Ronald Hutton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205708
- eISBN:
- 9780191676758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205708.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, British and Irish Early Modern History
In medieval and early modern England the ploughing season began immediately after the end of the Christmas holidays; and indeed this remained true until the widespread adoption of winter cereal crops ...
More
In medieval and early modern England the ploughing season began immediately after the end of the Christmas holidays; and indeed this remained true until the widespread adoption of winter cereal crops in the twentieth century. Since the harvest, arable fields would have been left spiked with fading stubble; now the soil, wet through by the autumn and winter rains, would be turned over by ploughs dragged first by oxen, later by horses, and latest of all by tractors. It was a process that would last far into March. Medieval records contain stray references to customs associated with the opening of it. In the late thirteenth century, for example, the villagers of Carlton in Lindrick, at the northern tip of Nottinghamshire, held a plough race in the common fields on January 7. The rites of the opening of this work were becoming concentrated on the first Monday after Twelfth Night, known familiarly as ‘Plough Monday’.Less
In medieval and early modern England the ploughing season began immediately after the end of the Christmas holidays; and indeed this remained true until the widespread adoption of winter cereal crops in the twentieth century. Since the harvest, arable fields would have been left spiked with fading stubble; now the soil, wet through by the autumn and winter rains, would be turned over by ploughs dragged first by oxen, later by horses, and latest of all by tractors. It was a process that would last far into March. Medieval records contain stray references to customs associated with the opening of it. In the late thirteenth century, for example, the villagers of Carlton in Lindrick, at the northern tip of Nottinghamshire, held a plough race in the common fields on January 7. The rites of the opening of this work were becoming concentrated on the first Monday after Twelfth Night, known familiarly as ‘Plough Monday’.
Alan F. Wilt
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208716
- eISBN:
- 9780191717024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208716.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses food in wartime from 1939 to 1940. It investigates how well the government's plans in food and agriculture worked out during this period. It also looks at what the government ...
More
This chapter discusses food in wartime from 1939 to 1940. It investigates how well the government's plans in food and agriculture worked out during this period. It also looks at what the government did during the first eleven months of the conflict, for between September 1939 and early August 1940 the machinery for feeding the nation was put in place and had assumed a definite sense of direction. The chapter further assesses how well the government succeeded by describing first how the food and agriculture sectors organised themselves and how they handled the question of prices. The agriculture-related measures — the ploughing up campaign, the labour issue, and farm mechanization — are also discussed. Also shown are the aspects of food control: imports, distribution and storage, food supply, evacuations, the armed forces, and rationing.Less
This chapter discusses food in wartime from 1939 to 1940. It investigates how well the government's plans in food and agriculture worked out during this period. It also looks at what the government did during the first eleven months of the conflict, for between September 1939 and early August 1940 the machinery for feeding the nation was put in place and had assumed a definite sense of direction. The chapter further assesses how well the government succeeded by describing first how the food and agriculture sectors organised themselves and how they handled the question of prices. The agriculture-related measures — the ploughing up campaign, the labour issue, and farm mechanization — are also discussed. Also shown are the aspects of food control: imports, distribution and storage, food supply, evacuations, the armed forces, and rationing.
Michael A. Carrier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342581.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter explains why agreements by which brand-name pharmaceutical companies pay generic firms to settle patent infringement litigation and agree to delay entering the market should be ...
