Louis A. Girifalco
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199228966
- eISBN:
- 9780191711183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228966.003.0019
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
Gravity is responsible not only for the existence of stars and planets; it also creates the weirdest objects imaginable. A body with mass greater than 1.4 solar masses cannot remain a white dwarf and ...
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Gravity is responsible not only for the existence of stars and planets; it also creates the weirdest objects imaginable. A body with mass greater than 1.4 solar masses cannot remain a white dwarf and will collapse into a neutron star. But if the mass is greater than about two and a half solar masses, the collapse will continue until it becomes a black hole. This is the strangest object in the universe. Its gravity is so strong that even light cannot get out of it. Anything near it is sucked in, crushed to a point, and approaches infinite density. The laws of physics as now known do not apply at the centre of a black hole and the very meaning of its existence is in doubt.Less
Gravity is responsible not only for the existence of stars and planets; it also creates the weirdest objects imaginable. A body with mass greater than 1.4 solar masses cannot remain a white dwarf and will collapse into a neutron star. But if the mass is greater than about two and a half solar masses, the collapse will continue until it becomes a black hole. This is the strangest object in the universe. Its gravity is so strong that even light cannot get out of it. Anything near it is sucked in, crushed to a point, and approaches infinite density. The laws of physics as now known do not apply at the centre of a black hole and the very meaning of its existence is in doubt.
I. M. Vardavas and F. W. Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199227471
- eISBN:
- 9780191711138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227471.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Geophysics, Atmospheric and Environmental Physics
This chapter looks at climate change in the broader planetary sense. It examines evolutionary process in planetary atmospheres, with an application to the modelling of the evolution of the Earth's ...
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This chapter looks at climate change in the broader planetary sense. It examines evolutionary process in planetary atmospheres, with an application to the modelling of the evolution of the Earth's climate from the Precambrian to the present time. It examines the comparative climatology of the terrestrial planets and looks at the atmospheres of the giant planets. The photochemical and climate modelling techniques developed in the earlier chapters is then applied to Titan's haze formation and atmosphere. A brief look is given to extrasolar planets.Less
This chapter looks at climate change in the broader planetary sense. It examines evolutionary process in planetary atmospheres, with an application to the modelling of the evolution of the Earth's climate from the Precambrian to the present time. It examines the comparative climatology of the terrestrial planets and looks at the atmospheres of the giant planets. The photochemical and climate modelling techniques developed in the earlier chapters is then applied to Titan's haze formation and atmosphere. A brief look is given to extrasolar planets.
Michael Ward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313871
- eISBN:
- 9780199871964
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313871.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
As a scholar of medieval and renaissance literature, C.S. Lewis was deeply interested in the imaginative effects of the new heliocentric model of the universe theorised by Copernicus and verified by ...
