Frank Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242641
- eISBN:
- 9780191599255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924264X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter aims to clarify the socially constructed nature of reality and the symbolic sides of public policy, as well as the discursive politics to which it gives rise. It concentrates on the ...
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This chapter aims to clarify the socially constructed nature of reality and the symbolic sides of public policy, as well as the discursive politics to which it gives rise. It concentrates on the concept of social understanding. There are seven main sections: The Phenomenology of Social Action; The Social Construction of Reality; Politics in a World of Multiple Realities; The Political Spectacle as Hyperreality; The Social Meanings of Public Policies; Meaning Construction and the Policy Process: The Typologies of Public Policy; Policy Design: Constructing Target Populations.Less
This chapter aims to clarify the socially constructed nature of reality and the symbolic sides of public policy, as well as the discursive politics to which it gives rise. It concentrates on the concept of social understanding. There are seven main sections: The Phenomenology of Social Action; The Social Construction of Reality; Politics in a World of Multiple Realities; The Political Spectacle as Hyperreality; The Social Meanings of Public Policies; Meaning Construction and the Policy Process: The Typologies of Public Policy; Policy Design: Constructing Target Populations.
Diane Sainsbury
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294160
- eISBN:
- 9780191600142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294166.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Addresses two major questions posed by the book. The first is the extent to which gender cuts across and fragments welfare state regimes, and the second concerns the dynamics between the policy ...
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Addresses two major questions posed by the book. The first is the extent to which gender cuts across and fragments welfare state regimes, and the second concerns the dynamics between the policy logics of gender regimes and welfare state regimes. Subsequently, the chapter turns to policy design and politics. Drawing upon the earlier chapters, important issues in the design of policies and their impact on gender inequalities are discussed. Finally, the chapter considers political factors—such as characteristics of women's movements, industrial relations frameworks, party constellations, and state structures—that are conducive or, alternatively, posed obstacles to policies reducing gender inequalities.Less
Addresses two major questions posed by the book. The first is the extent to which gender cuts across and fragments welfare state regimes, and the second concerns the dynamics between the policy logics of gender regimes and welfare state regimes. Subsequently, the chapter turns to policy design and politics. Drawing upon the earlier chapters, important issues in the design of policies and their impact on gender inequalities are discussed. Finally, the chapter considers political factors—such as characteristics of women's movements, industrial relations frameworks, party constellations, and state structures—that are conducive or, alternatively, posed obstacles to policies reducing gender inequalities.
Catherine Durose and Liz Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447316695
- eISBN:
- 9781447316718
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447316695.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
By linking contemporary practice using design principles in policy with political science and public administration theories, this book offers a distinctive contribution to debates on policy design. ...
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By linking contemporary practice using design principles in policy with political science and public administration theories, this book offers a distinctive contribution to debates on policy design. The book is conceived as a conversation between theory and practice. It goes beyond traditional scholarship to offer not solely a critique of what exists, but to set out proposals for alternatives. Policy design is fundamentally about substantive and instrumental ambitions to achieve better policy outcomes. In the face of glaring inadequacies and limitations in addressing many of the complex challenges we face as a society, this book challenges conventional policy design and opens up a conversation about how to imagine and realise a radically democratic alternative form of policy design: co-production. First, through a series of heuristics, the book generates theoretical tensions and encourages creative thinking about policy design. Then, compelling international contributions from practitioners, policy makers, activists and engaged scholars provide specific contexts for these theoretical debates. In doing so, the book provides both a framing and grounding for ongoing debates and provides a means for advancing experimentation in policy design.Less
By linking contemporary practice using design principles in policy with political science and public administration theories, this book offers a distinctive contribution to debates on policy design. The book is conceived as a conversation between theory and practice. It goes beyond traditional scholarship to offer not solely a critique of what exists, but to set out proposals for alternatives. Policy design is fundamentally about substantive and instrumental ambitions to achieve better policy outcomes. In the face of glaring inadequacies and limitations in addressing many of the complex challenges we face as a society, this book challenges conventional policy design and opens up a conversation about how to imagine and realise a radically democratic alternative form of policy design: co-production. First, through a series of heuristics, the book generates theoretical tensions and encourages creative thinking about policy design. Then, compelling international contributions from practitioners, policy makers, activists and engaged scholars provide specific contexts for these theoretical debates. In doing so, the book provides both a framing and grounding for ongoing debates and provides a means for advancing experimentation in policy design.