More
This chapter explains why agreements by which brand-name pharmaceutical companies pay generic firms to settle patent infringement litigation and agree to delay entering the market should be presumptively illegal. It begins by introducing the Hatch-Waxman Act, exploring its purpose, text, and mixed success. It then discusses three representative cases illustrating courts' increased leniency toward reverse payment agreements. In justifying a framework for presumptive illegality, the chapter explains the importance of the relevant regulatory framework. It demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the Act's competition mechanisms. It focuses on reverse payments, describing their uniquely concerning aspects and potentially severe anticompetitive harm. Finally, it shows how the settling parties can rebut the presumption of illegality.Less
This chapter explains why agreements by which brand-name pharmaceutical companies pay generic firms to settle patent infringement litigation and agree to delay entering the market should be presumptively illegal. It begins by introducing the Hatch-Waxman Act, exploring its purpose, text, and mixed success. It then discusses three representative cases illustrating courts' increased leniency toward reverse payment agreements. In justifying a framework for presumptive illegality, the chapter explains the importance of the relevant regulatory framework. It demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the Act's competition mechanisms. It focuses on reverse payments, describing their uniquely concerning aspects and potentially severe anticompetitive harm. Finally, it shows how the settling parties can rebut the presumption of illegality.
David Mattingly
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199602353
- eISBN:
- 9780191731570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602353.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter provides some illustrations of the potential disparity between plough-zone results and those in a variety of arid-zone projects, where surface preservation of physical features allows ...
More
This chapter provides some illustrations of the potential disparity between plough-zone results and those in a variety of arid-zone projects, where surface preservation of physical features allows better site identification and crucially important additional information on site typologies and functions. The author here draws on his personal involvement in the Kasserine Survey (Tunisia), the UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey and the Fazzan Project (both in Libya), and the Wadi Faynan Landscape Survey in Jordan.Less
This chapter provides some illustrations of the potential disparity between plough-zone results and those in a variety of arid-zone projects, where surface preservation of physical features allows better site identification and crucially important additional information on site typologies and functions. The author here draws on his personal involvement in the Kasserine Survey (Tunisia), the UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey and the Fazzan Project (both in Libya), and the Wadi Faynan Landscape Survey in Jordan.
C. Mathew Mate
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198526780
- eISBN:
- 9780191712098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526780.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter introduces friction as it manifests itself in everyday life. It begins with Amontons' law (1699) that friction is proportional to the loading force between contacting surfaces (the ...
More
This chapter introduces friction as it manifests itself in everyday life. It begins with Amontons' law (1699) that friction is proportional to the loading force between contacting surfaces (the proportionality constant is called the coefficient of friction). The two primary mechanisms for unlubricated friction are adhesive friction and plowing friction, with the predominate mechanism generally being adhesive friction. Adhesive friction is proportional to the real area of contact; for rough surfaces, this contact area is proportional to the loading force, providing the intellectual underpinning of Amontons' law. The nanoscale flow of atoms and molecules around contact points results in the force needed to induce sliding (static friction) being higher than the force needed to maintain sliding (kinetic friction). Friction decreasing with increasing velocity leads stick-slip motion of the sliding surfaces, where the slip distance can be as short as the distance between atoms.Less
This chapter introduces friction as it manifests itself in everyday life. It begins with Amontons' law (1699) that friction is proportional to the loading force between contacting surfaces (the proportionality constant is called the coefficient of friction). The two primary mechanisms for unlubricated friction are adhesive friction and plowing friction, with the predominate mechanism generally being adhesive friction. Adhesive friction is proportional to the real area of contact; for rough surfaces, this contact area is proportional to the loading force, providing the intellectual underpinning of Amontons' law. The nanoscale flow of atoms and molecules around contact points results in the force needed to induce sliding (static friction) being higher than the force needed to maintain sliding (kinetic friction). Friction decreasing with increasing velocity leads stick-slip motion of the sliding surfaces, where the slip distance can be as short as the distance between atoms.
Lauren Arrington
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590575
- eISBN:
- 9780191595523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590575.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
As a result of the subsidy, the government placed a representative on the Abbey's board of directors. This chapter analyses the brief tenure of the first government‐appointed director, George ...
