Pennsylvania activists with the coalition‐building techniques developed in Wisconsin to assess how proponents of big ideas can successfully build a support base broad enough to overcome a fragmented U.S. political system.
Ian W. McLean
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154671
- eISBN:
- 9781400845439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154671.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter explains how the higher level of prosperity attained during the second “golden age” was threatened during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Pressures for a significant restructuring in the ...
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This chapter explains how the higher level of prosperity attained during the second “golden age” was threatened during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Pressures for a significant restructuring in the economy arose from a boom in mineral production, the onset of Asian industrialization, and a spike in world energy prices. These forces eventually led to the adoption of more outward-oriented policies with respect to trade and capital flows and a more market-oriented approach to the regulation of the domestic economy—policies more akin to those pursued in the nineteenth century. In pursuit of enhanced levels of prosperity, the policy reforms during the 1980s and 1990s were numerous and significant, requiring the abolition or adaptation of some key economic institutions.Less
This chapter explains how the higher level of prosperity attained during the second “golden age” was threatened during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Pressures for a significant restructuring in the economy arose from a boom in mineral production, the onset of Asian industrialization, and a spike in world energy prices. These forces eventually led to the adoption of more outward-oriented policies with respect to trade and capital flows and a more market-oriented approach to the regulation of the domestic economy—policies more akin to those pursued in the nineteenth century. In pursuit of enhanced levels of prosperity, the policy reforms during the 1980s and 1990s were numerous and significant, requiring the abolition or adaptation of some key economic institutions.
CLARE KELLAR
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199266708
- eISBN:
- 9780191708930
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199266708.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter begins by discussing that James V's unexpected death in December 1542 led to an entirely new phase in Henry VIII's policy towards Scotland. It then explains that in order to resolve ...
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This chapter begins by discussing that James V's unexpected death in December 1542 led to an entirely new phase in Henry VIII's policy towards Scotland. It then explains that in order to resolve England's diplomatic problems and religious insecurities, the Scottish queen was married to Prince Edward. It clarifies that the transformation of the political scene had not eliminated certain intractable complications in recent Anglo-Scottish dealings. It explains that the religious dynamic of the practice of assuring could therefore be a strong weapon for either side in the conduct of war. It examines the Castilian enterprise during 1546 to 1547. It argues that the incompatibility of the aims of the Scottish rebels and Henry VIII showed the difference between their interpretations of the purpose of their alliance. It discusses Somerset's effort to revive the Anglo-Scottish union.Less
This chapter begins by discussing that James V's unexpected death in December 1542 led to an entirely new phase in Henry VIII's policy towards Scotland. It then explains that in order to resolve England's diplomatic problems and religious insecurities, the Scottish queen was married to Prince Edward. It clarifies that the transformation of the political scene had not eliminated certain intractable complications in recent Anglo-Scottish dealings. It explains that the religious dynamic of the practice of assuring could therefore be a strong weapon for either side in the conduct of war. It examines the Castilian enterprise during 1546 to 1547. It argues that the incompatibility of the aims of the Scottish rebels and Henry VIII showed the difference between their interpretations of the purpose of their alliance. It discusses Somerset's effort to revive the Anglo-Scottish union.
Hal Hill and Bruce McKern
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296058
- eISBN:
- 9780191596209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296053.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This case study on the impact of globalization on Australia is organized into six main sections. Sect.1 and Sect. 2, provide a general overview of Australia's international integration from a ...