Catherine Durose and Liz Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447316695
- eISBN:
- 9781447316718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447316695.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Chapter One develops heuristics to encourage lateral thinking about policy design. By using heuristics, we are able to both understand how policy design works, but also to generate alternative ...
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Chapter One develops heuristics to encourage lateral thinking about policy design. By using heuristics, we are able to both understand how policy design works, but also to generate alternative designs. The chapters turns to focus on power, often a hidden struggle in policy design, but which fundamentally informs and shapes the vision–the valued outcomes pursued–and the grammar–the activities used in this pursuit. To bring this hidden element out into the debate, the heuristic is developed further by setting out the contrasting ways in which power is interpreted in policy design. Viewing power as a zero sum resource held by one body over another or as positive-sum resource generated in relationships between people, which can be used in a non-coercive way for mutual benefit, lets us consider the implications which differing interpretations of power have for policy design. These different interpretations are then used to inform a discussion on the feasibility and desirability of alternative policy designs.Less
Chapter One develops heuristics to encourage lateral thinking about policy design. By using heuristics, we are able to both understand how policy design works, but also to generate alternative designs. The chapters turns to focus on power, often a hidden struggle in policy design, but which fundamentally informs and shapes the vision–the valued outcomes pursued–and the grammar–the activities used in this pursuit. To bring this hidden element out into the debate, the heuristic is developed further by setting out the contrasting ways in which power is interpreted in policy design. Viewing power as a zero sum resource held by one body over another or as positive-sum resource generated in relationships between people, which can be used in a non-coercive way for mutual benefit, lets us consider the implications which differing interpretations of power have for policy design. These different interpretations are then used to inform a discussion on the feasibility and desirability of alternative policy designs.
Catherine Durose and Liz Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447316695
- eISBN:
- 9781447316718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447316695.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Theories of policy making offer competing conceptualisations of conventional policy design. The first gives us a sense of a reassuringly logical, thoughtful and intelligent world inhabited by elites ...
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Theories of policy making offer competing conceptualisations of conventional policy design. The first gives us a sense of a reassuringly logical, thoughtful and intelligent world inhabited by elites who can best look after citizens’ interests. The second draws back the curtain to reveal a harsh, contingent world of hard-fought and brutish policy competition between sets of unlikely and unpredictable allies in a chance world where events align in unforeseen combinations to favour one idea over another. The former seems unrealistic; the latter seems undesirable. Choices appear to be cold rigidity or bloody chaos. Neither seems well suited to addressing complex seemingly intractable global public policy challenges. Chapter Two develops a heuristic to understand what characterises conventional policy design, what is going wrong.Less
Theories of policy making offer competing conceptualisations of conventional policy design. The first gives us a sense of a reassuringly logical, thoughtful and intelligent world inhabited by elites who can best look after citizens’ interests. The second draws back the curtain to reveal a harsh, contingent world of hard-fought and brutish policy competition between sets of unlikely and unpredictable allies in a chance world where events align in unforeseen combinations to favour one idea over another. The former seems unrealistic; the latter seems undesirable. Choices appear to be cold rigidity or bloody chaos. Neither seems well suited to addressing complex seemingly intractable global public policy challenges. Chapter Two develops a heuristic to understand what characterises conventional policy design, what is going wrong.
Catherine Durose and Liz Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447316695
- eISBN:
- 9781447316718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447316695.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Chapter Three explores the contrast to conventional policy design, developing a heuristic to consider co-production as a radical alternative. Co-production has become a ubiquitous term in ...