More
As a result of the subsidy, the government placed a representative on the Abbey's board of directors. This chapter analyses the brief tenure of the first government‐appointed director, George O'Brien. O'Brien's role was intended as that of financial adviser, but he interpreted his position as government censor. O'Brien objected to Lennox Robinson's The White Blackbird (due to its suggestion of incest) and to sexual references and explicit language in Sean O'Casey's The Plough and the Stars. The Abbey was in a relatively secure financial position due to allies in government (particularly Ernest Blythe and Thomas Johnston), so the directors were confident in ignoring O'Brien's interventions and in defying attempts at public censorship during the riots over the Plough and the Stars.Less
As a result of the subsidy, the government placed a representative on the Abbey's board of directors. This chapter analyses the brief tenure of the first government‐appointed director, George O'Brien. O'Brien's role was intended as that of financial adviser, but he interpreted his position as government censor. O'Brien objected to Lennox Robinson's The White Blackbird (due to its suggestion of incest) and to sexual references and explicit language in Sean O'Casey's The Plough and the Stars. The Abbey was in a relatively secure financial position due to allies in government (particularly Ernest Blythe and Thomas Johnston), so the directors were confident in ignoring O'Brien's interventions and in defying attempts at public censorship during the riots over the Plough and the Stars.
Robert Welch
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198121879
- eISBN:
- 9780191671364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198121879.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
The thirty years after 1968 saw great contributions in all aspects of creative activity in Ireland. This was the period of immense growth in the arts; for people, it was not unusual to witness some ...
More
The thirty years after 1968 saw great contributions in all aspects of creative activity in Ireland. This was the period of immense growth in the arts; for people, it was not unusual to witness some of the finest literary achievements, like Seamus Heaney's North or Brian Friel's Translations. A lot of these works were brought about by the playwright's experience and opinion on the piling up of atrocities, injustices, lies, and humiliations amongst the people of Ireland, and people widely received these themes. The Dublin Trilogy — the Gunman, Juno, and The Plough — were a compound of emotional readiness and dramatic technique, answers to the public and private feelings of persuasion. Further into the chapter, T. C. Murray's series of lectures on the Irish Theatre for the Catholic Writers Guild is presented.Less
The thirty years after 1968 saw great contributions in all aspects of creative activity in Ireland. This was the period of immense growth in the arts; for people, it was not unusual to witness some of the finest literary achievements, like Seamus Heaney's North or Brian Friel's Translations. A lot of these works were brought about by the playwright's experience and opinion on the piling up of atrocities, injustices, lies, and humiliations amongst the people of Ireland, and people widely received these themes. The Dublin Trilogy — the Gunman, Juno, and The Plough — were a compound of emotional readiness and dramatic technique, answers to the public and private feelings of persuasion. Further into the chapter, T. C. Murray's series of lectures on the Irish Theatre for the Catholic Writers Guild is presented.
Pete A. Ensminger
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300088045
- eISBN:
- 9780300133523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300088045.003.0008
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
Photosynthesis involves biological energy transduction, the transformation of light energy into chemical energy, and photosensory pigments, which play an important role in the process. Phytochrome, a ...
More
Photosynthesis involves biological energy transduction, the transformation of light energy into chemical energy, and photosensory pigments, which play an important role in the process. Phytochrome, a photosensory pigment, regulates plant growth and development. This chapter explores research works on light-induced seed germination and the role of phytochrome to regulate plant growth and development, including seed germination. Pioneering work by Hendricks and colleagues looked at photo-reversible phytochrome responses. The use of herbicides to control weeds and the adverse affects of weeds on the environment and public health are discussed. With the persistent use of herbicides, over time weeds have developed resistance, a resurgence, and eventual replacement. The evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds and the harmful effects of herbicides lead to the development of an integrated weed-management program. Plowing presents a simple and effective method of weed control. The emergence of nighttime plowing to control weeds and its limitations are also presented.Less
Photosynthesis involves biological energy transduction, the transformation of light energy into chemical energy, and photosensory pigments, which play an important role in the process. Phytochrome, a photosensory pigment, regulates plant growth and development. This chapter explores research works on light-induced seed germination and the role of phytochrome to regulate plant growth and development, including seed germination. Pioneering work by Hendricks and colleagues looked at photo-reversible phytochrome responses. The use of herbicides to control weeds and the adverse affects of weeds on the environment and public health are discussed. With the persistent use of herbicides, over time weeds have developed resistance, a resurgence, and eventual replacement. The evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds and the harmful effects of herbicides lead to the development of an integrated weed-management program. Plowing presents a simple and effective method of weed control. The emergence of nighttime plowing to control weeds and its limitations are also presented.