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This case study on the impact of globalization on Australia is organized into six main sections. Sect.1 and Sect. 2, provide a general overview of Australia's international integration from a comparative perspective. Sects. 3–5 place Australia's growing internationalization in context. The policy reforms of the 1980s are described and assessed in Sect 3, and related to a range of macroeconomic performance indicators in Sect 4; these two sections provide essential background information since the reforms were crucial in shifting Australia towards a much more international orientation, and the macroeconomic setting (in particular the country's low saving rate) is important, for it has the potential to nullify many of the significant reform achievements. Sect 5 develops the internationalization theme further by examining trends in equity capital flows and technology effort, and Sect 6 provides another building block in the argument by analysing the development of ever stronger ties with East Asia. Sect 7 takes a more microeconomic perspective by examining the impact of the major changes discussed earlier on business enterprises.Less
This case study on the impact of globalization on Australia is organized into six main sections. Sect.1 and Sect. 2, provide a general overview of Australia's international integration from a comparative perspective. Sects. 3–5 place Australia's growing internationalization in context. The policy reforms of the 1980s are described and assessed in Sect 3, and related to a range of macroeconomic performance indicators in Sect 4; these two sections provide essential background information since the reforms were crucial in shifting Australia towards a much more international orientation, and the macroeconomic setting (in particular the country's low saving rate) is important, for it has the potential to nullify many of the significant reform achievements. Sect 5 develops the internationalization theme further by examining trends in equity capital flows and technology effort, and Sect 6 provides another building block in the argument by analysing the development of ever stronger ties with East Asia. Sect 7 takes a more microeconomic perspective by examining the impact of the major changes discussed earlier on business enterprises.
Sandra R. Levitsky and Jane Banaszak‐Holl
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388299
- eISBN:
- 9780199866519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388299.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Levitsky and Banaszak‐Hall introduce an analytical framework for understanding collective challenges to American health institutions. Departing from the dominant paradigms in the social movement ...
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Levitsky and Banaszak‐Hall introduce an analytical framework for understanding collective challenges to American health institutions. Departing from the dominant paradigms in the social movement literature that focus on the state as the central source of power and primary target of social movement activism, the authors join a growing cadre of researchers who have adopted a multi‐institutional model for understanding social movements. By conceptualizing the American health care system as being organized by and around multiple institutions—including the state, biomedical fields, professions, and health delivery organizations—the authors seek to encompass within a single analytical framework (1) the diversity of contemporary health care reform efforts and sites of activism, and (2) the full range of actors in health reform campaigns who transcend traditional social movement boundaries between institutional and extra‐institutional politics, members and challengers, insiders and outsiders, and lay and expert activists. Their approach also broadens the focus of analysis from health social movements as dependent variables, to the health institutions which these movements seek to challenge—including the political logics, organization, and systems of meaning that sustain and reproduce dominant health paradigms and systems of health care provision.Less
Levitsky and Banaszak‐Hall introduce an analytical framework for understanding collective challenges to American health institutions. Departing from the dominant paradigms in the social movement literature that focus on the state as the central source of power and primary target of social movement activism, the authors join a growing cadre of researchers who have adopted a multi‐institutional model for understanding social movements. By conceptualizing the American health care system as being organized by and around multiple institutions—including the state, biomedical fields, professions, and health delivery organizations—the authors seek to encompass within a single analytical framework (1) the diversity of contemporary health care reform efforts and sites of activism, and (2) the full range of actors in health reform campaigns who transcend traditional social movement boundaries between institutional and extra‐institutional politics, members and challengers, insiders and outsiders, and lay and expert activists. Their approach also broadens the focus of analysis from health social movements as dependent variables, to the health institutions which these movements seek to challenge—including the political logics, organization, and systems of meaning that sustain and reproduce dominant health paradigms and systems of health care provision.
Steven Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388299
- eISBN:
- 9780199866519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388299.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Epstein considers collective efforts to transform federal health regulations guiding clinical research. Since 1986, federal laws, policies, and guidelines have either required or encouraged ...