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Chapter Three explores the contrast to conventional policy design, developing a heuristic to consider co-production as a radical alternative. Co-production has become a ubiquitous term in contemporary policy, which builds on a rich, diverse and contested lineage of theory and experimentation. Advocating co-production rests on the recognition that there are complex problems that cannot be solved without governments, but that governments alone cannot solve. This chapter sets outs a heuristic which considers the vision–the valued outcomes pursued in co-production–and the grammar–the activities used in this pursuit. Whilst doing so, there is a recognition that co-production will not occur simply through espousing its theoretical benefits and considering its design. Grounded attempts to generate, exemplify and pre-figure co-productive policy design are therefore useful in meeting this daunting challenge.Less
Chapter Three explores the contrast to conventional policy design, developing a heuristic to consider co-production as a radical alternative. Co-production has become a ubiquitous term in contemporary policy, which builds on a rich, diverse and contested lineage of theory and experimentation. Advocating co-production rests on the recognition that there are complex problems that cannot be solved without governments, but that governments alone cannot solve. This chapter sets outs a heuristic which considers the vision–the valued outcomes pursued in co-production–and the grammar–the activities used in this pursuit. Whilst doing so, there is a recognition that co-production will not occur simply through espousing its theoretical benefits and considering its design. Grounded attempts to generate, exemplify and pre-figure co-productive policy design are therefore useful in meeting this daunting challenge.
Catherine Durose and Liz Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447316695
- eISBN:
- 9781447316718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447316695.003.0017
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
A combination of theory and practice are used in Chapter Four to challenge, deepen and develop our theorising. The chapter discusses some of the tough questions and dilemmas raised by the ...
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A combination of theory and practice are used in Chapter Four to challenge, deepen and develop our theorising. The chapter discusses some of the tough questions and dilemmas raised by the conversation between the opening chapters and the contributions from practitioners, policy-makers, activists and engaged scholars. The chapter reinforces the need for change in conventional policy design, but what is clearly articulated is the growing questioning of the limitations, appropriateness and sustainability of the conventional policy process from in and outside. Nevertheless, the scope for change is constrained by the difficulties of establishing new ways of doing, regardless of the level of commitment to the ideas. Even recognising the agency and efficacy of those up for the challenge, co-production remains a ‘daunting’ ambition. The theorising and empirical insights in this book show us that we should remain hopeful about the prospect for change.Less
A combination of theory and practice are used in Chapter Four to challenge, deepen and develop our theorising. The chapter discusses some of the tough questions and dilemmas raised by the conversation between the opening chapters and the contributions from practitioners, policy-makers, activists and engaged scholars. The chapter reinforces the need for change in conventional policy design, but what is clearly articulated is the growing questioning of the limitations, appropriateness and sustainability of the conventional policy process from in and outside. Nevertheless, the scope for change is constrained by the difficulties of establishing new ways of doing, regardless of the level of commitment to the ideas. Even recognising the agency and efficacy of those up for the challenge, co-production remains a ‘daunting’ ambition. The theorising and empirical insights in this book show us that we should remain hopeful about the prospect for change.
Catherine Durose and Liz Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447316695
- eISBN:
- 9781447316718
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447316695.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Chapter Five considers the governance arrangements which could facilitate co-productive policy design. Moving towards co-productive policy design poses difficult questions and a series of dilemmas ...
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Chapter Five considers the governance arrangements which could facilitate co-productive policy design. Moving towards co-productive policy design poses difficult questions and a series of dilemmas for participants. Attempts to re-constitute the policy process do not exist within a vacuum and conventional policy designs can feel deeply entrenched and immutable to change. Through both theorising and working with the grounded powerful reflections on co-production from policy-makers, practitioners, activists and engaged scholars, this book embodies the importance and value of experimentation in policy design. It has demonstrated a growing appetite for change in a context that makes it more daunting but more important than ever.Less
Chapter Five considers the governance arrangements which could facilitate co-productive policy design. Moving towards co-productive policy design poses difficult questions and a series of dilemmas for participants. Attempts to re-constitute the policy process do not exist within a vacuum and conventional policy designs can feel deeply entrenched and immutable to change. Through both theorising and working with the grounded powerful reflections on co-production from policy-makers, practitioners, activists and engaged scholars, this book embodies the importance and value of experimentation in policy design. It has demonstrated a growing appetite for change in a context that makes it more daunting but more important than ever.