John Andrew Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807869550
- eISBN:
- 9781469602868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9780807869550.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter narrates Jackson's life as a young slave. His first job was as a scarecrow. He was given Indian meal cake to eat every day. He was later employed to plough. Around this time he fell in ...
More
This chapter narrates Jackson's life as a young slave. His first job was as a scarecrow. He was given Indian meal cake to eat every day. He was later employed to plough. Around this time he fell in love with a slave girl called Louisa. Later he was employed as a cotton picker.Less
This chapter narrates Jackson's life as a young slave. His first job was as a scarecrow. He was given Indian meal cake to eat every day. He was later employed to plough. Around this time he fell in love with a slave girl called Louisa. Later he was employed as a cotton picker.
James Livesey
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300237160
- eISBN:
- 9780300249521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300237160.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter talks about cases of many intellectually complex, socially ubiquitous, and highly significant technological innovations, such as the development of fore and aft rigging for sailing ...
More
This chapter talks about cases of many intellectually complex, socially ubiquitous, and highly significant technological innovations, such as the development of fore and aft rigging for sailing vessels that intensified coastal trade in Europe and later the Caribbean. The majority of the blacksmiths who experimented with plows do remain anonymous, but the contribution of James Small was so striking that he left behind a written record as well as a material object. Small was a blacksmith and cartwright from Berwickshire in southern Scotland, who in 1764 introduced a wheel-less iron plow inspired and provoked by his adjustments to the Rotherham plow patented in 1730 by Joseph Foljambe and Disney Stanytown. What made Small stand out was that he was able to articulate the thinking that underpinned his innovations in design. He defined the plow not as an object but as a function.Less
This chapter talks about cases of many intellectually complex, socially ubiquitous, and highly significant technological innovations, such as the development of fore and aft rigging for sailing vessels that intensified coastal trade in Europe and later the Caribbean. The majority of the blacksmiths who experimented with plows do remain anonymous, but the contribution of James Small was so striking that he left behind a written record as well as a material object. Small was a blacksmith and cartwright from Berwickshire in southern Scotland, who in 1764 introduced a wheel-less iron plow inspired and provoked by his adjustments to the Rotherham plow patented in 1730 by Joseph Foljambe and Disney Stanytown. What made Small stand out was that he was able to articulate the thinking that underpinned his innovations in design. He defined the plow not as an object but as a function.
Bryce Evans
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719089510
- eISBN:
- 9781781707531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089510.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
By virtue of her neutrality, Ireland was subjected to an economic squeeze which harshly impacted her agricultural economy. Without Allied help, the Irish food supply situation became critical. ...
More
By virtue of her neutrality, Ireland was subjected to an economic squeeze which harshly impacted her agricultural economy. Without Allied help, the Irish food supply situation became critical. Ireland’s was an overwhelmingly agricultural economy and the sector expanded during the Emergency. But as British supplies of fertilisers, machinery, fuels and chemicals withered, Ireland – like the Iberian countries – resorted to donkey and cart economics, with the horse replacing the tractor and production critical. The state responded by introducing ‘compulsory tillage’ – a scheme whereby every one of Ireland’s farmers had to till more of his land or face imprisonment or dispossession. A controversial and historic initiative, this chapter details resistance to the scheme as well as the improvement in output achieved by the nation’s farmers despite the absence of modern productive aids.Less
By virtue of her neutrality, Ireland was subjected to an economic squeeze which harshly impacted her agricultural economy. Without Allied help, the Irish food supply situation became critical. Ireland’s was an overwhelmingly agricultural economy and the sector expanded during the Emergency. But as British supplies of fertilisers, machinery, fuels and chemicals withered, Ireland – like the Iberian countries – resorted to donkey and cart economics, with the horse replacing the tractor and production critical. The state responded by introducing ‘compulsory tillage’ – a scheme whereby every one of Ireland’s farmers had to till more of his land or face imprisonment or dispossession. A controversial and historic initiative, this chapter details resistance to the scheme as well as the improvement in output achieved by the nation’s farmers despite the absence of modern productive aids.