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Epstein considers collective efforts to transform federal health regulations guiding clinical research. Since 1986, federal laws, policies, and guidelines have either required or encouraged researchers to include women, racial and ethnic minorities, children, the elderly, and other groups within clinical research populations. This chapter analyzes the rise of the “anti‐standardization resistance movement” that led to these institutional changes in law and policy. Epstein argues that the success of this effort depended in part on the hybrid character of the reformers' work. Specifically, the reform project was hybrid in its formal composition (consisting of a tacit coalition of numerous overlapping health movements); in its social basis (combining disease‐specific activism with activism organized around social identities); in its knowledge politics (crossing the lines that supposedly divide laypeople from experts); in its power politics (encompassing ordinary people as well as elites, and biomedical outsiders as well as insiders); in its social location (crossing boundaries between civil society, market institutions, and the state); and in its tactics (combining reformist and radical approaches). While the hybrid character of the reform effort created a risk of internal conflict, Epstein argues that it also created important opportunities for the successful framing of the political project.Less
Epstein considers collective efforts to transform federal health regulations guiding clinical research. Since 1986, federal laws, policies, and guidelines have either required or encouraged researchers to include women, racial and ethnic minorities, children, the elderly, and other groups within clinical research populations. This chapter analyzes the rise of the “anti‐standardization resistance movement” that led to these institutional changes in law and policy. Epstein argues that the success of this effort depended in part on the hybrid character of the reformers' work. Specifically, the reform project was hybrid in its formal composition (consisting of a tacit coalition of numerous overlapping health movements); in its social basis (combining disease‐specific activism with activism organized around social identities); in its knowledge politics (crossing the lines that supposedly divide laypeople from experts); in its power politics (encompassing ordinary people as well as elites, and biomedical outsiders as well as insiders); in its social location (crossing boundaries between civil society, market institutions, and the state); and in its tactics (combining reformist and radical approaches). While the hybrid character of the reform effort created a risk of internal conflict, Epstein argues that it also created important opportunities for the successful framing of the political project.
Denis Saint-Martin
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199269068
- eISBN:
- 9780191699344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269068.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Organization Studies
France began to incorporate management-consulting knowledge a lot later than Britain and Canada did. The state adopted the 1989 policy on the Renewal of Civil Service that prioritized human resource ...
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France began to incorporate management-consulting knowledge a lot later than Britain and Canada did. The state adopted the 1989 policy on the Renewal of Civil Service that prioritized human resource management, responsabilisation or accountability, programme evaluation, and service delivery. The techniques and ideas used to attain these priorities were associated with new managerialism in terms of including decentralized budgetary techniques, programme evaluation, techniques for setting standards and improving public services quality, and the shift of the relationships between administrative units from hierarchy to contract. Managerialist ideas in France are generally less influential because of the underlying bureaucratic reform policy ideas that emphasize the public aspect of state administration.Less
France began to incorporate management-consulting knowledge a lot later than Britain and Canada did. The state adopted the 1989 policy on the Renewal of Civil Service that prioritized human resource management, responsabilisation or accountability, programme evaluation, and service delivery. The techniques and ideas used to attain these priorities were associated with new managerialism in terms of including decentralized budgetary techniques, programme evaluation, techniques for setting standards and improving public services quality, and the shift of the relationships between administrative units from hierarchy to contract. Managerialist ideas in France are generally less influential because of the underlying bureaucratic reform policy ideas that emphasize the public aspect of state administration.
Rolph van der Hoeven and Catherine Saget
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271412
- eISBN:
- 9780191601255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271410.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Looks at some of the labour market outcomes of recent economic reforms. The extent to which labour market institutions affect the relationship between reform policies and income inequality remains ...