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As a scholar of medieval and renaissance literature, C.S. Lewis was deeply interested in the imaginative effects of the new heliocentric model of the universe theorised by Copernicus and verified by Kepler and Galileo. As a writer of fiction, Lewis held that success in imaginative composition came through suggestion rather than through statement; a good story's principal achievement was the atmosphere which it allowed the reader to inhabit, an atmosphere which should constitute the reader's mode of attention, not the reader's focus of attention. In his Chronicles of Narnia (The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe; Prince Caspian; The Voyage of the ‘Dawn Treader’; The Silver Chair; The Horse and his Boy; The Magician's Nephew; The Last Battle), Lewis drew upon his academic expertise in Ptolemaic astronomy and astrology, constructing each story so that it embodied and expressed the qualitative atmosphere associated with one of the seven planets of the pre‐Copernican cosmos (respectively, Jupiter; Mars; Sol; Luna; Mercury; Venus; Saturn), planets which he described as ‘spiritual symbols of permanent value’. In each Chronicle, the arc of the narrative, countless points of ornamental detail, and the portrayal of the Christological figure of Aslan, are all governed by this cosmologically based imaginative intention. The Chronicles therefore are not, first and foremost, Biblical allegories, as critics have previously assumed, but attempts to communicate seven ancient archetypes through the genre of romance. The occasioning of the first story is argued to be the famous debate at Oxford's Socratic Club in which Lewis's Christian Idealism was critiqued by the philosopher, Elizabeth Anscombe. In sum, Planet Narnia contends that the Chronicles are the product of a subtler writer and thinker than has hitherto been recognised, whose abiding interests were hiddenness, immanence, and knowledge by acquaintance.Less
As a scholar of medieval and renaissance literature, C.S. Lewis was deeply interested in the imaginative effects of the new heliocentric model of the universe theorised by Copernicus and verified by Kepler and Galileo. As a writer of fiction, Lewis held that success in imaginative composition came through suggestion rather than through statement; a good story's principal achievement was the atmosphere which it allowed the reader to inhabit, an atmosphere which should constitute the reader's mode of attention, not the reader's focus of attention. In his Chronicles of Narnia (The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe; Prince Caspian; The Voyage of the ‘Dawn Treader’; The Silver Chair; The Horse and his Boy; The Magician's Nephew; The Last Battle), Lewis drew upon his academic expertise in Ptolemaic astronomy and astrology, constructing each story so that it embodied and expressed the qualitative atmosphere associated with one of the seven planets of the pre‐Copernican cosmos (respectively, Jupiter; Mars; Sol; Luna; Mercury; Venus; Saturn), planets which he described as ‘spiritual symbols of permanent value’. In each Chronicle, the arc of the narrative, countless points of ornamental detail, and the portrayal of the Christological figure of Aslan, are all governed by this cosmologically based imaginative intention. The Chronicles therefore are not, first and foremost, Biblical allegories, as critics have previously assumed, but attempts to communicate seven ancient archetypes through the genre of romance. The occasioning of the first story is argued to be the famous debate at Oxford's Socratic Club in which Lewis's Christian Idealism was critiqued by the philosopher, Elizabeth Anscombe. In sum, Planet Narnia contends that the Chronicles are the product of a subtler writer and thinker than has hitherto been recognised, whose abiding interests were hiddenness, immanence, and knowledge by acquaintance.
Andrew P. Ingersoll
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145044
- eISBN:
- 9781400848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145044.003.0011
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This concluding chapter discusses some of the lessons that can be learned from studying the planets and planetary climates. It first considers the general principles that turned out to be right; for ...
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This concluding chapter discusses some of the lessons that can be learned from studying the planets and planetary climates. It first considers the general principles that turned out to be right; for example, size and distance from the Sun matter. The larger objects are able to hold on to their atmospheres better than the small objects. The outer solar system is hydrogen rich and the inner solar system is oxygen rich; as one moves away from the Sun different substances take on different roles. There are also assumptions that proved inaccurate; such was the case for Venus, Mars, and the moons of the giant planets. The chapter also asks whether the study of planetary climates provides lessons for Earth, whether the study of planets has informed us about the likelihood of extraterrestrial life, and whether it has made the development of extraterrestrial life seem more likely.Less
This concluding chapter discusses some of the lessons that can be learned from studying the planets and planetary climates. It first considers the general principles that turned out to be right; for example, size and distance from the Sun matter. The larger objects are able to hold on to their atmospheres better than the small objects. The outer solar system is hydrogen rich and the inner solar system is oxygen rich; as one moves away from the Sun different substances take on different roles. There are also assumptions that proved inaccurate; such was the case for Venus, Mars, and the moons of the giant planets. The chapter also asks whether the study of planetary climates provides lessons for Earth, whether the study of planets has informed us about the likelihood of extraterrestrial life, and whether it has made the development of extraterrestrial life seem more likely.
David M. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568469
- eISBN:
- 9780191717611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Photosynthesis — both anoxygenic and oxygenic — allows access to new sources of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis has the potential to create an oxygen-rich atmosphere and so allow aerobic respiration, ...
