Peter A. Diamond
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199247899
- eISBN:
- 9780191697692
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247899.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Public and Welfare
Social security systems are being reviewed and changed in many countries around the world. This book considers some of the key policy issues for design of a social security reform, as well as ...
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Social security systems are being reviewed and changed in many countries around the world. This book considers some of the key policy issues for design of a social security reform, as well as reviewing much of the academic literature on the positive and normative aspects of social security. The first chapter provides an examination of key policy issues of general concern includes the funding of social security, the comparison of defined benefit and defined contribution systems, notional defined contribution accounts, alternative approaches to organizing individual defined contribution accounts, and the provision of survivor benefits. The book then turns to the academic literature on the interactions between social security and the labor and capital markets, providing a non-technical overview of the existing literature and pointing-out gaps in current research findings. The second chapter reviews the impact on retirement decisions of forced savings, the use of an earnings or retirement test, mandated annuitization, recognizing heterogeneity in both life expectancy and possibly in risk classification for annuity pricing, and treatment of the family, particularly the use of joint-life annuitization. Also reviewed is the impact on labor supply at younger ages, considering mandatory savings and annuitization, contrasting defined benefit and defined contribution systems, and analysing alternative approaches to redistribution within social security. The final chapter covers issues of aggregate capital accumulation and risk-sharing, with the latter including the risks in annuitization, in the returns to capital, and in aggregate earnings. Also considered are the risks in the political process.Less
Social security systems are being reviewed and changed in many countries around the world. This book considers some of the key policy issues for design of a social security reform, as well as reviewing much of the academic literature on the positive and normative aspects of social security. The first chapter provides an examination of key policy issues of general concern includes the funding of social security, the comparison of defined benefit and defined contribution systems, notional defined contribution accounts, alternative approaches to organizing individual defined contribution accounts, and the provision of survivor benefits. The book then turns to the academic literature on the interactions between social security and the labor and capital markets, providing a non-technical overview of the existing literature and pointing-out gaps in current research findings. The second chapter reviews the impact on retirement decisions of forced savings, the use of an earnings or retirement test, mandated annuitization, recognizing heterogeneity in both life expectancy and possibly in risk classification for annuity pricing, and treatment of the family, particularly the use of joint-life annuitization. Also reviewed is the impact on labor supply at younger ages, considering mandatory savings and annuitization, contrasting defined benefit and defined contribution systems, and analysing alternative approaches to redistribution within social security. The final chapter covers issues of aggregate capital accumulation and risk-sharing, with the latter including the risks in annuitization, in the returns to capital, and in aggregate earnings. Also considered are the risks in the political process.
John S. Lapinski
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691137810
- eISBN:
- 9781400848638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137810.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter explains how policy issue substance could play a revitalizing role for multiple subfields in American politics, particularly congressional studies and American political development. It ...
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This chapter explains how policy issue substance could play a revitalizing role for multiple subfields in American politics, particularly congressional studies and American political development. It argues that there are three factors combined to lessen interest in the study of policy substance: the rise of deductive theory within congressional studies, which led scholars to believe that this earlier behavior-based work was limited to descriptive objectives; the findings of Poole and Rosenthal (1985, 1991, 1997), who demonstrated empirically that roll call voting in the U.S. Congress appears to be largely unidimensional and not policy-specific; and policy classification schemas that were not theoretically grounded and suffered from being period-bound. The chapter also introduces a new coding schema to parse policy.Less
This chapter explains how policy issue substance could play a revitalizing role for multiple subfields in American politics, particularly congressional studies and American political development. It argues that there are three factors combined to lessen interest in the study of policy substance: the rise of deductive theory within congressional studies, which led scholars to believe that this earlier behavior-based work was limited to descriptive objectives; the findings of Poole and Rosenthal (1985, 1991, 1997), who demonstrated empirically that roll call voting in the U.S. Congress appears to be largely unidimensional and not policy-specific; and policy classification schemas that were not theoretically grounded and suffered from being period-bound. The chapter also introduces a new coding schema to parse policy.
John S. Lapinski
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691137810
- eISBN:
- 9781400848638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137810.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines how policy issue substance matters for studying political preferences at the micro level, while reconsidering Poole and Rosenthal's analysis of the 95th Congress (1977–78). In ...
