Lawrence S. Wrightsman and Mary L. Pitman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199730902
- eISBN:
- 9780199776986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730902.003.007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
When the Miranda decision was announced, police feared it would inhibit their effectiveness in gaining the cooperation of suspects. This fear has not been borne out; 80 % of suspects waive their ...
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When the Miranda decision was announced, police feared it would inhibit their effectiveness in gaining the cooperation of suspects. This fear has not been borne out; 80 % of suspects waive their Miranda rights, and police have an extensive repertoire of ploys to cause suspects to confess. These include flattery and ingratiation, veiled threats, and deception.Less
When the Miranda decision was announced, police feared it would inhibit their effectiveness in gaining the cooperation of suspects. This fear has not been borne out; 80 % of suspects waive their Miranda rights, and police have an extensive repertoire of ploys to cause suspects to confess. These include flattery and ingratiation, veiled threats, and deception.
Seth W. Stoughton, Jeffrey J. Noble, and Geoffrey P. Alpert
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781479814657
- eISBN:
- 9781479830480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479814657.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Officers do not use force in a vacuum. It has long been recognized that a use of force is not the result of a single decision, but rather of “a contingent sequence of decisions and resulting ...
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Officers do not use force in a vacuum. It has long been recognized that a use of force is not the result of a single decision, but rather of “a contingent sequence of decisions and resulting behaviors—each increasing or decreasing the probability of an eventual use of … force.” How officers approach a situation, then, can affect whether and how they use force. Tactics are the techniques and procedures that officers use to protect themselves and community members. This chapter provides a framework for assessing police tactics, then offers an in-depth discussion of core tactical concepts. It explains why time is the single most important tactical consideration, details the effects of stress on human decision making, and illustrates how officers use tactical choices to “create time” and how they can use that time to minimize their need to use force. The chapter concludes by exploring the role of police tactics in three very different situations: arrests, crisis interventions, and active-shooter situations.Less
Officers do not use force in a vacuum. It has long been recognized that a use of force is not the result of a single decision, but rather of “a contingent sequence of decisions and resulting behaviors—each increasing or decreasing the probability of an eventual use of … force.” How officers approach a situation, then, can affect whether and how they use force. Tactics are the techniques and procedures that officers use to protect themselves and community members. This chapter provides a framework for assessing police tactics, then offers an in-depth discussion of core tactical concepts. It explains why time is the single most important tactical consideration, details the effects of stress on human decision making, and illustrates how officers use tactical choices to “create time” and how they can use that time to minimize their need to use force. The chapter concludes by exploring the role of police tactics in three very different situations: arrests, crisis interventions, and active-shooter situations.
Issa Kohler-Hausmann
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196114
- eISBN:
- 9781400890354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196114.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This introductory chapter gives a brief overview of “misdemeanorland” and how it is studied. “Misdemeanorland” is a colloquialism used by people who work in the courts that receive the large volume ...
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This introductory chapter gives a brief overview of “misdemeanorland” and how it is studied. “Misdemeanorland” is a colloquialism used by people who work in the courts that receive the large volume of cases generated by New York City's signature policing tactics. The term designates a jurisdictional and physical space where these cases are processed. Within the context of the city's Broken Window enforcement, the expression “misdemeanorland” also signifies the widely shared notion that there is something unique about the operations of justice in the subfelony world. Many social science and media accounts of the U.S. criminal justice system tend to address either the back or front end of the system. In the age of mass incarceration, much public and scholarly focus has been directed at the back end, at what many of us assume to be the end point of most arrests: prison or jail. But between police and jails stands an institution assigned the role of deciding which people identified by police will end up in jail, prison, or elsewhere: the criminal court.Less
This introductory chapter gives a brief overview of “misdemeanorland” and how it is studied. “Misdemeanorland” is a colloquialism used by people who work in the courts that receive the large volume of cases generated by New York City's signature policing tactics. The term designates a jurisdictional and physical space where these cases are processed. Within the context of the city's Broken Window enforcement, the expression “misdemeanorland” also signifies the widely shared notion that there is something unique about the operations of justice in the subfelony world. Many social science and media accounts of the U.S. criminal justice system tend to address either the back or front end of the system. In the age of mass incarceration, much public and scholarly focus has been directed at the back end, at what many of us assume to be the end point of most arrests: prison or jail. But between police and jails stands an institution assigned the role of deciding which people identified by police will end up in jail, prison, or elsewhere: the criminal court.
Amory Starr, Luis Fernandez, and Christian Scholl
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814740996
- eISBN:
- 9780814738351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814740996.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter presents a thorough inventory of protest policing tactics, including and beyond the streetscape. These are organized into five arenas: regulatory and legislative dimensions of policing, ...
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This chapter presents a thorough inventory of protest policing tactics, including and beyond the streetscape. These are organized into five arenas: regulatory and legislative dimensions of policing, intelligence, event policing, criminal prosecution, and transnationalization. Tactics implemented in these areas may overlap, and can also include the maintenance of vigilance over, and the prosecution of, crimes, the militarization of events and interactions, and even public relations activities with the media. All of these activities refer to the violent entitlements of the police and prison system. The chapter also reviews the existing scholarship regarding these operations, noting that, outside of academic scholarship, a great deal of the research conducted to date about social control of the alterglobalization movement has been done by legal collectives, activists, and sympathetic nonacademic observers.Less
This chapter presents a thorough inventory of protest policing tactics, including and beyond the streetscape. These are organized into five arenas: regulatory and legislative dimensions of policing, intelligence, event policing, criminal prosecution, and transnationalization. Tactics implemented in these areas may overlap, and can also include the maintenance of vigilance over, and the prosecution of, crimes, the militarization of events and interactions, and even public relations activities with the media. All of these activities refer to the violent entitlements of the police and prison system. The chapter also reviews the existing scholarship regarding these operations, noting that, outside of academic scholarship, a great deal of the research conducted to date about social control of the alterglobalization movement has been done by legal collectives, activists, and sympathetic nonacademic observers.