Hendrik Wagenaar, Helga Amesberger, and Sietske Altink
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447324249
- eISBN:
- 9781447324256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447324249.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
In this chapter we discuss the implementation of prostitution policy in Austria and the Netherlands. It introduces three key analytic concepts: policy implementation, policy design and policy ...
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In this chapter we discuss the implementation of prostitution policy in Austria and the Netherlands. It introduces three key analytic concepts: policy implementation, policy design and policy instruments. Both Austria and the Netherlands initially had pragmatic, and in the case of the latter, progressive, national laws. Through analysis of the design and instruments by which these laws were put into effect at the local level, we observed a gradual change towards a more punitive, regressive approach. In the Netherlands this occurred through a process of regulatory drift, a gradual change in the focus and goals of a policy as the result of a succession of small decisions at the implementation level, without any formal decision at higher levels of political authority. In Vienna the mechanism was agency capture, the appropriation of the implementation process by one agency, the police, that imposes its own goals and operating procedures on the policy process. In both cases, the implementation process was driven by a logic of combatting trafficking that led to ever more intrusive measures to incapacitate and control an opponent that was perceived as powerful and devious.Less
In this chapter we discuss the implementation of prostitution policy in Austria and the Netherlands. It introduces three key analytic concepts: policy implementation, policy design and policy instruments. Both Austria and the Netherlands initially had pragmatic, and in the case of the latter, progressive, national laws. Through analysis of the design and instruments by which these laws were put into effect at the local level, we observed a gradual change towards a more punitive, regressive approach. In the Netherlands this occurred through a process of regulatory drift, a gradual change in the focus and goals of a policy as the result of a succession of small decisions at the implementation level, without any formal decision at higher levels of political authority. In Vienna the mechanism was agency capture, the appropriation of the implementation process by one agency, the police, that imposes its own goals and operating procedures on the policy process. In both cases, the implementation process was driven by a logic of combatting trafficking that led to ever more intrusive measures to incapacitate and control an opponent that was perceived as powerful and devious.
Partha Dasgupta, Karl-Göran Mäler, and Alessandro Vercelli
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292203
- eISBN:
- 9780191684883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292203.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses resource allocation failure and other environmental problems. The chapter states that environmental problems are commonly associated with the failure of market institutions and ...
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This chapter discusses resource allocation failure and other environmental problems. The chapter states that environmental problems are commonly associated with the failure of market institutions and that ‘markets’ are taken to be institutions that make available to interested parties the opportunity to negotiate courses of actions. The chapter also discusses the two types of externalities, which are unidirectional, and reciprocal externalities, as well as international externalities, negotiations, and policy design. The chapter states that discussions on such matters as international waters and cultural externalities can rapidly become a litany of case studies. The chapter also discusses international fisheries as an example of global commons and explains contract agreements and the structure of authority.Less
This chapter discusses resource allocation failure and other environmental problems. The chapter states that environmental problems are commonly associated with the failure of market institutions and that ‘markets’ are taken to be institutions that make available to interested parties the opportunity to negotiate courses of actions. The chapter also discusses the two types of externalities, which are unidirectional, and reciprocal externalities, as well as international externalities, negotiations, and policy design. The chapter states that discussions on such matters as international waters and cultural externalities can rapidly become a litany of case studies. The chapter also discusses international fisheries as an example of global commons and explains contract agreements and the structure of authority.
Viroj Tangcharoensathien, Wiput Phoolcharoen, Sombat Thanprasertsuk, and Chutima Suraratdecha
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237401
- eISBN:
- 9780191723957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237401.003.0023
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews Thailand's response to its HIV epidemic. The Thai experience has provided several lessons on how the health system and health policy need to respond to the dynamic of HIV ...
