John Knight and Lina Song
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245277
- eISBN:
- 9780191602207
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245274.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This book presents a compilation of studies on China’s labour market. These explore institutional and political constraints on the operation of the market, and their changes over time. The book is ...
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This book presents a compilation of studies on China’s labour market. These explore institutional and political constraints on the operation of the market, and their changes over time. The book is divided into four parts. Part I studies the Chinese labour and wage system under the planned economy, labour market reforms, their evolution, and their consequences. Part II examines the various aspects of the labour market such as wage structure and segmentation. Part III analyses the rural labour market. Part IV discusses the imperfect labour market.Less
This book presents a compilation of studies on China’s labour market. These explore institutional and political constraints on the operation of the market, and their changes over time. The book is divided into four parts. Part I studies the Chinese labour and wage system under the planned economy, labour market reforms, their evolution, and their consequences. Part II examines the various aspects of the labour market such as wage structure and segmentation. Part III analyses the rural labour market. Part IV discusses the imperfect labour market.
Avner de‐Shalit
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240388
- eISBN:
- 9780191599033
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240388.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Many theorists are happy with democracy as a means to protect the environment; however, there is empirical evidence that democracy is not enough to guarantee environment friendly policies. This ...
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Many theorists are happy with democracy as a means to protect the environment; however, there is empirical evidence that democracy is not enough to guarantee environment friendly policies. This chapter examines the economic arrangements (private vs. public ownership, decentralized and free market, centralized and planned production) that are more likely to protect the environment. It is argued that despite current scepticism, democratic socialism is best for the environment, although the case with public ownership of property is more complicated: it is more likely to protect the environment when the relevant ownership is of means of production, but not necessarily when the question is of the object that is being polluted.Less
Many theorists are happy with democracy as a means to protect the environment; however, there is empirical evidence that democracy is not enough to guarantee environment friendly policies. This chapter examines the economic arrangements (private vs. public ownership, decentralized and free market, centralized and planned production) that are more likely to protect the environment. It is argued that despite current scepticism, democratic socialism is best for the environment, although the case with public ownership of property is more complicated: it is more likely to protect the environment when the relevant ownership is of means of production, but not necessarily when the question is of the object that is being polluted.
Roger Bagnall and Jean Bingen (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748615780
- eISBN:
- 9780748670727
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748615780.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
The nineteen chapters of this book cover a wide variety of topics concerned with the Macedonian monarchy of the Ptolemies, which ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great until the Roman empire, and ...
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The nineteen chapters of this book cover a wide variety of topics concerned with the Macedonian monarchy of the Ptolemies, which ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great until the Roman empire, and which rested on military control based on a Greek and Macedonian military force settled on the land. The first five chapters examine ways in which Ptolemy I, Ptolemy III, and Cleopatra VII sought political legitimacy and support in this multicultural society. The next section looks at the Greek experience in Egypt, as settlers on the land, as members of specific ethnic groups, and as creators of an urban milieu in which they could feel at home. The third part treats the complex economic life of Ptolemaic Egypt, with its tension between the king's need for revenue and the Greeks' desire to enrich themselves in their new home and in particular to acquire some of Egypt's rich grainland, not only to work as soldiers or bureaucrats. The resulting interactions between Greeks and Egyptians occupy the final section. Throughout the case-studies that make up this book, the author stresses the internal stresses and fractures of this colonial society, with multiple groups of actors having conflicting interests but needing to cooperate for any of them to succeed.Less
The nineteen chapters of this book cover a wide variety of topics concerned with the Macedonian monarchy of the Ptolemies, which ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great until the Roman empire, and which rested on military control based on a Greek and Macedonian military force settled on the land. The first five chapters examine ways in which Ptolemy I, Ptolemy III, and Cleopatra VII sought political legitimacy and support in this multicultural society. The next section looks at the Greek experience in Egypt, as settlers on the land, as members of specific ethnic groups, and as creators of an urban milieu in which they could feel at home. The third part treats the complex economic life of Ptolemaic Egypt, with its tension between the king's need for revenue and the Greeks' desire to enrich themselves in their new home and in particular to acquire some of Egypt's rich grainland, not only to work as soldiers or bureaucrats. The resulting interactions between Greeks and Egyptians occupy the final section. Throughout the case-studies that make up this book, the author stresses the internal stresses and fractures of this colonial society, with multiple groups of actors having conflicting interests but needing to cooperate for any of them to succeed.