Amory Starr, Luis Fernandez, and Christian Scholl
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814740996
- eISBN:
- 9780814738351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814740996.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter analyzes the interrelationships among activist bodies, dissenting minds, social spaces that nurture dissent, and policing. It explores the effects of policing tactics on social space, ...
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This chapter analyzes the interrelationships among activist bodies, dissenting minds, social spaces that nurture dissent, and policing. It explores the effects of policing tactics on social space, including discourse, and on the social and individual psyche of activists and the wider group of dissenters. Furthermore, the chapter considers the marginalizing and preemptive effects of police action, the accumulative effects of police tactics, the disastrous effects of fear on political consciousness, the vulnerability of collectivity itself to police tactics, and the evisceration of discourse, culture, and history. In the end, the chapter concludes with a strong proposal regarding the meaning of political violence.Less
This chapter analyzes the interrelationships among activist bodies, dissenting minds, social spaces that nurture dissent, and policing. It explores the effects of policing tactics on social space, including discourse, and on the social and individual psyche of activists and the wider group of dissenters. Furthermore, the chapter considers the marginalizing and preemptive effects of police action, the accumulative effects of police tactics, the disastrous effects of fear on political consciousness, the vulnerability of collectivity itself to police tactics, and the evisceration of discourse, culture, and history. In the end, the chapter concludes with a strong proposal regarding the meaning of political violence.
Mark Roodhouse
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199588459
- eISBN:
- 9780191747564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588459.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter argues that the rationing ministries had little control over the implementation of the enforcement side of their compliance strategies. Ministry inspectors and police did not work well ...
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This chapter argues that the rationing ministries had little control over the implementation of the enforcement side of their compliance strategies. Ministry inspectors and police did not work well together, with the result that enforcement varied widely across the UK. The realities of policing the regulations distorted enforcement, with the result that it was possible for some to evade the law with impunity while others did do at their peril. Government publicity could not disguise this lack of uniformity in enforcement. This undermined the bluff on which the various compliance strategies rested, and made rational calculation of the probability of being caught impossible.Less
This chapter argues that the rationing ministries had little control over the implementation of the enforcement side of their compliance strategies. Ministry inspectors and police did not work well together, with the result that enforcement varied widely across the UK. The realities of policing the regulations distorted enforcement, with the result that it was possible for some to evade the law with impunity while others did do at their peril. Government publicity could not disguise this lack of uniformity in enforcement. This undermined the bluff on which the various compliance strategies rested, and made rational calculation of the probability of being caught impossible.
Seth W. Stoughton, Jeffrey J. Noble, and Geoffrey P. Alpert
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781479814657
- eISBN:
- 9781479830480
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479814657.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The use of force by police has proven to be a challenging and divisive issue in the United States, and for good reason. Philosophically, the government’s use of violence against community members is ...
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The use of force by police has proven to be a challenging and divisive issue in the United States, and for good reason. Philosophically, the government’s use of violence against community members is in tension with basic democratic norms of individual liberty, personal security, and bodily autonomy. In practice, officers use force on hundreds of thousands of individuals every year. Police violence plays an important role in shaping public attitudes toward government generally and toward policing specifically. Community trust and confidence in policing has been undermined by the perception that officers are using force, including deadly force, unnecessarily, too frequently, or in problematically disparate ways. The use of force can also serve as a flashpoint, a spark that ignites long-simmering community hostility. There are, in short, compelling reasons to think critically about police uses of force. This book explores an essential, but largely overlooked, facet of the difficult and controversial issues of police violence and accountability: the question of how society evaluates police uses of force. The authors—a prominent legal scholar and former officer, a long-time police commander, and a distinguished criminologist—draw on their experience and decades of research to offer five different answers to that question, discussing in depth the rules established by constitutional law, state laws, agency policies, international law, and community expectations, and providing critical information about police tactics and force options to allow for the accurate application of those analytical frameworks.Less
The use of force by police has proven to be a challenging and divisive issue in the United States, and for good reason. Philosophically, the government’s use of violence against community members is in tension with basic democratic norms of individual liberty, personal security, and bodily autonomy. In practice, officers use force on hundreds of thousands of individuals every year. Police violence plays an important role in shaping public attitudes toward government generally and toward policing specifically. Community trust and confidence in policing has been undermined by the perception that officers are using force, including deadly force, unnecessarily, too frequently, or in problematically disparate ways. The use of force can also serve as a flashpoint, a spark that ignites long-simmering community hostility. There are, in short, compelling reasons to think critically about police uses of force. This book explores an essential, but largely overlooked, facet of the difficult and controversial issues of police violence and accountability: the question of how society evaluates police uses of force. The authors—a prominent legal scholar and former officer, a long-time police commander, and a distinguished criminologist—draw on their experience and decades of research to offer five different answers to that question, discussing in depth the rules established by constitutional law, state laws, agency policies, international law, and community expectations, and providing critical information about police tactics and force options to allow for the accurate application of those analytical frameworks.