Joyce Outshoorn
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242665
- eISBN:
- 9780191600258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242666.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The abortion issue rose to the agenda in the Netherlands at the same time as the rebirth of the women's movement, when doctors were performing illegal abortions on demand. Thus, at first, the frame ...
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The abortion issue rose to the agenda in the Netherlands at the same time as the rebirth of the women's movement, when doctors were performing illegal abortions on demand. Thus, at first, the frame of the debate focused on how much autonomy doctors should have in light of moral considerations. As the women's movement activism grew, so did the recognition of abortion as a matter of women's autonomy and control over reproduction. When the government legalized abortion in 1981, it was a victory for the movement although movement activists were not part of the decision‐making process. They did get access during the implementation process and, through an active insider women's policy agency, achieved unfettered access to abortion procedures for all women.Less
The abortion issue rose to the agenda in the Netherlands at the same time as the rebirth of the women's movement, when doctors were performing illegal abortions on demand. Thus, at first, the frame of the debate focused on how much autonomy doctors should have in light of moral considerations. As the women's movement activism grew, so did the recognition of abortion as a matter of women's autonomy and control over reproduction. When the government legalized abortion in 1981, it was a victory for the movement although movement activists were not part of the decision‐making process. They did get access during the implementation process and, through an active insider women's policy agency, achieved unfettered access to abortion procedures for all women.
Beate Kohler-Koch (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252268
- eISBN:
- 9780191601040
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252262.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a ...
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European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a well-chosen selection from recent studies of leading scholars in the field – takes a special approach to the subject as it highlights the multi-faceted interconnectedness of EU and national governance. It reveals the extent to which the EU has been transformed from a multi-level polity to a system of penetrated governance embracing a ‘communicative universe’ and a European public space. The individual chapters are colourful representations of the different facets of European governance, which come to light when policy formulation and implementation in the EU is understood as network governance linking both different levels of policy-making and a wide variety of state and society actors. On the one hand, the EU and, especially, the Commission refer to an extensive repertoire of ’hard‘ and ’soft‘ procedures and instruments to link a multitude of actors and arenas and, thereby, trigger off substantial change in the member states. On the other hand, national, subnational and societal actors show differentiated modes of response and adaptation to manage the new challenges within the expanding EU system, to cope with common problems and to shape problem-solving strategies according to their own ideas. As the contributions focus on the diverse mechanisms which link EU and national governance they demonstrate the many constraints state and society actors are facing within the Union but also the readiness and capacity of these actors to deal with demands for adjustment and institutional reforms. They also reveal that compliance is a reaction to hierarchical coercion as well as to horizontal enforcement. Eventually, apart from this more functional view, the penetrated system of European goverance is looked at from a normative perspective, thus, investigating both the prospect of improving multi-level representative democracy and the formation of a European public sphere.Less
European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a well-chosen selection from recent studies of leading scholars in the field – takes a special approach to the subject as it highlights the multi-faceted interconnectedness of EU and national governance. It reveals the extent to which the EU has been transformed from a multi-level polity to a system of penetrated governance embracing a ‘communicative universe’ and a European public space. The individual chapters are colourful representations of the different facets of European governance, which come to light when policy formulation and implementation in the EU is understood as network governance linking both different levels of policy-making and a wide variety of state and society actors. On the one hand, the EU and, especially, the Commission refer to an extensive repertoire of ’hard‘ and ’soft‘ procedures and instruments to link a multitude of actors and arenas and, thereby, trigger off substantial change in the member states. On the other hand, national, subnational and societal actors show differentiated modes of response and adaptation to manage the new challenges within the expanding EU system, to cope with common problems and to shape problem-solving strategies according to their own ideas. As the contributions focus on the diverse mechanisms which link EU and national governance they demonstrate the many constraints state and society actors are facing within the Union but also the readiness and capacity of these actors to deal with demands for adjustment and institutional reforms. They also reveal that compliance is a reaction to hierarchical coercion as well as to horizontal enforcement. Eventually, apart from this more functional view, the penetrated system of European goverance is looked at from a normative perspective, thus, investigating both the prospect of improving multi-level representative democracy and the formation of a European public sphere.
Ian Scott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622091726
- eISBN:
- 9789882207578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622091726.003.0045
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter discusses the three aspects of the process of policy implementation. One of the three features of policy implementation is policy instruments. Policy instruments are methods and ...