James McDermott
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719084775
- eISBN:
- 9781781702673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719084775.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The period of Herbert Henry Asquith's administration saw the continuance of a prewar laissez-faire attitude towards agriculture, reflecting the political temperament of government, optimism that the ...
More
The period of Herbert Henry Asquith's administration saw the continuance of a prewar laissez-faire attitude towards agriculture, reflecting the political temperament of government, optimism that the war would be of short duration and uncertainty as to how formal direction might be imposed upon an extremely individualistic industry. The official attitude towards dilution of the agricultural workforce was influenced by the Army's short-term needs and by fluctuating domestic circumstances. Non-military substitution presented distinct problems for agriculture. Northamptonshire's agricultural Advisory Committee summoned several ostensibly qualifying workers and told them that they would be exempt from military service for the present. Fundamental political and military developments brought mixed prospects for agriculture. The ‘plough policy’ and associated initiatives increased the tilled acreage in England by some 20 per cent in the two years to 1918. Agriculture can be regarded as one of the unequivocal success stories of the Home Front.Less
The period of Herbert Henry Asquith's administration saw the continuance of a prewar laissez-faire attitude towards agriculture, reflecting the political temperament of government, optimism that the war would be of short duration and uncertainty as to how formal direction might be imposed upon an extremely individualistic industry. The official attitude towards dilution of the agricultural workforce was influenced by the Army's short-term needs and by fluctuating domestic circumstances. Non-military substitution presented distinct problems for agriculture. Northamptonshire's agricultural Advisory Committee summoned several ostensibly qualifying workers and told them that they would be exempt from military service for the present. Fundamental political and military developments brought mixed prospects for agriculture. The ‘plough policy’ and associated initiatives increased the tilled acreage in England by some 20 per cent in the two years to 1918. Agriculture can be regarded as one of the unequivocal success stories of the Home Front.
Anthony T. Edwards
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520236585
- eISBN:
- 9780520929579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520236585.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
The evidence from Works and Days leads to the conclusion that Hesiod's Ascra was neither very centralized nor very hierarchized as a community. It is believed that by Hesiod's time the least ...
More
The evidence from Works and Days leads to the conclusion that Hesiod's Ascra was neither very centralized nor very hierarchized as a community. It is believed that by Hesiod's time the least intensive agricultural regime that could be practically employed was plow cultivation. It then addresses the testimony of Works and Days in isolation, on its own terms, and without regard for its role as evidence for practices elsewhere in Greece. Hesiod gives virtually no evidence at all for crops other than cereals and vines. Hesiod's repeated emphasis upon storage and saving throughout Works and Days supports the hypothesis that he describes a short fallow regime. Moreover, the timing of the various activities of the agricultural year is discussed in order to identify the rhythm of slack and peak seasons. Hesiod's calendar of tasks does display the rhythms of slack and busy season's characteristic of an extensive short fallow regime.Less
The evidence from Works and Days leads to the conclusion that Hesiod's Ascra was neither very centralized nor very hierarchized as a community. It is believed that by Hesiod's time the least intensive agricultural regime that could be practically employed was plow cultivation. It then addresses the testimony of Works and Days in isolation, on its own terms, and without regard for its role as evidence for practices elsewhere in Greece. Hesiod gives virtually no evidence at all for crops other than cereals and vines. Hesiod's repeated emphasis upon storage and saving throughout Works and Days supports the hypothesis that he describes a short fallow regime. Moreover, the timing of the various activities of the agricultural year is discussed in order to identify the rhythm of slack and peak seasons. Hesiod's calendar of tasks does display the rhythms of slack and busy season's characteristic of an extensive short fallow regime.