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This chapter reviews Thailand's response to its HIV epidemic. The Thai experience has provided several lessons on how the health system and health policy need to respond to the dynamic of HIV epidemics. The country's capacity to collect, analyse, and disseminate information and translate this information into policy and programme design, as well as the skill and capacity to influence policy-makers, has been a major factor in any effective health policy response to HIV.Less
This chapter reviews Thailand's response to its HIV epidemic. The Thai experience has provided several lessons on how the health system and health policy need to respond to the dynamic of HIV epidemics. The country's capacity to collect, analyse, and disseminate information and translate this information into policy and programme design, as well as the skill and capacity to influence policy-makers, has been a major factor in any effective health policy response to HIV.
Sebastian Sewerin and Tobias S. Schmidt
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198826958
- eISBN:
- 9780191865855
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198826958.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Renewable energy is a distinct policy field encompassing both economic and environmental considerations. How these are balanced in the face of the 2007–8 economic crisis is an important question ...
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Renewable energy is a distinct policy field encompassing both economic and environmental considerations. How these are balanced in the face of the 2007–8 economic crisis is an important question relating to the general stickiness of environmental policies. In this chapter, we investigate long-term policy dynamics across both EU and non-EU countries and across three levels of policy change. Using an Index of Policy Activity (IPA) dataset of 562 policies, we analyse the general direction of overall change in policy mixes (macro-level), the dynamics of policy instrument type use (meso-level), and change to policy design (micro-level). We find that, while the crisis marks a turning point in the speed of policy change, the direction of policy change alters only in Ireland and the UK—namely towards policy dismantling. However, we show that dismantling and expansion unfold differently at the policy meso- and micro-levels, adding further nuance to the empirical analysis of dynamics of policy change.Less
Renewable energy is a distinct policy field encompassing both economic and environmental considerations. How these are balanced in the face of the 2007–8 economic crisis is an important question relating to the general stickiness of environmental policies. In this chapter, we investigate long-term policy dynamics across both EU and non-EU countries and across three levels of policy change. Using an Index of Policy Activity (IPA) dataset of 562 policies, we analyse the general direction of overall change in policy mixes (macro-level), the dynamics of policy instrument type use (meso-level), and change to policy design (micro-level). We find that, while the crisis marks a turning point in the speed of policy change, the direction of policy change alters only in Ireland and the UK—namely towards policy dismantling. However, we show that dismantling and expansion unfold differently at the policy meso- and micro-levels, adding further nuance to the empirical analysis of dynamics of policy change.
Louis Brennan and Frances Ruane
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231172981
- eISBN:
- 9780231541640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231172981.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter argues that locations should adopt a holistic approach to the design of their FDI policy (including any incentives), and that their rationale for whether and how to promote FDI should be ...
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This chapter argues that locations should adopt a holistic approach to the design of their FDI policy (including any incentives), and that their rationale for whether and how to promote FDI should be fully embedded in their broader economic development strategy. Accordingly, this chapter explains the principles that locations should adopt towards incentive design, to ensure that any incentives offered are grounded not only within the FDI policy but, importantly, within an overall development framework.Less
This chapter argues that locations should adopt a holistic approach to the design of their FDI policy (including any incentives), and that their rationale for whether and how to promote FDI should be fully embedded in their broader economic development strategy. Accordingly, this chapter explains the principles that locations should adopt towards incentive design, to ensure that any incentives offered are grounded not only within the FDI policy but, importantly, within an overall development framework.
Friedrich Schneider, Andrea Kollmann, and Johanne Reichl (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029247
- eISBN:
- 9780262329736
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029247.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Economists have long argued that market-based instruments such as, environmental taxes, and emission trading systems, are the superior way to offset the negative externalities of any kind of economic ...