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This chapter examines how policy issue substance matters for studying political preferences at the micro level, while reconsidering Poole and Rosenthal's analysis of the 95th Congress (1977–78). In their analysis of the 95th Congress, they find evidence that they interpret to mean that issue scales do not vary. The chapter suggests that it is possible to agree wholeheartedly with the low-dimensionality findings of Poole and Rosenthal, but at the same time, members of Congress have distinct preferences across policy issue areas. Measuring the preferences of members of Congress correctly is absolutely vital for empirical testing of theories and hypotheses as well as for inductive-based work on lawmaking. The remainder of the chapter presents five case studies of lawmaking, which show in a more fine-grained manner the impact of policy preferences across time and issues.Less
This chapter examines how policy issue substance matters for studying political preferences at the micro level, while reconsidering Poole and Rosenthal's analysis of the 95th Congress (1977–78). In their analysis of the 95th Congress, they find evidence that they interpret to mean that issue scales do not vary. The chapter suggests that it is possible to agree wholeheartedly with the low-dimensionality findings of Poole and Rosenthal, but at the same time, members of Congress have distinct preferences across policy issue areas. Measuring the preferences of members of Congress correctly is absolutely vital for empirical testing of theories and hypotheses as well as for inductive-based work on lawmaking. The remainder of the chapter presents five case studies of lawmaking, which show in a more fine-grained manner the impact of policy preferences across time and issues.
David Colander and Craig Freedman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691179209
- eISBN:
- 9780691184050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691179209.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter examines the method of “argumentation for the sake of heaven.” This method entails an honest exploration by economists focused on advancing understanding, not on winning debates. ...
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This chapter examines the method of “argumentation for the sake of heaven.” This method entails an honest exploration by economists focused on advancing understanding, not on winning debates. Argumentation for the sake of heaven can only occur if one recognizes that it is needed. Thus, implementing an argumentation for the sake of heaven methodology would require economists ascribing to opposing views on policy to willingly personally discuss the nuances of their policy differences. The mutually held goal of these debaters arguing for the sake of heaven would be to reduce differences. To the degree possible, the overriding objective would be to reach a consensus, or at least a specification of what type of evidence might persuade economists on both sides of the policy issue, to change their mind.Less
This chapter examines the method of “argumentation for the sake of heaven.” This method entails an honest exploration by economists focused on advancing understanding, not on winning debates. Argumentation for the sake of heaven can only occur if one recognizes that it is needed. Thus, implementing an argumentation for the sake of heaven methodology would require economists ascribing to opposing views on policy to willingly personally discuss the nuances of their policy differences. The mutually held goal of these debaters arguing for the sake of heaven would be to reduce differences. To the degree possible, the overriding objective would be to reach a consensus, or at least a specification of what type of evidence might persuade economists on both sides of the policy issue, to change their mind.
John S. Lapinski
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691137810
- eISBN:
- 9781400848638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137810.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses how policy issue substance matters for studying political preferences. Fully exploring how policy issue substance matters for studying political polarization in Congress, the ...
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This chapter discusses how policy issue substance matters for studying political preferences. Fully exploring how policy issue substance matters for studying political polarization in Congress, the chapter begins by introducing a new large data set that comprises the estimated induced preferences of members of the House of Representatives and U.S. senators by policy issue area over a very long time horizon: 1877 to 2010. It also explores the literature on elite polarization in Congress by policy issue area and studies polarization across a 124-year period (1877 to 2010) by the policy issue areas defined as “tier 1.” The chapter shows that issue content is extremely important for understanding political polarization and that many of the empirical facts about polarization depend on not disaggregating policy by issue areas.Less
This chapter discusses how policy issue substance matters for studying political preferences. Fully exploring how policy issue substance matters for studying political polarization in Congress, the chapter begins by introducing a new large data set that comprises the estimated induced preferences of members of the House of Representatives and U.S. senators by policy issue area over a very long time horizon: 1877 to 2010. It also explores the literature on elite polarization in Congress by policy issue area and studies polarization across a 124-year period (1877 to 2010) by the policy issue areas defined as “tier 1.” The chapter shows that issue content is extremely important for understanding political polarization and that many of the empirical facts about polarization depend on not disaggregating policy by issue areas.
John S. Lapinski
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691137810
- eISBN:
- 9781400848638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137810.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter turns to lawmaking and shows that legislative productivity varies considerably by policy issue area. Specifically, it illustrates that the key determinants of legislative productivity ...