Grzegorz W. Kolodko
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297437
- eISBN:
- 9780191685354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297437.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Government-proposed mechanisms and strictly regulated activities prompted the shift from a centrally planned economy to a postsocialist system, which is viewed to be the major source of growth. ...
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Government-proposed mechanisms and strictly regulated activities prompted the shift from a centrally planned economy to a postsocialist system, which is viewed to be the major source of growth. Expansion in all aspects of the government and society leads to overall progress and improvement. While there are states that classify such circumstances as the main causes of social and political turmoil and instability, there are still nations that operate in the realization of the optimal potential of these methods. This statement only implicates that there is no such thing as the fall of communism, but open-mindedness toward the alternatives that pursue sound economic decisions, organizational harmony and coordination, price stability, effective and efficient governance, and excellent management of physical and human resources. These expected outcomes of market-driven reforms, though only to a limited amount, have yielded increased growth rates and global competence.Less
Government-proposed mechanisms and strictly regulated activities prompted the shift from a centrally planned economy to a postsocialist system, which is viewed to be the major source of growth. Expansion in all aspects of the government and society leads to overall progress and improvement. While there are states that classify such circumstances as the main causes of social and political turmoil and instability, there are still nations that operate in the realization of the optimal potential of these methods. This statement only implicates that there is no such thing as the fall of communism, but open-mindedness toward the alternatives that pursue sound economic decisions, organizational harmony and coordination, price stability, effective and efficient governance, and excellent management of physical and human resources. These expected outcomes of market-driven reforms, though only to a limited amount, have yielded increased growth rates and global competence.
Daniel Ritschel
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206477
- eISBN:
- 9780191677151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206477.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
This chapter discusses socialist planning that satisfied two urgent ideological needs within the post-1931 Labour party. It states that planning served as an attractive socialist alternative to the ...
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This chapter discusses socialist planning that satisfied two urgent ideological needs within the post-1931 Labour party. It states that planning served as an attractive socialist alternative to the discredited capitalist market system. It notes that the traditional Labour demand for ‘fundamental reconstruction’ acquired a new sense of urgency in the 1930s, as the world economic collapse and the prolonged slump at home powerfully amplified the socialist critique of the market economy. It further explains that the idea of ‘planned economy’ served as a powerful propaganda tool: at a time when the Depression was seen widely as an indictment of the endemic anarchy of free-market capitalism, the Labour party sought to identify itself with the alternative vision of the scientifically ordered world associated with the idea of planning.Less
This chapter discusses socialist planning that satisfied two urgent ideological needs within the post-1931 Labour party. It states that planning served as an attractive socialist alternative to the discredited capitalist market system. It notes that the traditional Labour demand for ‘fundamental reconstruction’ acquired a new sense of urgency in the 1930s, as the world economic collapse and the prolonged slump at home powerfully amplified the socialist critique of the market economy. It further explains that the idea of ‘planned economy’ served as a powerful propaganda tool: at a time when the Depression was seen widely as an indictment of the endemic anarchy of free-market capitalism, the Labour party sought to identify itself with the alternative vision of the scientifically ordered world associated with the idea of planning.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195178111
- eISBN:
- 9780199783670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178111.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter looks to the broad consequences of the theory of fairness advanced in this book to questions of social reform. The traditional spectrum of political attitudes that ranges from the ...
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This chapter looks to the broad consequences of the theory of fairness advanced in this book to questions of social reform. The traditional spectrum of political attitudes that ranges from the utilitarian left to the libertarian right is rejected in favor of a more realistic opposition between the neofeudal societies in which we currently live, and the prospect of fairer and freer societies that could be created by a planned program of decentralization which is identified with the whiggery that inspired the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Declaration of Independence of 1776. The contribution that game theory can make to such a program is briefly reviewed along with the deficiencies of the current theory.Less
This chapter looks to the broad consequences of the theory of fairness advanced in this book to questions of social reform. The traditional spectrum of political attitudes that ranges from the utilitarian left to the libertarian right is rejected in favor of a more realistic opposition between the neofeudal societies in which we currently live, and the prospect of fairer and freer societies that could be created by a planned program of decentralization which is identified with the whiggery that inspired the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Declaration of Independence of 1776. The contribution that game theory can make to such a program is briefly reviewed along with the deficiencies of the current theory.