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Photosynthesis — both anoxygenic and oxygenic — allows access to new sources of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis has the potential to create an oxygen-rich atmosphere and so allow aerobic respiration, which yields much higher amounts of energy than anaerobic respiration. The amount of oxygen added to the atmosphere is intimately linked to the burial of organic matter in sediments, therefore marine phytoplankton are crucially important in maintaining the levels of atmospheric oxygen on Earth. Anoxygenic photosynthesis will have a positive Gaian effect by providing an important source of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis is more problematical; as with anoxygenic photosynthesis it provides an energy source, but the oxygen given off is likely to be toxic to organisms evolved in anoxic conditions. It is currently impossible to know if we should expect most biospheres to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis. However, improvements in telescope technology should allow us to look for oxygen-rich atmospheres around distant Earth-like planets.Less
Photosynthesis — both anoxygenic and oxygenic — allows access to new sources of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis has the potential to create an oxygen-rich atmosphere and so allow aerobic respiration, which yields much higher amounts of energy than anaerobic respiration. The amount of oxygen added to the atmosphere is intimately linked to the burial of organic matter in sediments, therefore marine phytoplankton are crucially important in maintaining the levels of atmospheric oxygen on Earth. Anoxygenic photosynthesis will have a positive Gaian effect by providing an important source of energy. Oxygenic photosynthesis is more problematical; as with anoxygenic photosynthesis it provides an energy source, but the oxygen given off is likely to be toxic to organisms evolved in anoxic conditions. It is currently impossible to know if we should expect most biospheres to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis. However, improvements in telescope technology should allow us to look for oxygen-rich atmospheres around distant Earth-like planets.
Sanford Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374728
- eISBN:
- 9780199871506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374728.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
This chapter examines the first novel in the series, Out of the Silent Planet. It is based on the premise that the physically damaged but “unfallen” world of Malacandra (Mars) is a sublimated or ...
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This chapter examines the first novel in the series, Out of the Silent Planet. It is based on the premise that the physically damaged but “unfallen” world of Malacandra (Mars) is a sublimated or “beatific” version of the Darwinian view of life as a relentless “struggle for existence.” Lewis’s would-be conquerors of Mars—the physicist Weston and the businessman Devine—use the presumption of their own evolutionary superiority to justify the conquest or outright eradication of other beings. In contrast to our own self-divided species, Mars possesses three rational species—each with its own body-type—who nevertheless live peacefully (if separately) in a condition of mutual equality. In the footsteps of his eminent predecessor H.G. Wells, Lewis employs interplanetary conflict as a means of exploring the perpetual strife within humankind itself, especially as it appears in modern European imperialism and in the virulent nationalism, racism, and genocidal mania of the 1930s.Less
This chapter examines the first novel in the series, Out of the Silent Planet. It is based on the premise that the physically damaged but “unfallen” world of Malacandra (Mars) is a sublimated or “beatific” version of the Darwinian view of life as a relentless “struggle for existence.” Lewis’s would-be conquerors of Mars—the physicist Weston and the businessman Devine—use the presumption of their own evolutionary superiority to justify the conquest or outright eradication of other beings. In contrast to our own self-divided species, Mars possesses three rational species—each with its own body-type—who nevertheless live peacefully (if separately) in a condition of mutual equality. In the footsteps of his eminent predecessor H.G. Wells, Lewis employs interplanetary conflict as a means of exploring the perpetual strife within humankind itself, especially as it appears in modern European imperialism and in the virulent nationalism, racism, and genocidal mania of the 1930s.
Sanford Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374728
- eISBN:
- 9780199871506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374728.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
The conclusion brings together the various concerns of this study by focusing on the relations among three pivotal scenes that take place at precisely the same point in each of the three novels—the ...