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Economists have long argued that market-based instruments such as, environmental taxes, and emission trading systems, are the superior way to offset the negative externalities of any kind of economic activities. Yet, whether the effects of using these instruments are sufficient, whether they are actually used efficiently, and especially which factors influence their effectiveness is subject to a lively debate. It is the ultimate task of research to identify existing barriers among economic agents so as to gain valuable insight into how to overcome them. There still is much work to be done when it comes to evaluating the effectiveness of policy instruments with regard to the achievement of environmental targets. Assessments of environmental policies and their effects on economic welfare indicators are necessary, as are further analyses of institutional and political attitudes towards existing and future environmental policy. This book makes a valuable contribution by assembling papers and opinions which all target the questions raised above about how environmental politics can be further enhanced. They analyse and discuss possible improvements to its design to further increase its efficiency and therefore make a valuable contribution to one of the most pressing global issues of our time.Less
Economists have long argued that market-based instruments such as, environmental taxes, and emission trading systems, are the superior way to offset the negative externalities of any kind of economic activities. Yet, whether the effects of using these instruments are sufficient, whether they are actually used efficiently, and especially which factors influence their effectiveness is subject to a lively debate. It is the ultimate task of research to identify existing barriers among economic agents so as to gain valuable insight into how to overcome them. There still is much work to be done when it comes to evaluating the effectiveness of policy instruments with regard to the achievement of environmental targets. Assessments of environmental policies and their effects on economic welfare indicators are necessary, as are further analyses of institutional and political attitudes towards existing and future environmental policy. This book makes a valuable contribution by assembling papers and opinions which all target the questions raised above about how environmental politics can be further enhanced. They analyse and discuss possible improvements to its design to further increase its efficiency and therefore make a valuable contribution to one of the most pressing global issues of our time.
Emily McKenzie, Frances Irwin, Janet Ranganathan, Craig Hanson, Carolyn Kousky, Karen Bennett, Susan Ruffo, Marc Conte, James Salzman, and Jouni Paavola
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199588992
- eISBN:
- 9780191774638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588992.003.0019
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Ecology
While there are clear and compelling opportunities for inculcating nature’s value into public and private decision-making, the reality is that ecosystem services are still far from being ...
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While there are clear and compelling opportunities for inculcating nature’s value into public and private decision-making, the reality is that ecosystem services are still far from being mainstreamed. One key next step will be a strategic mapping of how, where, and when the science of ecosystem services can feed into policy design and implementation. As a start, this chapter describes how information on ecosystem services can usefully inform governments and businesses. It discusses regulatory and incentive-based approaches for sustaining ecosystem services, including market trading and payment schemes, and then outlines the need for designing organizations or institutions that could sustain ecosystem services.Less
While there are clear and compelling opportunities for inculcating nature’s value into public and private decision-making, the reality is that ecosystem services are still far from being mainstreamed. One key next step will be a strategic mapping of how, where, and when the science of ecosystem services can feed into policy design and implementation. As a start, this chapter describes how information on ecosystem services can usefully inform governments and businesses. It discusses regulatory and incentive-based approaches for sustaining ecosystem services, including market trading and payment schemes, and then outlines the need for designing organizations or institutions that could sustain ecosystem services.
Makoto Usami
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781847429841
- eISBN:
- 9781447311515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847429841.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
In the literature of comparative policy analysis, few attempts have been made to examine the remarkable development of study on law and public policy in contemporary Japan. To fill this gap in the ...
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In the literature of comparative policy analysis, few attempts have been made to examine the remarkable development of study on law and public policy in contemporary Japan. To fill this gap in the literature, the present chapter discusses the history, current state and prospect of Japanese law and public policy. It covers three major areas: the first is legislative study that deals with the legislative process and technical skills used in the process. The second field is the policy-oriented administration of laws by local government officials. The third domain is that of law and policy, which broadly refers to the branch of knowledge that studies policy design in terms of law. After reviewing the three areas, the chapter identifies their contemporary features and suggests remedies for the weaknesses involved in these features. It concludes by pointing out the implications that these fields of Japanese law and public policy might have for other societies.Less
In the literature of comparative policy analysis, few attempts have been made to examine the remarkable development of study on law and public policy in contemporary Japan. To fill this gap in the literature, the present chapter discusses the history, current state and prospect of Japanese law and public policy. It covers three major areas: the first is legislative study that deals with the legislative process and technical skills used in the process. The second field is the policy-oriented administration of laws by local government officials. The third domain is that of law and policy, which broadly refers to the branch of knowledge that studies policy design in terms of law. After reviewing the three areas, the chapter identifies their contemporary features and suggests remedies for the weaknesses involved in these features. It concludes by pointing out the implications that these fields of Japanese law and public policy might have for other societies.