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This chapter discusses the three aspects of the process of policy implementation. One of the three features of policy implementation is policy instruments. Policy instruments are methods and techniques used as tools by governments to achieve their policy objectives. The next aspect is strategies of implementation. The chapter examines the major approaches and steps of colonial, transitional, and post-1997 Hong Kong in implementing policies. Finally, the chapter discusses the evaluation methods employed by the Hong Kong government and the public in assessing policy performance.Less
This chapter discusses the three aspects of the process of policy implementation. One of the three features of policy implementation is policy instruments. Policy instruments are methods and techniques used as tools by governments to achieve their policy objectives. The next aspect is strategies of implementation. The chapter examines the major approaches and steps of colonial, transitional, and post-1997 Hong Kong in implementing policies. Finally, the chapter discusses the evaluation methods employed by the Hong Kong government and the public in assessing policy performance.
Rebecca Sager
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391763
- eISBN:
- 9780199866304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391763.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Using social movement, this chapter examines political, socioeconomic, and demographic data to discover the underlying causes of the variation in implementation of the faith‐based initiative among ...
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Using social movement, this chapter examines political, socioeconomic, and demographic data to discover the underlying causes of the variation in implementation of the faith‐based initiative among states. Most researchers argue that social movements use disruptive acts or lobbying to persuade elites to meet their demands; however, the resurgent evangelical movement has gained power by being influential within state politics, promoting policies like the faith‐based initiative. Data on administrative and legislative implementation at the state level was analyzed using two types of regression analysis. Changes based on the faith‐based initiative were more likely to occur in states with a strong evangelical movement presence and with conservative welfare policies, suggesting both political and fiscal motives behind creating faith‐based policies.Less
Using social movement, this chapter examines political, socioeconomic, and demographic data to discover the underlying causes of the variation in implementation of the faith‐based initiative among states. Most researchers argue that social movements use disruptive acts or lobbying to persuade elites to meet their demands; however, the resurgent evangelical movement has gained power by being influential within state politics, promoting policies like the faith‐based initiative. Data on administrative and legislative implementation at the state level was analyzed using two types of regression analysis. Changes based on the faith‐based initiative were more likely to occur in states with a strong evangelical movement presence and with conservative welfare policies, suggesting both political and fiscal motives behind creating faith‐based policies.
Mercier Paul and Francesco Papadia
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199557523
- eISBN:
- 9780191725005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557523.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, International
The introduction clarifies the main purpose of the book: to give an analytical account of the technology for monetary policy implementation of the European Central Bank, comparing it, when useful, ...
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The introduction clarifies the main purpose of the book: to give an analytical account of the technology for monetary policy implementation of the European Central Bank, comparing it, when useful, with the approaches of the US Federal Reserve System, the Bank of Japan, and the Bank of England. The book addresses this issue both theoretically and empirically, examining normal as well as stressed conditions. In so doing, it not only remedies a lack of attention to an important issue but it also presents a systematic treatment of the implementation of monetary policy in crisis times. The introduction also explains that the title of the book, with its reference to the concrete euro, aims at addressing the issue of how a given monetary policy stance is translated into concrete market conditions. The allusion to something as solid as concrete is also intentional. The closing section of the introduction presents the plan of the book.Less
The introduction clarifies the main purpose of the book: to give an analytical account of the technology for monetary policy implementation of the European Central Bank, comparing it, when useful, with the approaches of the US Federal Reserve System, the Bank of Japan, and the Bank of England. The book addresses this issue both theoretically and empirically, examining normal as well as stressed conditions. In so doing, it not only remedies a lack of attention to an important issue but it also presents a systematic treatment of the implementation of monetary policy in crisis times. The introduction also explains that the title of the book, with its reference to the concrete euro, aims at addressing the issue of how a given monetary policy stance is translated into concrete market conditions. The allusion to something as solid as concrete is also intentional. The closing section of the introduction presents the plan of the book.
Desmond King
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296294
- eISBN:
- 9780191599668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296290.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
King briefly reviews the historical and intellectual context in which the concept of eugenics developed and eventually led to the formation of the 1932 ‘Brock Committee’, which was charged with ...