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The conclusion brings together the various concerns of this study by focusing on the relations among three pivotal scenes that take place at precisely the same point in each of the three novels—the hunting expedition in Out of the Silent Planet (chapter 13); the call to combat with the Satanic Un-man in Perelandra (chapter 11); and the reckoning with imminent death in That Hideous Strength (chapter 11). Each of these scenes involves commitment to violent action and the risk of annihilation. Each is also closely tied to a particular version of the modern developmental paradigm—material, vitalist, spiritual, respectively—and turns on the tension between the developmental model and its “beatific” transfiguration in the novel. Taken together, these scenes map a narrative progression—Adamic (or tragic), Christic (or salvific), and Ecclesiastic (or agapic)—that spans the three-volume saga and demonstrates its formal and thematic unity.Less
The conclusion brings together the various concerns of this study by focusing on the relations among three pivotal scenes that take place at precisely the same point in each of the three novels—the hunting expedition in Out of the Silent Planet (chapter 13); the call to combat with the Satanic Un-man in Perelandra (chapter 11); and the reckoning with imminent death in That Hideous Strength (chapter 11). Each of these scenes involves commitment to violent action and the risk of annihilation. Each is also closely tied to a particular version of the modern developmental paradigm—material, vitalist, spiritual, respectively—and turns on the tension between the developmental model and its “beatific” transfiguration in the novel. Taken together, these scenes map a narrative progression—Adamic (or tragic), Christic (or salvific), and Ecclesiastic (or agapic)—that spans the three-volume saga and demonstrates its formal and thematic unity.
Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199230723
- eISBN:
- 9780191710872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230723.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter begins with a discussion of spherically symmetric spacetimes, the Schwarzschild metric, and other coordinates. It then covers Schwarzschild spacetime, the motion of the planets and ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of spherically symmetric spacetimes, the Schwarzschild metric, and other coordinates. It then covers Schwarzschild spacetime, the motion of the planets and perihelion precession, stability of circular orbits, deflection of light rays, red shift and time delay, spherically symmetric interior solutions, the Schwarzschild black hole, spherically symmetric gravitational collapse, the Reissner–Nordström solution, and Schwarzschild spacetime in dimension n + 1.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of spherically symmetric spacetimes, the Schwarzschild metric, and other coordinates. It then covers Schwarzschild spacetime, the motion of the planets and perihelion precession, stability of circular orbits, deflection of light rays, red shift and time delay, spherically symmetric interior solutions, the Schwarzschild black hole, spherically symmetric gravitational collapse, the Reissner–Nordström solution, and Schwarzschild spacetime in dimension n + 1.
Katja Maria Vogt
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195320091
- eISBN:
- 9780199869657
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320091.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
The ideal of wisdom—and citizenship in the cosmos—is explored in detail, both regarding ideal human agents and gods. The view that the sage is strictly omniscient is rejected; rather, the sage's ...
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The ideal of wisdom—and citizenship in the cosmos—is explored in detail, both regarding ideal human agents and gods. The view that the sage is strictly omniscient is rejected; rather, the sage's knowledge is knowledge relevant to the leading of a lawful life. The reconstruction of the conception of citizen—gods leads into a core question of Stoic theology: how a plural conception of ‘gods’ fits into Stoic physics, which considers God (in the singular) the first principle. It is argued that the gods of the Stoics are portions of pneuma, and some of them are celestial bodies. The life of the gods exemplifies the Stoics' ideal of an easy flow of life: the planets are considered models of perfect deliberation, being—through their perfect action—fully integrated into the movements of the universe as a whole.Less
The ideal of wisdom—and citizenship in the cosmos—is explored in detail, both regarding ideal human agents and gods. The view that the sage is strictly omniscient is rejected; rather, the sage's knowledge is knowledge relevant to the leading of a lawful life. The reconstruction of the conception of citizen—gods leads into a core question of Stoic theology: how a plural conception of ‘gods’ fits into Stoic physics, which considers God (in the singular) the first principle. It is argued that the gods of the Stoics are portions of pneuma, and some of them are celestial bodies. The life of the gods exemplifies the Stoics' ideal of an easy flow of life: the planets are considered models of perfect deliberation, being—through their perfect action—fully integrated into the movements of the universe as a whole.