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This chapter turns to lawmaking and shows that legislative productivity varies considerably by policy issue area. Specifically, it illustrates that the key determinants of legislative productivity differ by policy substance. It also provides empirical evidence that questions the benefits of pooling legislation when such aggregation often obscures empirical findings related to understanding the mechanisms of lawmaking. The chapter aims to determine whether pooling policies (using an overall aggregate measure of all legislation) is potentially inappropriate. This multivariate analysis draws on data using two different thresholds of significance. The highest threshold uses the top 500 enactments; while the second threshold uses the top 3,500 enactments. This threshold captures landmarks for very important legislation.Less
This chapter turns to lawmaking and shows that legislative productivity varies considerably by policy issue area. Specifically, it illustrates that the key determinants of legislative productivity differ by policy substance. It also provides empirical evidence that questions the benefits of pooling legislation when such aggregation often obscures empirical findings related to understanding the mechanisms of lawmaking. The chapter aims to determine whether pooling policies (using an overall aggregate measure of all legislation) is potentially inappropriate. This multivariate analysis draws on data using two different thresholds of significance. The highest threshold uses the top 500 enactments; while the second threshold uses the top 3,500 enactments. This threshold captures landmarks for very important legislation.
John S. Lapinski
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691137810
- eISBN:
- 9781400848638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137810.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter makes a final case that policy issue substance is critical for understanding contemporary and historical lawmaking. Neglecting the direct study of policy issue substance has ...
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This chapter makes a final case that policy issue substance is critical for understanding contemporary and historical lawmaking. Neglecting the direct study of policy issue substance has unnecessarily weakened and stunted progress in the research programs of Congress and American political development. Additionally, Congress scholars generally prefer to engage in what is referred to as “normal science”—making steady but incremental progress towards the goal, instead of chasing big and potentially intractable ideas. Policy issue substance is unquestionably a big idea, and the chapter seeks to demonstrate that it is possible to pursue big ideas while still making solid, incremental progress in understanding lawmaking and political behavior.Less
This chapter makes a final case that policy issue substance is critical for understanding contemporary and historical lawmaking. Neglecting the direct study of policy issue substance has unnecessarily weakened and stunted progress in the research programs of Congress and American political development. Additionally, Congress scholars generally prefer to engage in what is referred to as “normal science”—making steady but incremental progress towards the goal, instead of chasing big and potentially intractable ideas. Policy issue substance is unquestionably a big idea, and the chapter seeks to demonstrate that it is possible to pursue big ideas while still making solid, incremental progress in understanding lawmaking and political behavior.
Peter Boyle, Nigel Gray, Jack Henningfield, John Seffrin, and Witold Zatonski (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book covers the science and policy issues relevant to one of the major public health disasters of modern times. It pulls together the aetiology and burden of the myriad of tobacco-related ...
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This book covers the science and policy issues relevant to one of the major public health disasters of modern times. It pulls together the aetiology and burden of the myriad of tobacco-related diseases with the successes and failures of tobacco control policies. The book looks at lessons learnt to help set health policy for reducing the burden of tobacco-related diseases. It also deals with the international public health policy issues which bear on control of the problem of tobacco use and which vary between continents. New chapters in this edition cover subjects such as market manipulation, the ways in which the tobacco industry recruits and retains smokers, and how product design is manipulated in order to maintain addiction.Less
This book covers the science and policy issues relevant to one of the major public health disasters of modern times. It pulls together the aetiology and burden of the myriad of tobacco-related diseases with the successes and failures of tobacco control policies. The book looks at lessons learnt to help set health policy for reducing the burden of tobacco-related diseases. It also deals with the international public health policy issues which bear on control of the problem of tobacco use and which vary between continents. New chapters in this edition cover subjects such as market manipulation, the ways in which the tobacco industry recruits and retains smokers, and how product design is manipulated in order to maintain addiction.
E. Philip Davis
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198293040
- eISBN:
- 9780191684944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293040.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Public and Welfare
This concluding chapter first provides a summary of the important parts of the book. As it looks into the possible options for the growth of pension funds, it also attempts to evaluate some of the ...