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Looks at some of the labour market outcomes of recent economic reforms. The extent to which labour market institutions affect the relationship between reform policies and income inequality remains controversial. Some see labour market institutions as a hindrance to more efficient development and growth, while others argue that without proper labour market institutions an economy cannot progress. Labour market policies, regulations, and institutions have at least three goals: improving allocative efficiency (matching supply and demand); improving dynamic efficiency (increasing the quality of the labour force); and improving or maintaining a sense of equity and social justice among labour force participants. These different goals inform the discussion throughout the chapter, which is organized as follows: after an introduction, the second section touches briefly on some theoretical aspects of labour markets and reform policies; the third reviews trends in labour market changes in terms of informalization of employment, wage shares in national income, and wage inequality; the fourth reviews some general trends in labour market policies that have typically been implemented under the Washington Consensus, namely, a decline in minimum wages, shifts in the bargaining power of unions, and a reduction in employment protection; the final section offers conclusions on whether or not labour market policies reduce income inequality.Less
Looks at some of the labour market outcomes of recent economic reforms. The extent to which labour market institutions affect the relationship between reform policies and income inequality remains controversial. Some see labour market institutions as a hindrance to more efficient development and growth, while others argue that without proper labour market institutions an economy cannot progress. Labour market policies, regulations, and institutions have at least three goals: improving allocative efficiency (matching supply and demand); improving dynamic efficiency (increasing the quality of the labour force); and improving or maintaining a sense of equity and social justice among labour force participants. These different goals inform the discussion throughout the chapter, which is organized as follows: after an introduction, the second section touches briefly on some theoretical aspects of labour markets and reform policies; the third reviews trends in labour market changes in terms of informalization of employment, wage shares in national income, and wage inequality; the fourth reviews some general trends in labour market policies that have typically been implemented under the Washington Consensus, namely, a decline in minimum wages, shifts in the bargaining power of unions, and a reduction in employment protection; the final section offers conclusions on whether or not labour market policies reduce income inequality.
Raghbendra Jha
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271412
- eISBN:
- 9780191601255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271410.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This is the first of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of India. Discusses the differences between the approach taken to liberalization in India (the Delhi ...
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This is the first of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of India. Discusses the differences between the approach taken to liberalization in India (the Delhi Consensus) and the standard approach (the Washington Consensus); the Delhi Consensus has emphasized the slow liberalization of trade and very gradual privatization, and has avoided capital account liberalization. This prudent approach has sidestepped major shocks, and the changes in inequality consequent upon these reforms have been relatively modest, although rural inequality has risen at a slower pace than have urban and overall inequality. The rise in inequality is attributed to three factors: a shift in earnings from labour to capital income; the rapid growth of the services sector, particularly the FIRE sector (banking, financial institutions, insurance, and real estate), with a consequent explosion in demand for skilled workers; and a drop in the rate of labour absorption during the reform period, associated with an increase in regional inequality, especially in the incidence of rural poverty. The chapter has five sections: Introduction: Salient Economic Performance Aspects and Recent Policy Reforms—an outline of the economic performance of the Indian economy since the 1950s, with a brief overview of the economic reforms initiated; Trends in Inequality and Poverty in India—an analysis trends in aggregate inequality and poverty, with suggested explanations; Poverty and Inequality at the State Level—an outline of the major characteristics of poverty and inequality at the level of individual Indian states; and Tentative Conclusions.Less
This is the first of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of India. Discusses the differences between the approach taken to liberalization in India (the Delhi Consensus) and the standard approach (the Washington Consensus); the Delhi Consensus has emphasized the slow liberalization of trade and very gradual privatization, and has avoided capital account liberalization. This prudent approach has sidestepped major shocks, and the changes in inequality consequent upon these reforms have been relatively modest, although rural inequality has risen at a slower pace than have urban and overall inequality. The rise in inequality is attributed to three factors: a shift in earnings from labour to capital income; the rapid growth of the services sector, particularly the FIRE sector (banking, financial institutions, insurance, and real estate), with a consequent explosion in demand for skilled workers; and a drop in the rate of labour absorption during the reform period, associated with an increase in regional inequality, especially in the incidence of rural poverty. The chapter has five sections: Introduction: Salient Economic Performance Aspects and Recent Policy Reforms—an outline of the economic performance of the Indian economy since the 1950s, with a brief overview of the economic reforms initiated; Trends in Inequality and Poverty in India—an analysis trends in aggregate inequality and poverty, with suggested explanations; Poverty and Inequality at the State Level—an outline of the major characteristics of poverty and inequality at the level of individual Indian states; and Tentative Conclusions.