Donald Eugene Canfield
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145020
- eISBN:
- 9781400849888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145020.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter begins by highlighting the three basic ingredients for life: energy, the chemical components that make up cells, and water. It then shows that the availability of each of these is linked ...
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This chapter begins by highlighting the three basic ingredients for life: energy, the chemical components that make up cells, and water. It then shows that the availability of each of these is linked by special properties of planet Earth. It concludes that Earth is a pretty terrific place for life. It sits comfortably within the habitable zone of the Sun. In addition, its active tectonics both control the temperature of the surface environment, providing a continuous supply of liquid water, and recycle the basic components required to fuel abundant life. The same tectonics may have also provided optimal conditions for the earliest biosphere.Less
This chapter begins by highlighting the three basic ingredients for life: energy, the chemical components that make up cells, and water. It then shows that the availability of each of these is linked by special properties of planet Earth. It concludes that Earth is a pretty terrific place for life. It sits comfortably within the habitable zone of the Sun. In addition, its active tectonics both control the temperature of the surface environment, providing a continuous supply of liquid water, and recycle the basic components required to fuel abundant life. The same tectonics may have also provided optimal conditions for the earliest biosphere.
Catherine Osborne
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199282067
- eISBN:
- 9780191712944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282067.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Does Aristotle have a scala naturae in which humans are ranked higher than the other animals? Is it better to be human than to be something else? This chapter shows that Aristotle's sequence of ...
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Does Aristotle have a scala naturae in which humans are ranked higher than the other animals? Is it better to be human than to be something else? This chapter shows that Aristotle's sequence of functions of the soul is not ordered in terms of honour but in terms of distribution. Greater complexity is not a mark of superiority. The animals' lack of what Aristotle called eudaimonia does not mean that they are lacking in happiness or success in their own pursuits. Rather, simplicity is an ideal; psychological complexity is (for Aristotle) a mark of things that fall short of perfection, as is evident from his discussion of the complex motions of the planets. Texts discussed include Metaphysics A, De anima, Nicomachean Ethics X, De partibus animalium, De Caelo, De incessu animalium, and Aristotle's discussion of slaves and women in Politics.Less
Does Aristotle have a scala naturae in which humans are ranked higher than the other animals? Is it better to be human than to be something else? This chapter shows that Aristotle's sequence of functions of the soul is not ordered in terms of honour but in terms of distribution. Greater complexity is not a mark of superiority. The animals' lack of what Aristotle called eudaimonia does not mean that they are lacking in happiness or success in their own pursuits. Rather, simplicity is an ideal; psychological complexity is (for Aristotle) a mark of things that fall short of perfection, as is evident from his discussion of the complex motions of the planets. Texts discussed include Metaphysics A, De anima, Nicomachean Ethics X, De partibus animalium, De Caelo, De incessu animalium, and Aristotle's discussion of slaves and women in Politics.
David A. Weintraub
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691209258
- eISBN:
- 9780691209265
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691209258.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Does life exist on Mars? The question has captivated humans for centuries, but today it has taken on new urgency. As space agencies gear up to send the first manned missions to the Red Planet, we ...
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Does life exist on Mars? The question has captivated humans for centuries, but today it has taken on new urgency. As space agencies gear up to send the first manned missions to the Red Planet, we have a responsibility to think deeply about what kinds of life may already dwell there — and whether we have the right to invite ourselves in. Telling the complete story of our ongoing quest to answer one of the most tantalizing questions in astronomy, this book grapples with the profound moral and ethical questions confronting us as we prepare to introduce an unpredictable new life form — ourselves — into the Martian biosphere. Now with an afterword that discusses the most recent discoveries, the book explains what we need to know before we go.Less
Does life exist on Mars? The question has captivated humans for centuries, but today it has taken on new urgency. As space agencies gear up to send the first manned missions to the Red Planet, we have a responsibility to think deeply about what kinds of life may already dwell there — and whether we have the right to invite ourselves in. Telling the complete story of our ongoing quest to answer one of the most tantalizing questions in astronomy, this book grapples with the profound moral and ethical questions confronting us as we prepare to introduce an unpredictable new life form — ourselves — into the Martian biosphere. Now with an afterword that discusses the most recent discoveries, the book explains what we need to know before we go.