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This concluding chapter first provides a summary of the important parts of the book. As it looks into the possible options for the growth of pension funds, it also attempts to evaluate some of the policy issues associated with its investigation. Addressing such issues proves to be important not only for countries with already developed pension-fund sectors, but also in former Communist countries, countries that are dependent on pay-as-you-go schemes, least developed countries, and other such countries that attempt to set up pension funds. Lastly, the chapter draws attention to some of the author's suggestions regarding the policy choices and notes that the reader should still be able to consider that judgements often entail choosing the suitable trade-off between costs or benefits.Less
This concluding chapter first provides a summary of the important parts of the book. As it looks into the possible options for the growth of pension funds, it also attempts to evaluate some of the policy issues associated with its investigation. Addressing such issues proves to be important not only for countries with already developed pension-fund sectors, but also in former Communist countries, countries that are dependent on pay-as-you-go schemes, least developed countries, and other such countries that attempt to set up pension funds. Lastly, the chapter draws attention to some of the author's suggestions regarding the policy choices and notes that the reader should still be able to consider that judgements often entail choosing the suitable trade-off between costs or benefits.
Ian Scott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622091726
- eISBN:
- 9789882207578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622091726.003.0057
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Governing Hong Kong is not easy. Aside from the problems surrounding the relationship between the government and the people, Hong Kong also faces constitutional, organisational, and policy issues ...
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Governing Hong Kong is not easy. Aside from the problems surrounding the relationship between the government and the people, Hong Kong also faces constitutional, organisational, and policy issues which affect the way the public sector works. This concluding chapter traces back the issues surrounding the Hong Kong government in order to acquire a better understanding of how these issues arose and to predict solutions that might resolve these issues. In this chapter, the issues on the transition of Hong Kong, the values of post-1997 government, the disarticulated system, and legitimacy are discussed. In addition, the chapter provides suggestions for improving the administrative and policy making processes of Hong Kong.Less
Governing Hong Kong is not easy. Aside from the problems surrounding the relationship between the government and the people, Hong Kong also faces constitutional, organisational, and policy issues which affect the way the public sector works. This concluding chapter traces back the issues surrounding the Hong Kong government in order to acquire a better understanding of how these issues arose and to predict solutions that might resolve these issues. In this chapter, the issues on the transition of Hong Kong, the values of post-1997 government, the disarticulated system, and legitimacy are discussed. In addition, the chapter provides suggestions for improving the administrative and policy making processes of Hong Kong.
David Colander and Craig Freedman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691179209
- eISBN:
- 9780691184050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691179209.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the Classical Liberal methodology. In the Classical Liberal method, formal theory was something to be conscious of, to be kept in the back of one's mind as difficult policy ...
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This chapter discusses the Classical Liberal methodology. In the Classical Liberal method, formal theory was something to be conscious of, to be kept in the back of one's mind as difficult policy issues were confronted. However, it was secondary to educated common sense, and the method required one to be clear about the judgments one was making in applying a particular model and in deciding which assumptions were reasonable and which were not. Applied policy economics had to explicitly deal with all such issues, which meant that no firm policy conclusion followed from scientific theory. In policy, science played only a supporting role. However, in what would increasingly become associated with the neoclassical method, that would change, and scientific theory would occupy center stage within the realm of policy thinking.Less
This chapter discusses the Classical Liberal methodology. In the Classical Liberal method, formal theory was something to be conscious of, to be kept in the back of one's mind as difficult policy issues were confronted. However, it was secondary to educated common sense, and the method required one to be clear about the judgments one was making in applying a particular model and in deciding which assumptions were reasonable and which were not. Applied policy economics had to explicitly deal with all such issues, which meant that no firm policy conclusion followed from scientific theory. In policy, science played only a supporting role. However, in what would increasingly become associated with the neoclassical method, that would change, and scientific theory would occupy center stage within the realm of policy thinking.
Graham Bird and Robert Powell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199239863
- eISBN:
- 9780191716805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239863.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The conventional modalities for providing financial assistance to low-income countries have been foreign aid and debt relief. Although some attention has been paid to establishing new methods of ...