Jeffrey Geiger
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621477
- eISBN:
- 9780748670796
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621477.003.0005
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Chapter 4 ranges between the late 1920s and the Second World War, charting the ‘invention’ of documentary film and outlining the social functions for which it commonly came to be known. The idea of ...
More
Chapter 4 ranges between the late 1920s and the Second World War, charting the ‘invention’ of documentary film and outlining the social functions for which it commonly came to be known. The idea of documentary as a specific form and as a professional practice came into its own during this period. At the same time, ongoing reassessments of what it meant to be American and part of an evolving national entity were paramount. Significantly, this period also saw a concerted effort to establish a government-funded documentary programme under Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal policies. Though this era is often seen as a time of increasing conformity and assimilation to a narrow ideological consensus, this chapter takes into account the incredible political and social diversity of the period, a diversity amply reflected in documentaries of the time. It includes a close reading of The Plow that Broke the Plains.Less
Chapter 4 ranges between the late 1920s and the Second World War, charting the ‘invention’ of documentary film and outlining the social functions for which it commonly came to be known. The idea of documentary as a specific form and as a professional practice came into its own during this period. At the same time, ongoing reassessments of what it meant to be American and part of an evolving national entity were paramount. Significantly, this period also saw a concerted effort to establish a government-funded documentary programme under Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal policies. Though this era is often seen as a time of increasing conformity and assimilation to a narrow ideological consensus, this chapter takes into account the incredible political and social diversity of the period, a diversity amply reflected in documentaries of the time. It includes a close reading of The Plow that Broke the Plains.
Camilla Toulmin
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- December 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198853046
- eISBN:
- 9780191946486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198853046.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Oxen-drawn ploughs are used for cultivating the land and weeding millet fields, allowing a much larger area to be farmed than would be possible by hand. This chapter presents the distribution of oxen ...
More
Oxen-drawn ploughs are used for cultivating the land and weeding millet fields, allowing a much larger area to be farmed than would be possible by hand. This chapter presents the distribution of oxen and plough-team equipment between village households, alongside patterns of sales and purchases of animals and their costs. Alternatives to buying animals and equipment are investigated, such as borrowing animals, and hire of plough teams, before examining the difficulties faced by those households without their own plough-team. The costs of acquiring and maintaining a plough team, and flow of returns over a five-year period are presented. Returns to investment in a plough team are shown for the four household types, A, B, C, D, in terms of net-present-value and payback period, depending on choices made about expansion of land area cultivated over a five year period. The chapter explores the importance of joint investment in both a well and oxen plough-team, before turning to an assessment of risk to oxen plough-team investment, and the flexibility of capital held in this form.Less
Oxen-drawn ploughs are used for cultivating the land and weeding millet fields, allowing a much larger area to be farmed than would be possible by hand. This chapter presents the distribution of oxen and plough-team equipment between village households, alongside patterns of sales and purchases of animals and their costs. Alternatives to buying animals and equipment are investigated, such as borrowing animals, and hire of plough teams, before examining the difficulties faced by those households without their own plough-team. The costs of acquiring and maintaining a plough team, and flow of returns over a five-year period are presented. Returns to investment in a plough team are shown for the four household types, A, B, C, D, in terms of net-present-value and payback period, depending on choices made about expansion of land area cultivated over a five year period. The chapter explores the importance of joint investment in both a well and oxen plough-team, before turning to an assessment of risk to oxen plough-team investment, and the flexibility of capital held in this form.
David Moon
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199556434
- eISBN:
- 9780191747243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556434.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
With the failure of tree planting and irrigation, Russians turned to agronomy. Over the nineteenth century, Russian agronomists and other scientists realised that relying on agricultural sciences ...