Isaac Nakhimovsky
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148946
- eISBN:
- 9781400838752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148946.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter reveals that Fichte's proposal for a planned economy was an application of widespread eighteenth-century thinking about the positive possibilities created by modern finance: in this ...
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This chapter reveals that Fichte's proposal for a planned economy was an application of widespread eighteenth-century thinking about the positive possibilities created by modern finance: in this view, the state's ability to control the monetary system created an unprecedented opportunity to bring about a moral transformation of economic relations. It held out the promise of restoring a greater measure of equality to the modern division of labor without requiring massive expropriations or reversing the centuries of growth and development that had been fueled by the expansion of trade. For many other eighteenth-century minds, however, giving a government control over the money supply was a recipe for a new form of complete despotism.Less
This chapter reveals that Fichte's proposal for a planned economy was an application of widespread eighteenth-century thinking about the positive possibilities created by modern finance: in this view, the state's ability to control the monetary system created an unprecedented opportunity to bring about a moral transformation of economic relations. It held out the promise of restoring a greater measure of equality to the modern division of labor without requiring massive expropriations or reversing the centuries of growth and development that had been fueled by the expansion of trade. For many other eighteenth-century minds, however, giving a government control over the money supply was a recipe for a new form of complete despotism.
Dezhi Yu
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242191
- eISBN:
- 9780191697050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242191.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
Although economic growth is not the only major contributor to the improvements in the health sector, these aspects are highly associated with one another. With the resurging interest in discovering ...
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Although economic growth is not the only major contributor to the improvements in the health sector, these aspects are highly associated with one another. With the resurging interest in discovering other factors relevant to the development of health services provision, this chapter outlines the historical progress of health systems in China, looking at health care arrangements under a planned economy, prior to the reforms, as well as during the present time. It is found that before market-based transformations took place, China's medical assistance delivery was successful due to the launch of health service networks, competitive manpower training and education, the introduction of precautionary measures, the formulation of insurance grants, and the active involvement of the Chinese administration. However, since a new strategy was introduced to the country along with the enthusiasm to discover noble things, the country experienced an economic shift, which brought predicaments in the endowment of health services.Less
Although economic growth is not the only major contributor to the improvements in the health sector, these aspects are highly associated with one another. With the resurging interest in discovering other factors relevant to the development of health services provision, this chapter outlines the historical progress of health systems in China, looking at health care arrangements under a planned economy, prior to the reforms, as well as during the present time. It is found that before market-based transformations took place, China's medical assistance delivery was successful due to the launch of health service networks, competitive manpower training and education, the introduction of precautionary measures, the formulation of insurance grants, and the active involvement of the Chinese administration. However, since a new strategy was introduced to the country along with the enthusiasm to discover noble things, the country experienced an economic shift, which brought predicaments in the endowment of health services.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1969
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281641
- eISBN:
- 9780191596667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281641.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The conditions for the Golden Equilibrium have been established earlier in the book and this chapter turns to an examination of the economy for stability; it asks whether a Hicks–Malinvaud ...
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The conditions for the Golden Equilibrium have been established earlier in the book and this chapter turns to an examination of the economy for stability; it asks whether a Hicks–Malinvaud competitive equilibrium trajectory starting from the historically given initial point approaches nearer and nearer to the state of Golden Equilibrium when the order of the path gets larger. This problem, which amounts to asking whether an economy obeying the principle of competition can attain a Golden Age, is discussed repeatedly in this chapter and the following one. Convergence of this sort will be compared with another kind of convergence recently dealt with by many writers under the common heading of Turnpike Theorems, particular applications of which may occur in more or less planned economies but not in purely competitive economies. In this chapter, the simple case of ‘L‐shaped’ indifference curves is examined. The different sections of the chapter compare the Hicks–Malinvaud equilibrium trajectory (Hicks–Malinvaud equilibrium growth path) with the DOSSO‐efficient path, discuss the Final State Turnpike Theorem, offer a proof of the theorem by the jyoseki (a formula in the game of go), present a lemma by Gale, discuss the convergence to the Turnpike, discuss yosses (the final part of a game of go) of the proof and cyclic exceptions, and look at the tendency towards the Golden Equilibrium of a competitive economy with no planning authorities.Less
The conditions for the Golden Equilibrium have been established earlier in the book and this chapter turns to an examination of the economy for stability; it asks whether a Hicks–Malinvaud competitive equilibrium trajectory starting from the historically given initial point approaches nearer and nearer to the state of Golden Equilibrium when the order of the path gets larger. This problem, which amounts to asking whether an economy obeying the principle of competition can attain a Golden Age, is discussed repeatedly in this chapter and the following one. Convergence of this sort will be compared with another kind of convergence recently dealt with by many writers under the common heading of Turnpike Theorems, particular applications of which may occur in more or less planned economies but not in purely competitive economies. In this chapter, the simple case of ‘L‐shaped’ indifference curves is examined. The different sections of the chapter compare the Hicks–Malinvaud equilibrium trajectory (Hicks–Malinvaud equilibrium growth path) with the DOSSO‐efficient path, discuss the Final State Turnpike Theorem, offer a proof of the theorem by the jyoseki (a formula in the game of go), present a lemma by Gale, discuss the convergence to the Turnpike, discuss yosses (the final part of a game of go) of the proof and cyclic exceptions, and look at the tendency towards the Golden Equilibrium of a competitive economy with no planning authorities.