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The conventional modalities for providing financial assistance to low-income countries have been foreign aid and debt relief. Although some attention has been paid to establishing new methods of development financing, recent global initiatives have concentrated instead on the traditional ones. This chapter focuses on debt relief. It describes how debt relief to indebted poor countries has evolved from early attempts to relax the ‘terms’ applied to poor country debt, to the heavily indebted poor country (HIPC) initiative and its enhancement and, more recently, to the multilateral debt relief initiative first proposed in June 2005 at the G8 summit. It gives some calculations of the size of the relief provided. It also discusses and estimates the extent to which debt relief has been ‘additional’. In this context, it examines the relationship between debt relief and foreign aid; has it been positive or negative? The empirical part of the chapter focuses on the low-income countries of Sub Saharan Africa and shows that the effects of debt relief on aid flows and resource transfers have changed over time. The chapter conjectures as to why these changes may have occurred, and discusses some of the more important contemporary policy issues surrounding debt relief.Less
The conventional modalities for providing financial assistance to low-income countries have been foreign aid and debt relief. Although some attention has been paid to establishing new methods of development financing, recent global initiatives have concentrated instead on the traditional ones. This chapter focuses on debt relief. It describes how debt relief to indebted poor countries has evolved from early attempts to relax the ‘terms’ applied to poor country debt, to the heavily indebted poor country (HIPC) initiative and its enhancement and, more recently, to the multilateral debt relief initiative first proposed in June 2005 at the G8 summit. It gives some calculations of the size of the relief provided. It also discusses and estimates the extent to which debt relief has been ‘additional’. In this context, it examines the relationship between debt relief and foreign aid; has it been positive or negative? The empirical part of the chapter focuses on the low-income countries of Sub Saharan Africa and shows that the effects of debt relief on aid flows and resource transfers have changed over time. The chapter conjectures as to why these changes may have occurred, and discusses some of the more important contemporary policy issues surrounding debt relief.
Nita A. Farahany (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195340525
- eISBN:
- 9780199867219
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340525.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
New discoveries from neuroscience and behavioral genetics are besieging criminal law. Novel scientific perspectives on criminal behavior could transform the criminal justice system and yet are being ...
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New discoveries from neuroscience and behavioral genetics are besieging criminal law. Novel scientific perspectives on criminal behavior could transform the criminal justice system and yet are being introduced in an ad hoc and often ill-conceived manner. Bringing together experts across multiple disciplines, including geneticists, neuroscientists, philosophers, policymakers, and legal scholars, this book contains a collection of chapters that address the emerging science from behavioral genetics and neuroscience and its developing impact on the criminal justice system. The chapters survey how science is and will likely be used in criminal law and the policy and the ethical issues that arise from its use for criminal law and for society.Less
New discoveries from neuroscience and behavioral genetics are besieging criminal law. Novel scientific perspectives on criminal behavior could transform the criminal justice system and yet are being introduced in an ad hoc and often ill-conceived manner. Bringing together experts across multiple disciplines, including geneticists, neuroscientists, philosophers, policymakers, and legal scholars, this book contains a collection of chapters that address the emerging science from behavioral genetics and neuroscience and its developing impact on the criminal justice system. The chapters survey how science is and will likely be used in criminal law and the policy and the ethical issues that arise from its use for criminal law and for society.
Jennifer H. Madans and Steven B. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149289
- eISBN:
- 9780199865130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149289.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews the various kinds of health surveys that are used to support the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies and practices, and characterizes each by its ...
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This chapter reviews the various kinds of health surveys that are used to support the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies and practices, and characterizes each by its strengths and weaknesses. It discusses the current status of health surveys in the United States and addresses some major policy issues that affect how well these surveys meet the needs of the user community. Although the examples used are primarily from the United States, surveys conducted in other countries are similar in design.Less
This chapter reviews the various kinds of health surveys that are used to support the development, implementation, and evaluation of health policies and practices, and characterizes each by its strengths and weaknesses. It discusses the current status of health surveys in the United States and addresses some major policy issues that affect how well these surveys meet the needs of the user community. Although the examples used are primarily from the United States, surveys conducted in other countries are similar in design.
Kenneth W. Shotts
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226092805
- eISBN:
- 9780226092492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226092492.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter assesses the Conditional Pandering Theory with a larger data set of presidential decisions. More specifically, these data concern annually recurring presidential proposals on eleven ...
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This chapter assesses the Conditional Pandering Theory with a larger data set of presidential decisions. More specifically, these data concern annually recurring presidential proposals on eleven policy issues across three decades. This analysis not only assesses the verisimilitude of the theory but also reveals general patterns in the relationship between public opinion and presidential policymaking. The chapter proceeds in four sections: a brief review of the predictions on policy congruence from the Conditional Pandering Theory and previous literature; a description of the data; a presentation of the technical details of the testing; and a discussion of the results.Less
This chapter assesses the Conditional Pandering Theory with a larger data set of presidential decisions. More specifically, these data concern annually recurring presidential proposals on eleven policy issues across three decades. This analysis not only assesses the verisimilitude of the theory but also reveals general patterns in the relationship between public opinion and presidential policymaking. The chapter proceeds in four sections: a brief review of the predictions on policy congruence from the Conditional Pandering Theory and previous literature; a description of the data; a presentation of the technical details of the testing; and a discussion of the results.