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King briefly reviews the historical and intellectual context in which the concept of eugenics developed and eventually led to the formation of the 1932 ‘Brock Committee’, which was charged with making recommendations on the sterilization of the ‘feeble‐minded’ in England and Wales. Second, he analyses the motivations behind the Brock committee's appointment, the content of its deliberations, and its subsequent efforts to create sufficient momentum in favour of eugenics legislation. Third, King examines why the initiative to establish voluntary sterilization failed in Britain when it succeeded in the US. In his exploration, King determines that experts and advocates can act autonomously from societal pressure, but any decision about policy implementation is firmly a political one.Less
King briefly reviews the historical and intellectual context in which the concept of eugenics developed and eventually led to the formation of the 1932 ‘Brock Committee’, which was charged with making recommendations on the sterilization of the ‘feeble‐minded’ in England and Wales. Second, he analyses the motivations behind the Brock committee's appointment, the content of its deliberations, and its subsequent efforts to create sufficient momentum in favour of eugenics legislation. Third, King examines why the initiative to establish voluntary sterilization failed in Britain when it succeeded in the US. In his exploration, King determines that experts and advocates can act autonomously from societal pressure, but any decision about policy implementation is firmly a political one.
Benjamin Michael Superfine
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337488
- eISBN:
- 9780199868667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337488.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter engages in a detailed discussion of the standards-based reform movement. In particular, it discusses the history of standards-based reforms, the theories underlying standards-based ...
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This chapter engages in a detailed discussion of the standards-based reform movement. In particular, it discusses the history of standards-based reforms, the theories underlying standards-based reforms, and research on the implementation of these reforms. Because standards-based reforms have become so blended with accountability policies, the chapter also discusses the growth of accountability policies in the U.S. and how these policies have tied into the standards-based reform movement. It focuses on two major goals of standards-based reform and accountability policies: aligning various education policies and ensuring that more ambitious instruction and high quality content are delivered to students. In doing so, the chapter sets the stage for a nuanced examination of how the courts have engaged with this movement, grounded in knowledge from the field of education policy.Less
This chapter engages in a detailed discussion of the standards-based reform movement. In particular, it discusses the history of standards-based reforms, the theories underlying standards-based reforms, and research on the implementation of these reforms. Because standards-based reforms have become so blended with accountability policies, the chapter also discusses the growth of accountability policies in the U.S. and how these policies have tied into the standards-based reform movement. It focuses on two major goals of standards-based reform and accountability policies: aligning various education policies and ensuring that more ambitious instruction and high quality content are delivered to students. In doing so, the chapter sets the stage for a nuanced examination of how the courts have engaged with this movement, grounded in knowledge from the field of education policy.
Wilson Peres
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199235261
- eISBN:
- 9780191715617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235261.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In order to empower their development processes, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean need to implement policies aimed at creating new sectors or modernizing mature ones, albeit within ...
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In order to empower their development processes, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean need to implement policies aimed at creating new sectors or modernizing mature ones, albeit within the constraints imposed by the size, development level, and economic structure of the individual national economies. This chapter analyzes the re-emergence of such policies after the “liberalization shock”, their achievements so far, and the obstacles facing their implementation.Less
In order to empower their development processes, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean need to implement policies aimed at creating new sectors or modernizing mature ones, albeit within the constraints imposed by the size, development level, and economic structure of the individual national economies. This chapter analyzes the re-emergence of such policies after the “liberalization shock”, their achievements so far, and the obstacles facing their implementation.
Jon Glasby (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847423191
- eISBN:
- 9781447302254
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847423191.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This book provides a hard-hitting and deliberately provocative overview of the relationship between evidence, policy and practice; how policy is implemented, and how research can and should influence ...
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This book provides a hard-hitting and deliberately provocative overview of the relationship between evidence, policy and practice; how policy is implemented, and how research can and should influence the policy process. It critiques the notion of ‘evidence-based practice’, suggesting instead a more inclusive idea of ‘knowledge-base practice’, based in part on the lived experience of service users.Less
This book provides a hard-hitting and deliberately provocative overview of the relationship between evidence, policy and practice; how policy is implemented, and how research can and should influence the policy process. It critiques the notion of ‘evidence-based practice’, suggesting instead a more inclusive idea of ‘knowledge-base practice’, based in part on the lived experience of service users.
Ewan Ferlie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199259014
- eISBN:
- 9780191718113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259014.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management
This chapter offers a social analysis of the career of EBHC innovation developed from a major empirical database. It explores the policy implications of these findings, and flags a future research ...