Grzegorz W. Kolodko
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297437
- eISBN:
- 9780191685354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297437.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Socialism and the centrally planned economy could have been successful if the economic systems and its governing bodies had comprehensive development policies as well as adequate knowledge and strong ...
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Socialism and the centrally planned economy could have been successful if the economic systems and its governing bodies had comprehensive development policies as well as adequate knowledge and strong determination toward restructuration. Absence of any of the two conditions deters the process of organisational reforms and changes in growth strategies. This chapter contextualises these concepts and actions in China and Vietnam as compared to that of the Eastern European countries and the former Soviet republics. This is accomplished by examining the capacities and the abilities of each country in handling and balancing the two forces, the prevalence of the shifts to postsocialism in varying settings, the association of these modifications to the restoration of capitalism, and the possible backfires and benefits of the postsocialist regime.Less
Socialism and the centrally planned economy could have been successful if the economic systems and its governing bodies had comprehensive development policies as well as adequate knowledge and strong determination toward restructuration. Absence of any of the two conditions deters the process of organisational reforms and changes in growth strategies. This chapter contextualises these concepts and actions in China and Vietnam as compared to that of the Eastern European countries and the former Soviet republics. This is accomplished by examining the capacities and the abilities of each country in handling and balancing the two forces, the prevalence of the shifts to postsocialism in varying settings, the association of these modifications to the restoration of capitalism, and the possible backfires and benefits of the postsocialist regime.
Richard Pomfret
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199248872
- eISBN:
- 9780191596797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199248877.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Other free trade areas and customs unions have been less intensively studied than the EU or NAFTA. RTAs among developing countries have not had a great impact, often because paper agreements were not ...
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Other free trade areas and customs unions have been less intensively studied than the EU or NAFTA. RTAs among developing countries have not had a great impact, often because paper agreements were not fully implemented, or where they have had an impact they have not survived, sometimes because they involved trade diversion that turned out to be costly for some members. Section 2 deals with RTAs among centrally planned economies.Less
Other free trade areas and customs unions have been less intensively studied than the EU or NAFTA. RTAs among developing countries have not had a great impact, often because paper agreements were not fully implemented, or where they have had an impact they have not survived, sometimes because they involved trade diversion that turned out to be costly for some members. Section 2 deals with RTAs among centrally planned economies.
Michael David-Fox
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794577
- eISBN:
- 9780199932245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794577.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter contrasts the Soviet relationship with prominent visitors who were ideological sympathizers with little-known, covert Soviet outreach to far-right nationalists, German “National ...
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This chapter contrasts the Soviet relationship with prominent visitors who were ideological sympathizers with little-known, covert Soviet outreach to far-right nationalists, German “National Bolsheviks,” and fascist intellectuals. At the center of attention, in the first instance, are the sensational journeys of André Gide in 1936 and Lion Feuchtwanger in 1937 during the era of the Moscow show trials. In the second instance, the chapter gives an in-depth case study of a hybrid left-right German organization founded in 1932 to study the Soviet planned economy (ARPLAN), and more broadly Soviet-German political and cultural relations on the eve of the Nazi Revolution. Showing how foreign friends of Stalinism could suddenly become enemies and those considered enemies could potentially be converted into friends, the chapter ends by contrasting the emotional identification of many Western intellectuals with the socialist homeland with the foreign fellow-travelers of the fascist right, who were by definition excluded from the Nazi racial community.Less
This chapter contrasts the Soviet relationship with prominent visitors who were ideological sympathizers with little-known, covert Soviet outreach to far-right nationalists, German “National Bolsheviks,” and fascist intellectuals. At the center of attention, in the first instance, are the sensational journeys of André Gide in 1936 and Lion Feuchtwanger in 1937 during the era of the Moscow show trials. In the second instance, the chapter gives an in-depth case study of a hybrid left-right German organization founded in 1932 to study the Soviet planned economy (ARPLAN), and more broadly Soviet-German political and cultural relations on the eve of the Nazi Revolution. Showing how foreign friends of Stalinism could suddenly become enemies and those considered enemies could potentially be converted into friends, the chapter ends by contrasting the emotional identification of many Western intellectuals with the socialist homeland with the foreign fellow-travelers of the fascist right, who were by definition excluded from the Nazi racial community.