Ian Thomas MacDonald (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501706547
- eISBN:
- 9781501712692
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501706547.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Labor unions remain the largest membership-based organizations in major North American cities. As unions become more involved in the daily life of the city, they find themselves confronting the ...
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Labor unions remain the largest membership-based organizations in major North American cities. As unions become more involved in the daily life of the city, they find themselves confronting the familiar dilemma of how to fold union priorities into broader campaigns that address non-union workers and the lives of union members beyond the workplace. If we are right to believe that the future of the labor movement is an urban one, union activists and staffers, urban policymakers, elected officials, and members of the public alike will require a fuller understanding of what impels unions to become involved in urban policy issues, what dilemmas structure the choices unions make, and what impact unions have on the lives of urban residents, beyond their members. This book serves as a road map toward both a stronger labor movement and a socially just urbanism. It presents the findings of a collaborative project which investigated how and why labor unions were becoming more involved in urban regulation and urban planning. It assesses the effectiveness of this involvement in terms of labor goals as well as broader social consequences of union strategies, such as expanding access to public services, improving employment equity, and making neighborhoods more affordable. Focusing on four key economic sectors (film, hospitality, green energy, and child care), the book reveals that unions can exert a surprising level of influence in various aspects of urban policymaking and that they can have a significant impact on how cities are changing and on the experiences of urban residents.Less
Labor unions remain the largest membership-based organizations in major North American cities. As unions become more involved in the daily life of the city, they find themselves confronting the familiar dilemma of how to fold union priorities into broader campaigns that address non-union workers and the lives of union members beyond the workplace. If we are right to believe that the future of the labor movement is an urban one, union activists and staffers, urban policymakers, elected officials, and members of the public alike will require a fuller understanding of what impels unions to become involved in urban policy issues, what dilemmas structure the choices unions make, and what impact unions have on the lives of urban residents, beyond their members. This book serves as a road map toward both a stronger labor movement and a socially just urbanism. It presents the findings of a collaborative project which investigated how and why labor unions were becoming more involved in urban regulation and urban planning. It assesses the effectiveness of this involvement in terms of labor goals as well as broader social consequences of union strategies, such as expanding access to public services, improving employment equity, and making neighborhoods more affordable. Focusing on four key economic sectors (film, hospitality, green energy, and child care), the book reveals that unions can exert a surprising level of influence in various aspects of urban policymaking and that they can have a significant impact on how cities are changing and on the experiences of urban residents.
Michael C. Desch
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181219
- eISBN:
- 9780691184906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181219.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the growing scholarly/policy gap, which is the result of the professionalization of the discipline of political science. While the ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the growing scholarly/policy gap, which is the result of the professionalization of the discipline of political science. While the professionalization of a discipline and its increasing irrelevance to concrete policy issues is not inevitable, there nonetheless seems to be an elective affinity between these two trends. Rigor and relevance are not necessarily incompatible, but they are often in tension, which is why social science's relevance question endures. As the number of scholarly articles using sophisticated quantitative or formal methods increased since 1980, the percentage of them offering concrete policy recommendations—the core of policy relevance—has declined. Many proponents of the scientific study of politics now eschew advocacy of particular policies on the grounds that doing so is incompatible with scientific objectivity. Moreover, many pressing policy questions are not readily amenable to the preferred methodological tools of social scientists.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the growing scholarly/policy gap, which is the result of the professionalization of the discipline of political science. While the professionalization of a discipline and its increasing irrelevance to concrete policy issues is not inevitable, there nonetheless seems to be an elective affinity between these two trends. Rigor and relevance are not necessarily incompatible, but they are often in tension, which is why social science's relevance question endures. As the number of scholarly articles using sophisticated quantitative or formal methods increased since 1980, the percentage of them offering concrete policy recommendations—the core of policy relevance—has declined. Many proponents of the scientific study of politics now eschew advocacy of particular policies on the grounds that doing so is incompatible with scientific objectivity. Moreover, many pressing policy questions are not readily amenable to the preferred methodological tools of social scientists.
Jun Yi Hsieh
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447308300
- eISBN:
- 9781447311522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447308300.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Introducing international elements into the description and prescription of policy analysis enhances the understanding and evaluation of the policy’s causes and effects. This chapter focuses on ...