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This chapter offers a social analysis of the career of EBHC innovation developed from a major empirical database. It explores the policy implications of these findings, and flags a future research agenda.Less
This chapter offers a social analysis of the career of EBHC innovation developed from a major empirical database. It explores the policy implications of these findings, and flags a future research agenda.
M. Galvenius and P. Mercier
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199557523
- eISBN:
- 9780191725005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557523.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, International
This chapter describes the history of the implementation technology for the Eurosystem's monetary policy. The monetary policy operational framework was developed by the European Monetary Institute ...
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This chapter describes the history of the implementation technology for the Eurosystem's monetary policy. The monetary policy operational framework was developed by the European Monetary Institute and then by the European Central Bank. The development of the framework included the specification of the ECB's open market operations, the standing facilities, the reserve requirement system, the collateral policy, the counterparty policy, and the liquidity forecasting procedures. The work also comprised a discussion on the appropriate operational target for the Eurosystem's monetary policy as well as the development of the supporting IT systems and other infrastructure. The chapter gives insights into the debates and practical challenges involved in agreeing a framework on the basis of the different traditions and interests of the participating EU national central banks. The chapter gives a view into the complex elaboration of proposals and the decision-making processes in the European Monetary Institute and the European Central Bank. Moreover, the chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the design of the original Eurosystem framework at the time of the launch of the euro.Less
This chapter describes the history of the implementation technology for the Eurosystem's monetary policy. The monetary policy operational framework was developed by the European Monetary Institute and then by the European Central Bank. The development of the framework included the specification of the ECB's open market operations, the standing facilities, the reserve requirement system, the collateral policy, the counterparty policy, and the liquidity forecasting procedures. The work also comprised a discussion on the appropriate operational target for the Eurosystem's monetary policy as well as the development of the supporting IT systems and other infrastructure. The chapter gives insights into the debates and practical challenges involved in agreeing a framework on the basis of the different traditions and interests of the participating EU national central banks. The chapter gives a view into the complex elaboration of proposals and the decision-making processes in the European Monetary Institute and the European Central Bank. Moreover, the chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the design of the original Eurosystem framework at the time of the launch of the euro.
Peter Knoepfel, Corinne Larrue, Frédéric Varone, and Michael Hill
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861349071
- eISBN:
- 9781447303121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861349071.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Organizations
This chapter presents the process of policy implementation from both a theoretical and practical perspective. It deals with the concept of implementation from the perspective of classical theory on ...
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This chapter presents the process of policy implementation from both a theoretical and practical perspective. It deals with the concept of implementation from the perspective of classical theory on policy implementation and recent developments in this area. It defines the products of this stage of the policy process from an operational perspective, that is, the action plans and administrative products. It indicates the relationships between the different types of actors involved that need to be subject to a relational analysis so as to facilitate the identification of the factors behind the success and failure of a policy.Less
This chapter presents the process of policy implementation from both a theoretical and practical perspective. It deals with the concept of implementation from the perspective of classical theory on policy implementation and recent developments in this area. It defines the products of this stage of the policy process from an operational perspective, that is, the action plans and administrative products. It indicates the relationships between the different types of actors involved that need to be subject to a relational analysis so as to facilitate the identification of the factors behind the success and failure of a policy.
Benjamin Michael Superfine
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337488
- eISBN:
- 9780199868667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337488.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines the litigation generated directly in response to No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and focuses on the ways in which courts have addressed NCLB-related claims. It considers case ...
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This chapter examines the litigation generated directly in response to No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and focuses on the ways in which courts have addressed NCLB-related claims. It considers case studies of NCLB-related litigation in three major areas: the implementation of NCLB accountability sanctions, the justifiability of student and school performance determinations, and the underlying capacities possessed by various entities to respond to NCLB requirements. In these cases, the courts generally have not been willing to order changes in NCLB's implementation, and the relevant legal frameworks have poorly framed many of the problems facing standards-based reform and accountability policies. Accordingly, several key issues surrounding NCLB's design and implementation have largely remained hidden from judicial analysis, and some major problems facing NCLB that have arisen in the course of litigation have involved issues that courts are not well positioned to address, such as technical aspects of testing systems.Less
This chapter examines the litigation generated directly in response to No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and focuses on the ways in which courts have addressed NCLB-related claims. It considers case studies of NCLB-related litigation in three major areas: the implementation of NCLB accountability sanctions, the justifiability of student and school performance determinations, and the underlying capacities possessed by various entities to respond to NCLB requirements. In these cases, the courts generally have not been willing to order changes in NCLB's implementation, and the relevant legal frameworks have poorly framed many of the problems facing standards-based reform and accountability policies. Accordingly, several key issues surrounding NCLB's design and implementation have largely remained hidden from judicial analysis, and some major problems facing NCLB that have arisen in the course of litigation have involved issues that courts are not well positioned to address, such as technical aspects of testing systems.