William L. Harper
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199570409
- eISBN:
- 9780191728679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570409.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Part I is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 5 and his important Rule 4 for reasoning in natural philosophy. Rule 4 is a very informative characterization of theory acceptance for Newton ...
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Part I is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 5 and his important Rule 4 for reasoning in natural philosophy. Rule 4 is a very informative characterization of theory acceptance for Newton and for scientific method today. Part II is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 6 and his important Rule 3. The phenomena cited count as agreeing measurements of equal acceleration components toward planets for all bodies at any equal distances from their centers. These measure equal ratios of weight to mass for attracted bodies at equal distances. They include absence of polarization toward the sun of orbits of moons about planets. The agreement of all these measurements supports an interpretation of Rule 3 which informs the role of theory-mediated measurements in supporting scientific inferences today. The appendix gives details of polarization calculations.Less
Part I is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 5 and his important Rule 4 for reasoning in natural philosophy. Rule 4 is a very informative characterization of theory acceptance for Newton and for scientific method today. Part II is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 6 and his important Rule 3. The phenomena cited count as agreeing measurements of equal acceleration components toward planets for all bodies at any equal distances from their centers. These measure equal ratios of weight to mass for attracted bodies at equal distances. They include absence of polarization toward the sun of orbits of moons about planets. The agreement of all these measurements supports an interpretation of Rule 3 which informs the role of theory-mediated measurements in supporting scientific inferences today. The appendix gives details of polarization calculations.
William L. Harper
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199570409
- eISBN:
- 9780191728679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570409.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Part I reviews Newton’s argument for his conceptual transition from gravity as centripetal forces of attraction toward planets to gravity as a universal force of pair-wise interaction between bodies. ...
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Part I reviews Newton’s argument for his conceptual transition from gravity as centripetal forces of attraction toward planets to gravity as a universal force of pair-wise interaction between bodies. Part II features Newton’s measurements of masses of the sun and planets from orbits. Part III reviews Newton’s initial application of gravity to the solar system and his project of applying universal gravity to account for motions of solar system bodies by successively more accurate approximations. Appendix 1 gives details of a theorem about Law 3 for attractions. Appendix 2 reviews theorems about attraction to spherical bodies. It extends an integral of Chandrasekhar’s to show that Newton’s inference to inverse-square attraction to particles from inverse-square attraction toward whole solid spheres is backed up by systematic dependencies. Appendix 3 gives details of Newton’s proofs about attraction toward spherical shells. Appendix 4 reviews details of Newton’s measurements of properties of planets from orbits.Less
Part I reviews Newton’s argument for his conceptual transition from gravity as centripetal forces of attraction toward planets to gravity as a universal force of pair-wise interaction between bodies. Part II features Newton’s measurements of masses of the sun and planets from orbits. Part III reviews Newton’s initial application of gravity to the solar system and his project of applying universal gravity to account for motions of solar system bodies by successively more accurate approximations. Appendix 1 gives details of a theorem about Law 3 for attractions. Appendix 2 reviews theorems about attraction to spherical bodies. It extends an integral of Chandrasekhar’s to show that Newton’s inference to inverse-square attraction to particles from inverse-square attraction toward whole solid spheres is backed up by systematic dependencies. Appendix 3 gives details of Newton’s proofs about attraction toward spherical shells. Appendix 4 reviews details of Newton’s measurements of properties of planets from orbits.