More
With the failure of tree planting and irrigation, Russians turned to agronomy. Over the nineteenth century, Russian agronomists and other scientists realised that relying on agricultural sciences from western Europe was not appropriate for the very different conditions in the steppe region, and that they needed to devise techniques appropriate to the environment, in particular, cultivating the land in ways that conserved scarce moisture in the soil. Dokuchaev, among other scientists, advocated sustainable farming techniques based on scientific study of the steppe environment. The pioneers, again, were Mennonites, as well as specialist agronomists. Attention in the chapter focuses on crop rotations and types of crops, ploughing techniques, fallowing, in particular ‘black fallow’. Taken together, these techniques were a system of dry farming. The final section of the chapter considers the extent to which agronomists backed by the authorities succeeded in spreading the word of these techniques, for example through agricultural extension services. Many farmers preferred to plough up as much land as possible and take a chance on the rains coming.Less
With the failure of tree planting and irrigation, Russians turned to agronomy. Over the nineteenth century, Russian agronomists and other scientists realised that relying on agricultural sciences from western Europe was not appropriate for the very different conditions in the steppe region, and that they needed to devise techniques appropriate to the environment, in particular, cultivating the land in ways that conserved scarce moisture in the soil. Dokuchaev, among other scientists, advocated sustainable farming techniques based on scientific study of the steppe environment. The pioneers, again, were Mennonites, as well as specialist agronomists. Attention in the chapter focuses on crop rotations and types of crops, ploughing techniques, fallowing, in particular ‘black fallow’. Taken together, these techniques were a system of dry farming. The final section of the chapter considers the extent to which agronomists backed by the authorities succeeded in spreading the word of these techniques, for example through agricultural extension services. Many farmers preferred to plough up as much land as possible and take a chance on the rains coming.
Michael D. J. Bintley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199680795
- eISBN:
- 9780191760839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680795.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This paper argues Exeter Book Riddle 21, The Dream of the Rood, and the Æcerbot Charm make use of a shared symbolic vocabulary derived from a common ideology of regeneration. These texts may reveal ...
More
This paper argues Exeter Book Riddle 21, The Dream of the Rood, and the Æcerbot Charm make use of a shared symbolic vocabulary derived from a common ideology of regeneration. These texts may reveal elements of religious beliefs pre-dating the Anglo-Saxon conversion that subsequently became inculturated into the Latin liturgy underpinning later Old English poetry. In both Riddle 21 and The Dream of the Rood, physical and spiritual sustenance are produced with the assistance of a timber object (a plough and a cross) whose origin as a living tree is emphasized. Similar ideas are preserved in the Æcerbot Charm (the ‘charm for unfruitful land’), a text that outlines a composite Christian ritual preserving elements of folk-magic together with accompanying Old English verse.Less
This paper argues Exeter Book Riddle 21, The Dream of the Rood, and the Æcerbot Charm make use of a shared symbolic vocabulary derived from a common ideology of regeneration. These texts may reveal elements of religious beliefs pre-dating the Anglo-Saxon conversion that subsequently became inculturated into the Latin liturgy underpinning later Old English poetry. In both Riddle 21 and The Dream of the Rood, physical and spiritual sustenance are produced with the assistance of a timber object (a plough and a cross) whose origin as a living tree is emphasized. Similar ideas are preserved in the Æcerbot Charm (the ‘charm for unfruitful land’), a text that outlines a composite Christian ritual preserving elements of folk-magic together with accompanying Old English verse.
Pirkko Anneli Koppinen
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199680795
- eISBN:
- 9780191760839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680795.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Charm make use of a shared symbolic vocabulary derived from a common ideology of regeneration. These texts may reveal elements of religious beliefs pre-dating the Anglo-Saxon conversion that ...