J. E. M. Thirkell, K. Petkov, and S. A. Vickerstaff
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289791
- eISBN:
- 9780191684760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289791.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, International Business
This chapter focuses on the enterprise as the unit of analysis, the processes of change within it, and, especially, the interaction between what happens in the external environment and developments ...
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This chapter focuses on the enterprise as the unit of analysis, the processes of change within it, and, especially, the interaction between what happens in the external environment and developments within the enterprise. In the centrally planned economy, the significance of the enterprise had two main dimensions. First, the focus of management was mainly related to the macro level and the changes within the enterprise reflected the external requirements of the administrative-cum-political system rather than the problems associated with the functioning of the enterprise itself. Secondly, in the one-party state the enterprise was the constitutive institution of the new socialist society. It provided the full employment which was the essence of socialist society, together with rewards through a whole range of social and welfare services as well as earnings. The enterprise was the base of the party organization with its membership founded on the workplace and not on the locality.Less
This chapter focuses on the enterprise as the unit of analysis, the processes of change within it, and, especially, the interaction between what happens in the external environment and developments within the enterprise. In the centrally planned economy, the significance of the enterprise had two main dimensions. First, the focus of management was mainly related to the macro level and the changes within the enterprise reflected the external requirements of the administrative-cum-political system rather than the problems associated with the functioning of the enterprise itself. Secondly, in the one-party state the enterprise was the constitutive institution of the new socialist society. It provided the full employment which was the essence of socialist society, together with rewards through a whole range of social and welfare services as well as earnings. The enterprise was the base of the party organization with its membership founded on the workplace and not on the locality.
Martha Lampland
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262515788
- eISBN:
- 9780262295710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262515788.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
This chapter discusses how state planning brought about the technopolitical lineage in Hungary. In East Europe, the transition to socialism has been colored by the rapid rise of hostilities to ...
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This chapter discusses how state planning brought about the technopolitical lineage in Hungary. In East Europe, the transition to socialism has been colored by the rapid rise of hostilities to overshadow the expertise and statecraft in the region. Until the late 1940s, Hungary was under the influence of Stalinism; later, Stalinism underwent a radical change to socialism. In Hungary, a planned capitalist economy was transformed into a socialist economy. The chapter analyses how technology, infrastructure, and nuclear weapons were used to create a new geopolitical environment that was affected by the growing colonial relations and preexisting political networks.Less
This chapter discusses how state planning brought about the technopolitical lineage in Hungary. In East Europe, the transition to socialism has been colored by the rapid rise of hostilities to overshadow the expertise and statecraft in the region. Until the late 1940s, Hungary was under the influence of Stalinism; later, Stalinism underwent a radical change to socialism. In Hungary, a planned capitalist economy was transformed into a socialist economy. The chapter analyses how technology, infrastructure, and nuclear weapons were used to create a new geopolitical environment that was affected by the growing colonial relations and preexisting political networks.
Zhaohui Hong
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813161150
- eISBN:
- 9780813161181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813161150.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Applying a historical perspective, chapter 1 discusses the historical development of China’s power-capital economy and power-capital groups in the 1980s and 1990s. It addresses the unique patterns of ...
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Applying a historical perspective, chapter 1 discusses the historical development of China’s power-capital economy and power-capital groups in the 1980s and 1990s. It addresses the unique patterns of the power-capital economy, as distinguished from a market economy or a planned economy. This chapter also provides a “triangular interpretation” in analyzing and understanding the distinctive Chinese power-capital economy, which has given rise to both the power-capital institution and the poverty of rights.Less
Applying a historical perspective, chapter 1 discusses the historical development of China’s power-capital economy and power-capital groups in the 1980s and 1990s. It addresses the unique patterns of the power-capital economy, as distinguished from a market economy or a planned economy. This chapter also provides a “triangular interpretation” in analyzing and understanding the distinctive Chinese power-capital economy, which has given rise to both the power-capital institution and the poverty of rights.