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Introducing international elements into the description and prescription of policy analysis enhances the understanding and evaluation of the policy’s causes and effects. This chapter focuses on Taiwan policy analysis with an international perspective. To present a clearer picture in academic development about this issue, by database of “ProQuest Information and Learning,” this chapter searches the policy analysis research concerning Taiwan issues from 1992-2012, such as general environmental policy, health policy, economic policy, and educational policy. Then we introduce some of the important think tanks in Taiwan that play a positive role in promoting the internationalization of policy analysis. This chapter also reviews graduate schools in public administration and policy for the Taiwan Association for Schools of Public Administration and Affairs. This chapter additionally selects some emerging policy issues to narrate their development in Taiwan.Less
Introducing international elements into the description and prescription of policy analysis enhances the understanding and evaluation of the policy’s causes and effects. This chapter focuses on Taiwan policy analysis with an international perspective. To present a clearer picture in academic development about this issue, by database of “ProQuest Information and Learning,” this chapter searches the policy analysis research concerning Taiwan issues from 1992-2012, such as general environmental policy, health policy, economic policy, and educational policy. Then we introduce some of the important think tanks in Taiwan that play a positive role in promoting the internationalization of policy analysis. This chapter also reviews graduate schools in public administration and policy for the Taiwan Association for Schools of Public Administration and Affairs. This chapter additionally selects some emerging policy issues to narrate their development in Taiwan.
PETRI NIININEN
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199243983
- eISBN:
- 9780191697319
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243983.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The potential of using computers has been evident in how the prices of information processing has experienced a sharp decline, and in how computing power has undergone rapid development and ...
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The potential of using computers has been evident in how the prices of information processing has experienced a sharp decline, and in how computing power has undergone rapid development and expansion. As such, several governments and companies have opted to invest on IT, emphasizing how these organizations tend to be optimistic about future gains and possible payoffs. However, certain doubts have been expressed, such as the ‘Solow paradox’ which question the role of IT in improving productivity. As can be observed in the data of Finland' nonresidential business sector, productivity has not exhibited rapid growth through investing on computer use. This chapter looks into the economic impacts of computer technology in Finland and investigates the underlying policy issues for such large-scale efforts.Less
The potential of using computers has been evident in how the prices of information processing has experienced a sharp decline, and in how computing power has undergone rapid development and expansion. As such, several governments and companies have opted to invest on IT, emphasizing how these organizations tend to be optimistic about future gains and possible payoffs. However, certain doubts have been expressed, such as the ‘Solow paradox’ which question the role of IT in improving productivity. As can be observed in the data of Finland' nonresidential business sector, productivity has not exhibited rapid growth through investing on computer use. This chapter looks into the economic impacts of computer technology in Finland and investigates the underlying policy issues for such large-scale efforts.
Joshua S. Graff Zivin and Jeffrey M. Perloff (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226988030
- eISBN:
- 9780226988061
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226988061.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Using economic models and empirical analysis, this volume examines a wide range of agricultural and biofuel policy issues and their effects on American agricultural and related agrarian insurance ...
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Using economic models and empirical analysis, this volume examines a wide range of agricultural and biofuel policy issues and their effects on American agricultural and related agrarian insurance markets. Beginning with a look at the distribution of funds by insurance programs—to support farmers but often benefiting crop processors instead—the book then examines the demand for biofuel and the effects of biofuel policies on agricultural price uncertainty. Also discussed are genetically engineered crops, which are assuming an increasingly important role in arbitrating tensions between energy production, environmental protection, and the global food supply. Other chapters discuss the major effects of genetic engineering on worldwide food markets. By addressing some of the most challenging topics at the intersection of agriculture and biotechnology, this volume informs crucial debates.Less
Using economic models and empirical analysis, this volume examines a wide range of agricultural and biofuel policy issues and their effects on American agricultural and related agrarian insurance markets. Beginning with a look at the distribution of funds by insurance programs—to support farmers but often benefiting crop processors instead—the book then examines the demand for biofuel and the effects of biofuel policies on agricultural price uncertainty. Also discussed are genetically engineered crops, which are assuming an increasingly important role in arbitrating tensions between energy production, environmental protection, and the global food supply. Other chapters discuss the major effects of genetic engineering on worldwide food markets. By addressing some of the most challenging topics at the intersection of agriculture and biotechnology, this volume informs crucial debates.