Hendrik Wagenaar, Helga Amesberger, and Sietske Altink
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447324249
- eISBN:
- 9781447324256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447324249.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
The final chapter of the book summarises its main results and conclusions. It formulates two insights. First, prostitution policy is fragile. Legalisation and decriminalisation are easily reversed, ...
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The final chapter of the book summarises its main results and conclusions. It formulates two insights. First, prostitution policy is fragile. Legalisation and decriminalisation are easily reversed, and revert back to criminalisation and heavy-handed regulation and control. This is a complex process that, triggered by the ever present sigma on prostitution and a dominant neo-abolitionist discourse, largely occurs at the local level, thereby deviating from, and even undoing, national policymaking. Second, without a detailed exposition and analysis of the design and implementation of prostitution policy at different scales of governance, statements about its nature or outcomes remain necessarily superficial and are at worst misleading. We conclude with the question: What can policy makers do to negotiate the complexity and unpredictability of the prostitution domain? Stimulating variation, facilitating new communication lines and selecting and promoting solutions that work are general strategies for effectively navigating such complexity. This requires the inclusion of stakeholders, particularly of more vulnerable groups such as sex workers, in policy formulation and implementation.Less
The final chapter of the book summarises its main results and conclusions. It formulates two insights. First, prostitution policy is fragile. Legalisation and decriminalisation are easily reversed, and revert back to criminalisation and heavy-handed regulation and control. This is a complex process that, triggered by the ever present sigma on prostitution and a dominant neo-abolitionist discourse, largely occurs at the local level, thereby deviating from, and even undoing, national policymaking. Second, without a detailed exposition and analysis of the design and implementation of prostitution policy at different scales of governance, statements about its nature or outcomes remain necessarily superficial and are at worst misleading. We conclude with the question: What can policy makers do to negotiate the complexity and unpredictability of the prostitution domain? Stimulating variation, facilitating new communication lines and selecting and promoting solutions that work are general strategies for effectively navigating such complexity. This requires the inclusion of stakeholders, particularly of more vulnerable groups such as sex workers, in policy formulation and implementation.
Roger Guesnerie and Henry Tulkens
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262073028
- eISBN:
- 9780262274500
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262073028.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This book presents the proceedings of a conference on “The Design of Climate Policies,” held at the Venice Summer Institute of CESifo on July 22 and 23, 2005. Part I of the book is concerned with the ...
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This book presents the proceedings of a conference on “The Design of Climate Policies,” held at the Venice Summer Institute of CESifo on July 22 and 23, 2005. Part I of the book is concerned with the framework within which climate policies are implemented. Part II focuses on coalition formation and discusses international environmental agreements. Part III explores issues of policy design. Part IV also discusses policy design but includes elaborate quantitative examinations.Less
This book presents the proceedings of a conference on “The Design of Climate Policies,” held at the Venice Summer Institute of CESifo on July 22 and 23, 2005. Part I of the book is concerned with the framework within which climate policies are implemented. Part II focuses on coalition formation and discusses international environmental agreements. Part III explores issues of policy design. Part IV also discusses policy design but includes elaborate quantitative examinations.
Roger Guesnerie and Henry Tulkens (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262073028
- eISBN:
- 9780262274500
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262073028.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
Debates over post-Kyoto Protocol climate change policy often take note of two issues: the feasibility and desirability of international cooperation on climate change policies, given the failure of ...