Justin Yifu Lin, Mingxing Liu, and Ran Tao
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199698547
- eISBN:
- 9780191745522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698547.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia, Macro- and Monetary Economics
In this paper, we show that China’s continued growth in the past three decades can be largely attributed to the deregulatory policies taken in different phases of transition that facilitated the ...
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In this paper, we show that China’s continued growth in the past three decades can be largely attributed to the deregulatory policies taken in different phases of transition that facilitated the utilization of China’s comparative advantage in labor-intensive sectors. We further argue that decentralization—and specifically, the fiscal contracting system adopted before the 1990s—could not be the fundamental source of China’s growth in transition. However, our interpretation of China’s transition does not downplay the active roles of local governments in economic development. Indeed, revenue-maximizing local governments did play an essential part in bringing about China’s fast growth, though changes in the central-local and state-business relationships have largely redefined local policy options and reshaped revenue-maximizing local government actions since the early transition period.Less
In this paper, we show that China’s continued growth in the past three decades can be largely attributed to the deregulatory policies taken in different phases of transition that facilitated the utilization of China’s comparative advantage in labor-intensive sectors. We further argue that decentralization—and specifically, the fiscal contracting system adopted before the 1990s—could not be the fundamental source of China’s growth in transition. However, our interpretation of China’s transition does not downplay the active roles of local governments in economic development. Indeed, revenue-maximizing local governments did play an essential part in bringing about China’s fast growth, though changes in the central-local and state-business relationships have largely redefined local policy options and reshaped revenue-maximizing local government actions since the early transition period.
Asha Nadkarni
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816689903
- eISBN:
- 9781452949284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816689903.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter discusses Women’s Role in Planned Economy (1938) in contrast with First Five-Year Plan (1951) and Second Five-Year Plan (1930). Women’s Role in Planned Economy reveals the contours of a ...
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This chapter discusses Women’s Role in Planned Economy (1938) in contrast with First Five-Year Plan (1951) and Second Five-Year Plan (1930). Women’s Role in Planned Economy reveals the contours of a feminist modernity. It categorized the women into two subjects—to be developed and those that will do the developing—and charted a new relationship between the elites and the masses. On the other hand, the two five year plans categorized women only as mothers or as victims. The chapter presents Kamala Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve and Mehboob Khan’s Mother India to examine how both works refashion the icon “Mother India” into the figure of the self-sacrificing peasant mother.Less
This chapter discusses Women’s Role in Planned Economy (1938) in contrast with First Five-Year Plan (1951) and Second Five-Year Plan (1930). Women’s Role in Planned Economy reveals the contours of a feminist modernity. It categorized the women into two subjects—to be developed and those that will do the developing—and charted a new relationship between the elites and the masses. On the other hand, the two five year plans categorized women only as mothers or as victims. The chapter presents Kamala Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve and Mehboob Khan’s Mother India to examine how both works refashion the icon “Mother India” into the figure of the self-sacrificing peasant mother.
Vladimir Popov
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198703631
- eISBN:
- 9780191772849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703631.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The socialist experiment of the twentieth century in these two countries was a reaction to the inequalities and social tensions created by the preceding Westernization. It led to a decrease in wealth ...
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The socialist experiment of the twentieth century in these two countries was a reaction to the inequalities and social tensions created by the preceding Westernization. It led to a decrease in wealth and income inequalities, in crime rates, and in the shadow economy. But the centrally planned economy could only work efficiently for 20–30 years—this may have been enough to restore collectivist institutions in China, but not in Russia. In Russia, creeping dismantling of community institutions had been going on since at least the seventeenth century; in China—only from the Opium Wars of the mid nineteenth century. What was a passing episode and deviation from the trend in Russia was a return to mainstream development and restoration of a long-term trend in China. Hence, economic liberalization from 1979 onwards in China, even though accompanied by growing income inequality, did not result—at least until today—in institutional collapse; in Russia the institutional capacity of the state fell dramatically.Less
The socialist experiment of the twentieth century in these two countries was a reaction to the inequalities and social tensions created by the preceding Westernization. It led to a decrease in wealth and income inequalities, in crime rates, and in the shadow economy. But the centrally planned economy could only work efficiently for 20–30 years—this may have been enough to restore collectivist institutions in China, but not in Russia. In Russia, creeping dismantling of community institutions had been going on since at least the seventeenth century; in China—only from the Opium Wars of the mid nineteenth century. What was a passing episode and deviation from the trend in Russia was a return to mainstream development and restoration of a long-term trend in China. Hence, economic liberalization from 1979 onwards in China, even though accompanied by growing income inequality, did not result—at least until today—in institutional collapse; in Russia the institutional capacity of the state fell dramatically.