Jeffrey Longhofer, Jerry Floersch, and Janet Hoy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195398472
- eISBN:
- 9780199979325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398472.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Institutional ethnography (IE) is summarized as a qualitative research method that is well suited to explore phenomenological practice gaps (PPGs), such as the implementation of a social policy ...
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Institutional ethnography (IE) is summarized as a qualitative research method that is well suited to explore phenomenological practice gaps (PPGs), such as the implementation of a social policy within an open practice system. The chapter (1) demonstrates how to conduct IE, including appropriate research questions, aims, and strategies for data collection and analysis; and (2) provides a detailed example of an IE engaged scholarship investigation in which a specific mental health policy influenced the everyday clinical practice of case managers. IE further exemplifies critical realist assumptions and engaged scholarship. The implementation case study demonstrates how a standardized mental health outcome measure was compromised by system influences.Less
Institutional ethnography (IE) is summarized as a qualitative research method that is well suited to explore phenomenological practice gaps (PPGs), such as the implementation of a social policy within an open practice system. The chapter (1) demonstrates how to conduct IE, including appropriate research questions, aims, and strategies for data collection and analysis; and (2) provides a detailed example of an IE engaged scholarship investigation in which a specific mental health policy influenced the everyday clinical practice of case managers. IE further exemplifies critical realist assumptions and engaged scholarship. The implementation case study demonstrates how a standardized mental health outcome measure was compromised by system influences.
Helen Dickinson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847423191
- eISBN:
- 9781447302254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847423191.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter traces the broad contours of the implementation debates and in doing so attempts to do justice to the extensive literature surrounding policy implementation. It starts by offering a ...
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This chapter traces the broad contours of the implementation debates and in doing so attempts to do justice to the extensive literature surrounding policy implementation. It starts by offering a brief mention of definitions and a chronological account of the ways in which the issue of implementation has tended to be treated within the wider policy literature. It draws particular attention to the ways in which traditional models of policy have treated the identification of problems, the development of policies, and subsequent attempts at implementation as distinct stages. It critiques the more traditional and linear approaches that have sometimes been used to analyse the implementation of policy. It argues that the problem of policy implementation does not simply exist because local individuals or organisations fail to implement policy or lack the skill or will to do so. Policy implementation is a more complex and dynamic process than is often suggested. Instead it proposes that processes of sense making — how individuals and agencies give meaning to the world — are crucial in understanding policy implementation in a more nuanced and helpful way than traditional models of policy analysis have tended to allow.Less
This chapter traces the broad contours of the implementation debates and in doing so attempts to do justice to the extensive literature surrounding policy implementation. It starts by offering a brief mention of definitions and a chronological account of the ways in which the issue of implementation has tended to be treated within the wider policy literature. It draws particular attention to the ways in which traditional models of policy have treated the identification of problems, the development of policies, and subsequent attempts at implementation as distinct stages. It critiques the more traditional and linear approaches that have sometimes been used to analyse the implementation of policy. It argues that the problem of policy implementation does not simply exist because local individuals or organisations fail to implement policy or lack the skill or will to do so. Policy implementation is a more complex and dynamic process than is often suggested. Instead it proposes that processes of sense making — how individuals and agencies give meaning to the world — are crucial in understanding policy implementation in a more nuanced and helpful way than traditional models of policy analysis have tended to allow.
Phedon Nicolaides
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199260942
- eISBN:
- 9780191698705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260942.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter is developed along a series of questions exploring the issue of effective policy implementation, in general, and that of EU rules, in particular. The questions and the answers given ...