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Debates over post-Kyoto Protocol climate change policy often take note of two issues: the feasibility and desirability of international cooperation on climate change policies, given the failure of the United States to ratify Kyoto, and the very limited involvement of developing countries; and the optimal timing of climate policies. This book offers insights into both of these concerns. It first considers the appropriate institutions for effective international cooperation on climate change, proposing an alternative to the Kyoto arrangement and a theoretical framework for such a scheme. The discussions then turn to the stability of international environmental agreements, emphasizing the logic of coalition forming (including the applicability of game-theoretical analysis). Finally, chapters address both practical and quantitative aspects of policy design, offering theoretical analyses of such specific policy issues as intertemporal aspects of carbon trade and the optimal implementation of a sequestration policy and then using formal mathematical models to examine policies related to the rate of climate change, international trade and carbon leakage, and the shortcomings of the standard Global Warming Potential index.Less
Debates over post-Kyoto Protocol climate change policy often take note of two issues: the feasibility and desirability of international cooperation on climate change policies, given the failure of the United States to ratify Kyoto, and the very limited involvement of developing countries; and the optimal timing of climate policies. This book offers insights into both of these concerns. It first considers the appropriate institutions for effective international cooperation on climate change, proposing an alternative to the Kyoto arrangement and a theoretical framework for such a scheme. The discussions then turn to the stability of international environmental agreements, emphasizing the logic of coalition forming (including the applicability of game-theoretical analysis). Finally, chapters address both practical and quantitative aspects of policy design, offering theoretical analyses of such specific policy issues as intertemporal aspects of carbon trade and the optimal implementation of a sequestration policy and then using formal mathematical models to examine policies related to the rate of climate change, international trade and carbon leakage, and the shortcomings of the standard Global Warming Potential index.
Robin Boadway
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017114
- eISBN:
- 9780262301688
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017114.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Many things inform a country’s choice of tax system, including political considerations, public opinion, bureaucratic complexities, and ideas drawn from theoretical analysis. This book examines the ...
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Many things inform a country’s choice of tax system, including political considerations, public opinion, bureaucratic complexities, and ideas drawn from theoretical analysis. This book examines the role of optimal tax analysis in informing and influencing tax policy design. Scholars of public economics formulate models of optimal tax-transfer systems based on normative principles which reflect efficiency and equity considerations, and use that analysis to form views about the optimal design or reform of actual tax systems which are much more complicated than their models. The author argues that there is an important symbiosis between ideas drawn from normative tax analysis and tax policies actually enacted. Ideas germinated by normative analyses have led to the widespread adoption of the value-added tax, the use of refundable tax credits, and various business tax reforms. Other ideas provide rationales for existing features of tax systems, including the tax treatment of retirement savings and human capital investment. The author charts the evolution of optimal tax analysis, discusses the lessons it holds for tax policy, describes the theoretical challenges posed by recent findings in such fields as behavioral economics and social choice, and considers how optimal tax analysis might adapt to these new paradigms. His analysis offers an assessment of the role that optimal tax theory has played in establishing the principles which continue to inform tax policy.Less
Many things inform a country’s choice of tax system, including political considerations, public opinion, bureaucratic complexities, and ideas drawn from theoretical analysis. This book examines the role of optimal tax analysis in informing and influencing tax policy design. Scholars of public economics formulate models of optimal tax-transfer systems based on normative principles which reflect efficiency and equity considerations, and use that analysis to form views about the optimal design or reform of actual tax systems which are much more complicated than their models. The author argues that there is an important symbiosis between ideas drawn from normative tax analysis and tax policies actually enacted. Ideas germinated by normative analyses have led to the widespread adoption of the value-added tax, the use of refundable tax credits, and various business tax reforms. Other ideas provide rationales for existing features of tax systems, including the tax treatment of retirement savings and human capital investment. The author charts the evolution of optimal tax analysis, discusses the lessons it holds for tax policy, describes the theoretical challenges posed by recent findings in such fields as behavioral economics and social choice, and considers how optimal tax analysis might adapt to these new paradigms. His analysis offers an assessment of the role that optimal tax theory has played in establishing the principles which continue to inform tax policy.
