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New World Order Policeman: Responding to Iraqi Aggression Against Kuwait

David M. Malone

in The International Struggle Over Iraq: Politics in the UN Security Council 1980-2005

This chapter discusses the second phase of UN involvement in Iraq, which seemed to herald the emergence of the Security Council as a New World Order Policeman. The Security Council’s capacity to ... More

This chapter discusses the second phase of UN involvement in Iraq, which seemed to herald the emergence of the Security Council as a New World Order Policeman. The Security Council’s capacity to legitimize the use of force provided a legal basis for international action to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. The chapter recounts the diplomatic and military success of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm — mandated to compel the withdrawal of Iraq from Kuwait and conducted by a coalition of states — drawing legitimacy from Security Council decisions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Chapter VII also provided a newly assertive basis for traditional activities, such as ceasefire implementation and border-monitoring tasks, the Council gave to a new mission, UNIKOM, deployed along the border between Iraq and Kuwait. This new police role for UN peace operations was part of a larger ‘New World Order’ heralded by President George H. W. Bush, which seemed to hold the promise of an international rule of law, enforced by a united P-5 operating through the Security Council.Less

Introduction

Martha K. Hugginsv, Mika Haritos-Fatouros, and Philip G. Zimbardo

in Violence Workers: Police Torturers and Murderers Reconstruct Brazilian Atrocities

This introductory chapter explains the theme and coverage of this book, which is about the role of policemen in Brazil as violence workers, torturers, and murderers, and explores how men from ... More

This introductory chapter explains the theme and coverage of this book, which is about the role of policemen in Brazil as violence workers, torturers, and murderers, and explores how men from Brazil's two main police forces describe their careers, explain police behavior, and justify their violence. It investigates how they came to perpetrate atrocity and describes the personal consequences of their complicity with the official program of state-sponsored violence that they may have carried with them all these years.Less

The Weimar Police

George C. Browder

in Hitler's Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution

Most of the police in Heinrich Himmler's Security Service empire came from the professional police of pre-Nazi Germany. Even though many joined the Nazi Movement, and even became Security ... More

Most of the police in Heinrich Himmler's Security Service empire came from the professional police of pre-Nazi Germany. Even though many joined the Nazi Movement, and even became Security Service-Sicherheitsdienst (SS-SD) members, the vast majority identified themselves primarily as policemen. Toward an analysis of these men, one should evaluate and apply as appropriate the sociopsychological theories that have developed from the study of modern police. When applied to the German experience between 1918 and 1945, some of these theories provide likely explanations for police behavior in the Weimar and Nazi eras. The body of theory in question developed largely from research on American police and then expanded, with appropriate modifications, to other societies within the Anglo-Saxon legal tradition. Although many German and Austrian sociologists have few qualms about applying much of this theory to their own contemporary police, applying it to Weimar Republic police requires caution.Less

Introduction

Clive Emsley

in Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth-Century Europe

This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to study the development and origin of soldier-policemen who have been ignored in the ... More

This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to study the development and origin of soldier-policemen who have been ignored in the gendarme. It describes Gendarmerie as the most efficient way to maintain the peace in Europe because it provides a surveillance half civil, half military, spread across the whole territory.Less

Gangsters, Thugs, and Bandits: The Enemies of the Colonial State

David French

in The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945-1967

Britain’s wars of decolonisation were conducted against the backdrop of the Cold War, and officials and ministers were beset by the supposed communist threat to their empire. In reality most of their ... More

Britain’s wars of decolonisation were conducted against the backdrop of the Cold War, and officials and ministers were beset by the supposed communist threat to their empire. In reality most of their opponents were motivated by radical nationalism, not communism. Convinced of the moral righteousness of their imperial mission, they condemned those who opposed them as ‘bandits’, thugs, and gangsters’, and readily cracked down on them. On the ground members of the security forces took a more nuanced view. Some hated their enemies and demanded harsh measures against them, some respected them for fighting for a cause, most simply got on with the job they had been given.Less

Locating Torturers and Murderers

Martha K. Hugginsv, Mika Haritos-Fatouros, and Philip G. Zimbardo

in Violence Workers: Police Torturers and Murderers Reconstruct Brazilian Atrocities

This chapter lays out the strategies for locating and interviewing the Brazilian policemen who had carried out state-sponsored atrocities, discussing the scope and characteristics of the study ... More

This chapter lays out the strategies for locating and interviewing the Brazilian policemen who had carried out state-sponsored atrocities, discussing the scope and characteristics of the study sample, along with the methodological challenges associated with studying police in general and police atrocity perpetrators in particular. It describes the violence worker demographics and explains the interview procedures with the imprisoned subjects, also discussing the strategy for making the interviewees admit their involvement in violence work.Less

Secret and Insular Worlds of Serial Torturers and Executioners

Martha K. Hugginsv, Mika Haritos-Fatouros, and Philip G. Zimbardo

in Violence Workers: Police Torturers and Murderers Reconstruct Brazilian Atrocities

This chapter examines the interaction among secrecy, occupational insularity, organizational fragmentation, and personal isolation that shaped and facilitated serial torture and execution in Brazil, ... More

This chapter examines the interaction among secrecy, occupational insularity, organizational fragmentation, and personal isolation that shaped and facilitated serial torture and execution in Brazil, looking at the structural and interactional factors which molded relatively ordinary Brazilian police into serial atrocity perpetrators. It investigates the entry of several Brazilian policemen into specialized police organizations, social control units, or informal death squads to determine the actual processes that explain the connection between membership in one of these agencies and the perpetration of regular and systematic atrocities.Less

Flann O’Brien and the purloined absurd

Neil Cornwell

in The Absurd in Literature

This chapter takes a look at Brian O'Nolan, who was also known as Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen in the literary world, introducing each of O'Nolan's literary personas, from the novelist and ... More

This chapter takes a look at Brian O'Nolan, who was also known as Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen in the literary world, introducing each of O'Nolan's literary personas, from the novelist and short-story writer (O'Brien), to the author of the funniest newspaper feature (na Gopaleen). From there the discussion focuses his two main novels, At Swim-Two-Birds and The Third Policeman. It notes that At Swim-Two-Birds was written through the second half of the 1930s and that it follows from the early writings of that decade. The Third Policeman, on the other hand, has lesser elements than the other novels, but is considered as more concentrated and serious.Less

Was Husband Number Two a Demotion?