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This chapter is developed along a series of questions exploring the issue of effective policy implementation, in general, and that of EU rules, in particular. The questions and the answers given eventually lead to a proposal on how candidate countries may establish capacity for the effective implementation of the acquis communautaire. The recommendations made by the EU to the candidates in this connection and the information provided by the candidates back to the EU have centred on what may be called the ‘M&M solution’: i.e. it is expected that EU rules will be effectively applied and enforced in the candidates once sufficient and properly qualified staff are hired and adequate amounts of resources are committed to those purposes (hence, the ‘money & men’ (M&M) solution). By contrast, this chapter advocates an institutional approach to building that kind of capacity.Less
This chapter is developed along a series of questions exploring the issue of effective policy implementation, in general, and that of EU rules, in particular. The questions and the answers given eventually lead to a proposal on how candidate countries may establish capacity for the effective implementation of the acquis communautaire. The recommendations made by the EU to the candidates in this connection and the information provided by the candidates back to the EU have centred on what may be called the ‘M&M solution’: i.e. it is expected that EU rules will be effectively applied and enforced in the candidates once sufficient and properly qualified staff are hired and adequate amounts of resources are committed to those purposes (hence, the ‘money & men’ (M&M) solution). By contrast, this chapter advocates an institutional approach to building that kind of capacity.
Lucy Gilson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199566761
- eISBN:
- 9780191731181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566761.003.0015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter adopts an institutional lens in considering both the nature of health systems and ways of strengthening them. First, it reviews five widely known health system conceptual frameworks, ...
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This chapter adopts an institutional lens in considering both the nature of health systems and ways of strengthening them. First, it reviews five widely known health system conceptual frameworks, highlighting the different types of agents, organizations, and organizational arrangements that are embedded within each framework, and identifying the nature of relationships among actors, and the institutions each identifies or implies as underpinning these relationships. Second, it presents recent thinking on health system governance — a central, but less considered, function of every health system. Third, three complementary bodies of theory (organizational and policy implementation theory, and systems thinking) that draw on institutional perspectives in considering organizational functioning and change, are briefly discussed and applied in critique of the health system frameworks. The critique highlights the dominance of a mechanical perspective of organizational functioning within existing frameworks, and a primarily command and control approach to health system strengthening. Finally, two alternative approaches to supporting change within health systems, both of which acknowledge complexity and seek institutional change, are introduced: soft systems methodology and strengthening trust-based relationships.Less
This chapter adopts an institutional lens in considering both the nature of health systems and ways of strengthening them. First, it reviews five widely known health system conceptual frameworks, highlighting the different types of agents, organizations, and organizational arrangements that are embedded within each framework, and identifying the nature of relationships among actors, and the institutions each identifies or implies as underpinning these relationships. Second, it presents recent thinking on health system governance — a central, but less considered, function of every health system. Third, three complementary bodies of theory (organizational and policy implementation theory, and systems thinking) that draw on institutional perspectives in considering organizational functioning and change, are briefly discussed and applied in critique of the health system frameworks. The critique highlights the dominance of a mechanical perspective of organizational functioning within existing frameworks, and a primarily command and control approach to health system strengthening. Finally, two alternative approaches to supporting change within health systems, both of which acknowledge complexity and seek institutional change, are introduced: soft systems methodology and strengthening trust-based relationships.
Peter Ho
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280698
- eISBN:
- 9780191602528
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019928069X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Offers a detailed institutional analysis of national grassland policy. It is demonstrated that one of the main reasons for the failure of national grassland policy and the pasture lease system is the ...
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Offers a detailed institutional analysis of national grassland policy. It is demonstrated that one of the main reasons for the failure of national grassland policy and the pasture lease system is the fact that both do not suit the current socio-economic parameters. In other words, they are ‘empty institutions’. The ‘empty institution’ incorporates rules that have not yet been widely accepted in society, yet in such way that these can have no real impact on the behaviour of social actors. An ‘empty institution’ generally arises from a compromise over sensitive political issues. In this case, national grassland policy reflects a political compromise over the core of grassland property rights: the distinction between state and collective property.Less
Offers a detailed institutional analysis of national grassland policy. It is demonstrated that one of the main reasons for the failure of national grassland policy and the pasture lease system is the fact that both do not suit the current socio-economic parameters. In other words, they are ‘empty institutions’. The ‘empty institution’ incorporates rules that have not yet been widely accepted in society, yet in such way that these can have no real impact on the behaviour of social actors. An ‘empty institution’ generally arises from a compromise over sensitive political issues. In this case, national grassland policy reflects a political compromise over the core of grassland property rights: the distinction between state and collective property.