Andrew P. Ingersoll
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145044
- eISBN:
- 9781400848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145044.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This book examines the fundamental physical processes that control planetary climates, from convection and radiation to escape of atmospheres, evaporation, condensation, atmospheric chemistry, and ...
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This book examines the fundamental physical processes that control planetary climates, from convection and radiation to escape of atmospheres, evaporation, condensation, atmospheric chemistry, and the dynamics of rotating fluids. It looks at the climates of the planets in order of distance from the Sun, starting with Venus and ending with planets around other stars. The greenhouse effect and climate evolution are discussed, along with basic physical processes such as convection, radiation, Hadley cells, and the accompanying winds. It also considers the “faint young Sun paradox,” illustrated by Mars, and the effect of planetary rotation on climate, the influence of sunlight and rotation on weather patterns, and Neptune's extraordinary strong winds.Less
This book examines the fundamental physical processes that control planetary climates, from convection and radiation to escape of atmospheres, evaporation, condensation, atmospheric chemistry, and the dynamics of rotating fluids. It looks at the climates of the planets in order of distance from the Sun, starting with Venus and ending with planets around other stars. The greenhouse effect and climate evolution are discussed, along with basic physical processes such as convection, radiation, Hadley cells, and the accompanying winds. It also considers the “faint young Sun paradox,” illustrated by Mars, and the effect of planetary rotation on climate, the influence of sunlight and rotation on weather patterns, and Neptune's extraordinary strong winds.
Andrew P. Ingersoll
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145044
- eISBN:
- 9781400848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145044.003.0010
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter focuses on the climates of Uranus, Neptune, and exoplanets. Uranus spins on its side, which allows a comparison between sunlight and rotation for their effects on weather patterns. In ...
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This chapter focuses on the climates of Uranus, Neptune, and exoplanets. Uranus spins on its side, which allows a comparison between sunlight and rotation for their effects on weather patterns. In contrast to Venus, Uranus is only weakly affcted by tides from the Sun because it is so far away. Models of planet accretion give a gradual clumping of small bodies into medium-sized bodies and then into large bodies, until finally only a few large bodies are left. The final collisions, which involved these large bodies, would have been quite violent and were capable of knocking Uranus on its side. After providing an overview of Uranus's rotation, insensitivity to seasonal cycles, and wind profile, the chapter considers Neptune's winds, effective radiating temperature, and Great Dark Spot. It also explains the radial velocity method and the transit method of detecting extrasolar planets.Less
This chapter focuses on the climates of Uranus, Neptune, and exoplanets. Uranus spins on its side, which allows a comparison between sunlight and rotation for their effects on weather patterns. In contrast to Venus, Uranus is only weakly affcted by tides from the Sun because it is so far away. Models of planet accretion give a gradual clumping of small bodies into medium-sized bodies and then into large bodies, until finally only a few large bodies are left. The final collisions, which involved these large bodies, would have been quite violent and were capable of knocking Uranus on its side. After providing an overview of Uranus's rotation, insensitivity to seasonal cycles, and wind profile, the chapter considers Neptune's winds, effective radiating temperature, and Great Dark Spot. It also explains the radial velocity method and the transit method of detecting extrasolar planets.
Katharina Volk
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199265220
- eISBN:
- 9780191708800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265220.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The chapter discusses the first Book of Manilius' Astronomica, his description of the universe, before the background of ancient cosmology. After examining general notions about the cosmos that were ...
