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This chapter focuses on independent power producer (IPP) projects, by far the most successful kind of public–private partnership (PPP) in the developing world. These projects generate more investment in developing countries than all other forms of PPP combined. However, the development community exhibits ambivalence towards independent power producer (IPP) projects. They are supposed to work best in power sectors that are being reformed, where user tariffs are cost reflective and off-taker utilities are creditworthy. Yet, in practice, many influential multilateral development banks (MDBs), development finance institutions (DFIs), and donors are encouraging the use of IPP projects virtually everywhere in the developing world, whether or not sector reforms are taking place. This reflects a policy dilemma: most low-income countries desperately need more generating capacity, but should the development of IPP projects be delayed until progress is made on broader sector reforms? How can these policy dilemmas be resolved? Who can make that happen?

This chapter addresses key issues that public policy seeking to support social innovation faces. Combining theoretical insights of the Extended Social Grid Model with empirical results obtained from EU policy surveys and case studies, it identifies key policy implications and recommendations. It first introduces key notions for social innovation policy, including the multifaceted landscape into which support is inserted; the necessity to recognize its political character; to what extent insights from business innovation studies can be useful; and why successful support of social innovation must imply institutional change. The chapter then outlines a series of recurrent policy dilemmas such as whether horizontal support should be preferred; the trade-off between degree and costs of marginalization that wish to be targeted; the difficulty to promote a capability to associate; and how the subsidiarity principle may clash against the need to overcome marginalizing processes.

This chapter presents case studies of three recent renewable energy independent power producer (IPP) tender programs in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), in Uganda, Zambia, and South Africa. Using competitive tenders to select IPP projects is rare in Africa, but is viewed as an effective way of lowering project costs. And with the rapid reductions in the costs associated with wind and solar projects, renewable energy IPP projects may represent the power sector public–private partnerships (PPPs) of the future. These case studies detail the role of development partners in designing and implementing the first two of these programs and compare their performance with that of the South African program, a program designed and managed almost exclusively by South African officials and their advisers. What are the lessons that can be learned from these two distinct approaches? What impact do these kinds of programs have on the “IPP policy dilemma” described in Chapter 8?

The chapter opens with a historical analysis of the dilemmas of foreign policy faced by Greece: what to do about the Greek speaking communities outside the bounds of the Greek kingdom, for example whether to adopt policies of conciliation of Turkey, or aim to combine with Bulgaria against Turkey. These unresolved issues had new immediacy in Venizelos's period as prime minister since the Balkan states were pressing for action against Turkey. After a short spell of euphoria about the possible effects of the Young Turk revolution, in the face of Turkish 'Ottomanization' of the Christian minorities Venizelos adopted a hardheaded policy, aiming to strengthen Greece's armed forces, meanwhile avoiding provocation of Turkey while work remained to do in improving the armed forces. In June 1911 Venizelos introduced a bill reintegrating the Crown Prince in the army as Inspector General, contrary to the views of Zorbas, Dragoumis and others. The bill became law and the Crown Prince's position was reinforced.