Koenraad Donker van Heel

in Mrs. Naunakhte & Family: The Women of Ramesside Deir al-Medina

This chapter focuses on Naunakhte's second husband, Khaemnun, a workman in Deir al-Medina. It is not clear when Khaemnun was born. There is some speculation that he was already active as a workman at ... More

This chapter focuses on Naunakhte's second husband, Khaemnun, a workman in Deir al-Medina. It is not clear when Khaemnun was born. There is some speculation that he was already active as a workman at the end of Dynasty 19, and more specifically in year 4 of either Amunmessu (1199 BCE), Sethy II (1196 BCE), or Siptah (1190 BCE). The chapter reconstructs some of the kitchen-table discussions between Naunakhte and Khaemnun and considers the claim of the workman Amunemipet that he has a right to Khaemnun's tomb. It also discusses various stories in the village, from Khaemnun's donkey to agriculture in Deir al-Medina, land leases from the Kushite period (Dynasty 25), and the dispute over donkeys between a workman, a water carrier, and the chief of police Sobekhotep. It also looks at the deals that the policemen and their chiefs were always striking with the workmen.Less

Soldier-Bureaucrats: The Primacy of Proper Bearing

Marie Muschalek

in Violence as Usual: Policing and the Colonial State in German Southwest Africa

This chapter addresses the hybrid semi-civilian and semi-military institutional setting within which police codes of behavior emerged. On the one hand, police leadership held on tightly to military ... More

This chapter addresses the hybrid semi-civilian and semi-military institutional setting within which police codes of behavior emerged. On the one hand, police leadership held on tightly to military notions of etiquette, proper appearance, comradeship, and loyalty. This attitude became particularly apparent in police training. Not legal knowledge or administrational skills, but an imposing military habitus and access to lethal force were to provide the foundation for quality policing. On the other hand, being charged with civilian tasks, the policemen of the Landespolizei created a professional culture that increasingly introduced administrational techniques as modes of validation and legitimization. To them, it mattered that the job was done in accordance with an ever growing complex of decrees as well as that it was documented in proper form. In short, policemen were men of guns and paper—they injured and killed people “by the book.” This chapter returns to the significance of honor, demonstrating how the concern for proper appearance and performance was the most decisive factor in the emergence of a Landespolizei organizational culture.Less

Epilogue

J. Casey Doss

in Landpower in the Long War: Projecting Force After 9/11

This epilogue places the challenges of landpower examined in this volume into a historical perspective since World War II. It argues that the American use of landpower is both ambivalent and ... More

This epilogue places the challenges of landpower examined in this volume into a historical perspective since World War II. It argues that the American use of landpower is both ambivalent and Janus-faced. Ambivalent in that the United States has a militarized interventionist foreign policy but looks to withdraw once the complications of conflict become apparent. Janus-faced in that the United States seeks to use landpower in two opposing roles: as a foreign policy deterrent against other great powers and as a global constabulary. That the United States has neither resolved this dilemma nor overcome this ambivalence has curtailed the possibilities inherent to the use of force and must be taken into account when considering the American use of landpower since 9/11.Less

The Detective as Wage-Earner and Official Crime Fighter

Haia Shpayer-Makov

in The Ascent of the Detective: Police Sleuths in Victorian and Edwardian England

This chapter outlines the employment conditions common to uniformed policemen and detectives. It details the special set of compensations that detectives received, other material rewards, job ... More

This chapter outlines the employment conditions common to uniformed policemen and detectives. It details the special set of compensations that detectives received, other material rewards, job satisfaction, and the attractions as well as pressures of detective work that elevated their status as ‘a class apart in the police’. The chapter also discusses the interaction between this particular kind of policeman and the public.Less

Multifarious Duties

in Invisible Men: The Secret Lives of Police Constables in Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham, 1900-1939

During disturbances and strikes, or when people and animals needed to be rescued, policemen in Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool in the early twentieth century were expected to be there. However, ... More

During disturbances and strikes, or when people and animals needed to be rescued, policemen in Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool in the early twentieth century were expected to be there. However, the vast majority of police work was routine, from walking their beats and checking the security of doors to talking with neighbours, directing traffic, stopping runaway horses, and helping people get out of rivers and canals. The law-breaking discovered by police constables often involved minor thefts, miscellaneous violations of public order, and traffic infractions. Some police duties were clearly related to crime prevention, but others involved enforcing a variety of government regulations.Less

The Police and the Public: Animosity

in Invisible Men: The Secret Lives of Police Constables in Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham, 1900-1939

In the early twentienth century, animosity existed between policemen and the public in Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool. Much of this animosity was reflected in ‘incivility’, when both sides ... More

In the early twentienth century, animosity existed between policemen and the public in Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool. Much of this animosity was reflected in ‘incivility’, when both sides hurled insults against each other, and even escalated into physical conflicts. Disputes typically arose due to differences in perceptions of appropriate behaviour. Police constables exercised discretion in law enforcement, while civilians often believed that they were overreacting when dealing with minor offences. Both sides usually claimed that their actions had been entirely justified in the circumstances. In the final analysis, however, policemen were expected to prevent conflicts, rather than take part in them.Less