Hendrik Wagenaar, Helga Amesberger, and Sietske Altink
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447324249
- eISBN:
- 9781447324256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447324249.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
In this chapter we discuss the implementation of prostitution policy in Austria and the Netherlands. It introduces three key analytic concepts: policy implementation, policy design and policy ...
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In this chapter we discuss the implementation of prostitution policy in Austria and the Netherlands. It introduces three key analytic concepts: policy implementation, policy design and policy instruments. Both Austria and the Netherlands initially had pragmatic, and in the case of the latter, progressive, national laws. Through analysis of the design and instruments by which these laws were put into effect at the local level, we observed a gradual change towards a more punitive, regressive approach. In the Netherlands this occurred through a process of regulatory drift, a gradual change in the focus and goals of a policy as the result of a succession of small decisions at the implementation level, without any formal decision at higher levels of political authority. In Vienna the mechanism was agency capture, the appropriation of the implementation process by one agency, the police, that imposes its own goals and operating procedures on the policy process. In both cases, the implementation process was driven by a logic of combatting trafficking that led to ever more intrusive measures to incapacitate and control an opponent that was perceived as powerful and devious.Less
In this chapter we discuss the implementation of prostitution policy in Austria and the Netherlands. It introduces three key analytic concepts: policy implementation, policy design and policy instruments. Both Austria and the Netherlands initially had pragmatic, and in the case of the latter, progressive, national laws. Through analysis of the design and instruments by which these laws were put into effect at the local level, we observed a gradual change towards a more punitive, regressive approach. In the Netherlands this occurred through a process of regulatory drift, a gradual change in the focus and goals of a policy as the result of a succession of small decisions at the implementation level, without any formal decision at higher levels of political authority. In Vienna the mechanism was agency capture, the appropriation of the implementation process by one agency, the police, that imposes its own goals and operating procedures on the policy process. In both cases, the implementation process was driven by a logic of combatting trafficking that led to ever more intrusive measures to incapacitate and control an opponent that was perceived as powerful and devious.
Mary Hallward-Driemeier, Gita Khun-Jush, and Lant Pritchett
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226316222
- eISBN:
- 9780226316369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226316369.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
African firms report "regulatory and economic policy uncertainty" as a top growth constraint. We argue that often firms in Africa don’t face policy rules but rather deals; firm-specific policy ...
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African firms report "regulatory and economic policy uncertainty" as a top growth constraint. We argue that often firms in Africa don’t face policy rules but rather deals; firm-specific policy actions that can be influenced by firm actions (e.g. bribes) and characteristics (e.g. political connections). Using Enterprise Survey data we demonstrate huge variability in reported policy actions across firms notionally facing the same policy. The within-country dispersion in firm-specific policy actions is larger than the cross-national differences in average policy. Variability in this policy implementation uncertainty within location-sector-size cells is correlated with firm growth rates. These measures of implementation variability are more strongly related to lower firm employment growth than are measures of "average" policy action. The de jure measures such as Doing Business indicators are virtually uncorrelated with ex-post firm-level responses, further evidence that deals rather than rules prevail in Africa. Strikingly, the gap between de jure and de facto conditions grows with the formal regulatory burden. We show more burdensome processes open up space for making deals; firms may not incur the official costs of compliance, but they still pay to avoid them. Finally, measures of institutional capacity and better governance are closely associated with perceived consistency in implementation.Less
African firms report "regulatory and economic policy uncertainty" as a top growth constraint. We argue that often firms in Africa don’t face policy rules but rather deals; firm-specific policy actions that can be influenced by firm actions (e.g. bribes) and characteristics (e.g. political connections). Using Enterprise Survey data we demonstrate huge variability in reported policy actions across firms notionally facing the same policy. The within-country dispersion in firm-specific policy actions is larger than the cross-national differences in average policy. Variability in this policy implementation uncertainty within location-sector-size cells is correlated with firm growth rates. These measures of implementation variability are more strongly related to lower firm employment growth than are measures of "average" policy action. The de jure measures such as Doing Business indicators are virtually uncorrelated with ex-post firm-level responses, further evidence that deals rather than rules prevail in Africa. Strikingly, the gap between de jure and de facto conditions grows with the formal regulatory burden. We show more burdensome processes open up space for making deals; firms may not incur the official costs of compliance, but they still pay to avoid them. Finally, measures of institutional capacity and better governance are closely associated with perceived consistency in implementation.