Bishnupriya Gupta and Tirthankar Roy
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- March 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198753643
- eISBN:
- 9780191815232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753643.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Economic History, World Modern History
This chapter documents the decline and rise of industrial production in India. As the economy integrated into the British Empire’s global network, there was a rapid decline in artisanal and cottage ...
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This chapter documents the decline and rise of industrial production in India. As the economy integrated into the British Empire’s global network, there was a rapid decline in artisanal and cottage industries in the nineteenth century and a rising share of commodity exports. However, modern industries also developed in cotton textiles, jute, and tea under the entrepreneurship of British and Indian interests and with little support from the state. After independence in 1947, India adopted the planned development of an industrial sector, by regulating foreign trade and investment. Initial attempts succeeded in building a large capital goods sector, but import substitution ran out of steam. Indian industries remained inefficient and failed to match East Asia’s successful entry to the world market in industrial goods. Re-integration into the global economy after 1980 led to efficiency gains, but rising growth in recent years has been led by the services rather than industry.Less
This chapter documents the decline and rise of industrial production in India. As the economy integrated into the British Empire’s global network, there was a rapid decline in artisanal and cottage industries in the nineteenth century and a rising share of commodity exports. However, modern industries also developed in cotton textiles, jute, and tea under the entrepreneurship of British and Indian interests and with little support from the state. After independence in 1947, India adopted the planned development of an industrial sector, by regulating foreign trade and investment. Initial attempts succeeded in building a large capital goods sector, but import substitution ran out of steam. Indian industries remained inefficient and failed to match East Asia’s successful entry to the world market in industrial goods. Re-integration into the global economy after 1980 led to efficiency gains, but rising growth in recent years has been led by the services rather than industry.
Jeffrey Kinkley
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804754859
- eISBN:
- 9780804768108
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804754859.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
As China's centrally planned economy and welfare state have given way to a more loosely controlled version of “late socialism,” public concern about economic reform's downside has found expression in ...
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As China's centrally planned economy and welfare state have given way to a more loosely controlled version of “late socialism,” public concern about economic reform's downside has found expression in epic novels about official corruption and its effects. While the media shied away from dealing with these issues, novelists stepped in to fill the void. “Anti-corruption fiction” exploded onto the marketplace and into public consciousness, spawning popular films and television series until a clampdown after 2002 that ended China's first substantial realist fiction since the 1989 Beijing massacre. With frankness and imagination seldom allowed journalists, novelists have depicted the death of China's rust-belt industries, the gap between rich and poor, “social unrest”—i.e., riots—and the questionable new practices of entrenched communist party rulers. This book examines this rebirth of the Chinese political novel and its media adaptations, explaining how the works reflect contemporary Chinese life and how they embody Chinese traditions of social criticism, literary realism, and contemplation of taboo subjects. It investigates such novels and includes excerpts from personal interviews with China's three most famous anti-corruption novelists.Less
As China's centrally planned economy and welfare state have given way to a more loosely controlled version of “late socialism,” public concern about economic reform's downside has found expression in epic novels about official corruption and its effects. While the media shied away from dealing with these issues, novelists stepped in to fill the void. “Anti-corruption fiction” exploded onto the marketplace and into public consciousness, spawning popular films and television series until a clampdown after 2002 that ended China's first substantial realist fiction since the 1989 Beijing massacre. With frankness and imagination seldom allowed journalists, novelists have depicted the death of China's rust-belt industries, the gap between rich and poor, “social unrest”—i.e., riots—and the questionable new practices of entrenched communist party rulers. This book examines this rebirth of the Chinese political novel and its media adaptations, explaining how the works reflect contemporary Chinese life and how they embody Chinese traditions of social criticism, literary realism, and contemplation of taboo subjects. It investigates such novels and includes excerpts from personal interviews with China's three most famous anti-corruption novelists.