More
Charm make use of a shared symbolic vocabulary derived from a common ideology of regeneration. These texts may reveal elements of religious beliefs pre-dating the Anglo-Saxon conversion that subsequently became inculturated into the Latin liturgy underpinning later Old English poetry. In both Riddle 21 and The Dream of the Rood, physical and spiritual sustenance are produced with the assistance of a timber object (a plough and a cross) whose origin as a living tree is emphasized. Similar ideas are preserved in the Æcerbot Charm (the ‘charm for unfruitful land’), a text that outlines a composite Christian ritual preserving elements of folk-magic together with accompanying Old English verse.Less
Charm make use of a shared symbolic vocabulary derived from a common ideology of regeneration. These texts may reveal elements of religious beliefs pre-dating the Anglo-Saxon conversion that subsequently became inculturated into the Latin liturgy underpinning later Old English poetry. In both Riddle 21 and The Dream of the Rood, physical and spiritual sustenance are produced with the assistance of a timber object (a plough and a cross) whose origin as a living tree is emphasized. Similar ideas are preserved in the Æcerbot Charm (the ‘charm for unfruitful land’), a text that outlines a composite Christian ritual preserving elements of folk-magic together with accompanying Old English verse.
Zachary Dorner
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780226706801
- eISBN:
- 9780226706948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226706948.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
Before a medicine could become an imperial commodity, it first had to be made. This chapter examines the production of medicines by druggists, chemists, and apothecaries in London that together ...
More
Before a medicine could become an imperial commodity, it first had to be made. This chapter examines the production of medicines by druggists, chemists, and apothecaries in London that together formed the beginnings of an industry. It underscores topics of competition, collaboration, secrecy, investment, regulation, and taxation, while also presenting central figures in the narrative, such as Thomas Corbyn. The laboratories where medicines were manufactured appear as busy, dangerous, and generative workspaces in a distinctive medical marketplace. An attention to chemical, labor, and recordkeeping practices, for example, offer an unprecedented peek inside the early modern pharmacy. Here, those who manufactured medicines began to borrow the tactics of the mercantile house to link their businesses to financial, industrial, and state institutions as the British medicine trade reached a scope and scale unlike ever before.Less
Before a medicine could become an imperial commodity, it first had to be made. This chapter examines the production of medicines by druggists, chemists, and apothecaries in London that together formed the beginnings of an industry. It underscores topics of competition, collaboration, secrecy, investment, regulation, and taxation, while also presenting central figures in the narrative, such as Thomas Corbyn. The laboratories where medicines were manufactured appear as busy, dangerous, and generative workspaces in a distinctive medical marketplace. An attention to chemical, labor, and recordkeeping practices, for example, offer an unprecedented peek inside the early modern pharmacy. Here, those who manufactured medicines began to borrow the tactics of the mercantile house to link their businesses to financial, industrial, and state institutions as the British medicine trade reached a scope and scale unlike ever before.
David Barno and Nora Bensahel
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- August 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190672058
- eISBN:
- 9780190937348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190672058.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores the role of technology in military adaptation, and the markedly different challenges of technological adaptability at the tactical and institutional levels. At the tactical ...
More
This chapter explores the role of technology in military adaptation, and the markedly different challenges of technological adaptability at the tactical and institutional levels. At the tactical level, technological adaptability requires leaders and soldiers to approach problems with creativity, manufacture solutions on the battlefield, and disseminate solutions rapidly across the force. At the institutional level, technological adaptability requires effective communication with soldiers on the battlefield, and overcoming bureaucratic hurdles within established acquisition processes. The chapter includes case studies of French tank development during World War I and US Army tank development and battlefield modifications during World War II in Europe.Less
This chapter explores the role of technology in military adaptation, and the markedly different challenges of technological adaptability at the tactical and institutional levels. At the tactical level, technological adaptability requires leaders and soldiers to approach problems with creativity, manufacture solutions on the battlefield, and disseminate solutions rapidly across the force. At the institutional level, technological adaptability requires effective communication with soldiers on the battlefield, and overcoming bureaucratic hurdles within established acquisition processes. The chapter includes case studies of French tank development during World War I and US Army tank development and battlefield modifications during World War II in Europe.