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The chapter discusses the first Book of Manilius' Astronomica, his description of the universe, before the background of ancient cosmology. After examining general notions about the cosmos that were widespread in antiquity (especially the idea that the world is indeed a kosmos, a thing of order and beauty), it provides a brief history of ancient astronomy and cosmology up to Roman times, with a particular focus on the ‘two-sphere universe’, the model of the cosmos generally accepted from the fourth century BC to the time of Copernicus. This is followed by a detailed exploration of Manilius' own portrait of the universe, including, among other things, the poet's debt to the Hellenistic astronomical poet Aratus. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a striking feature of Manilius' astronomy, his near-neglect of the topic of the planets.Less
The chapter discusses the first Book of Manilius' Astronomica, his description of the universe, before the background of ancient cosmology. After examining general notions about the cosmos that were widespread in antiquity (especially the idea that the world is indeed a kosmos, a thing of order and beauty), it provides a brief history of ancient astronomy and cosmology up to Roman times, with a particular focus on the ‘two-sphere universe’, the model of the cosmos generally accepted from the fourth century BC to the time of Copernicus. This is followed by a detailed exploration of Manilius' own portrait of the universe, including, among other things, the poet's debt to the Hellenistic astronomical poet Aratus. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a striking feature of Manilius' astronomy, his near-neglect of the topic of the planets.
Katharina Volk
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199265220
- eISBN:
- 9780191708800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265220.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The chapter dicusses the system of astrology that Manilius describes in Books 2-5 of his Astronomica. It begins with an exposition of the tenets of ancient astrology, pointing out that Manilius' ...
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The chapter dicusses the system of astrology that Manilius describes in Books 2-5 of his Astronomica. It begins with an exposition of the tenets of ancient astrology, pointing out that Manilius' astrology is both ‘strong’ (the stars hold the key to every aspect of our fate) and ‘hard’ (the stars themselves cause this fate). A brief history of ancient astrology from Mesopotamia via Hellenistic Greece to Rome is followed by a detailed examination of Manilius' text: the poet treats first the three astrologically significant circles (zodiac, fixed circle of the observer, and circle of lots) and then the influences of the heavenly bodies—in particular the signs of the zodiac and the paranatellonta—on human beings. The chapter concludes with an examination of the idiosyncrasies of Manilius' astrology, a topic that harks back to the puzzle of the planets discussed at the end of Chapter 1.Less
The chapter dicusses the system of astrology that Manilius describes in Books 2-5 of his Astronomica. It begins with an exposition of the tenets of ancient astrology, pointing out that Manilius' astrology is both ‘strong’ (the stars hold the key to every aspect of our fate) and ‘hard’ (the stars themselves cause this fate). A brief history of ancient astrology from Mesopotamia via Hellenistic Greece to Rome is followed by a detailed examination of Manilius' text: the poet treats first the three astrologically significant circles (zodiac, fixed circle of the observer, and circle of lots) and then the influences of the heavenly bodies—in particular the signs of the zodiac and the paranatellonta—on human beings. The chapter concludes with an examination of the idiosyncrasies of Manilius' astrology, a topic that harks back to the puzzle of the planets discussed at the end of Chapter 1.
Mark Williams
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199571840
- eISBN:
- 9780191594434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571840.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature, Mythology and Folklore
This chapter undertakes a reading of the longest astrological poem in the Welsh language, the Puritan writer Morgan Llwyd's idiosyncratic 172-stanza Gwyddor Vchod, ‘Heavenly Science’. Llwyd's poem is ...
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This chapter undertakes a reading of the longest astrological poem in the Welsh language, the Puritan writer Morgan Llwyd's idiosyncratic 172-stanza Gwyddor Vchod, ‘Heavenly Science’. Llwyd's poem is read in the context of 16th and 17th century manuscripts containing astrological material, largely for practical, medical purposes, looking in particular at Elias Gruffydd's mid-16th century translation of the Compost Ptolomeus, which probably holds the status of the most sophisticated work of practical astrology in Welsh, giving detailed readings for the meaning of the various planets through the zodiacal signs. It is shown that Llwyd's grandfather was almost certainly familiar with astro-medical material of this type, and may very well have belonged to the class of person known as a planedydd, literary ‘planet-ist’, or ‘astrologer’. Llwyd's poem takes the tradition of the Welsh astro-medical treatise and rewrites it as a form of evangelical exhortation; the poet discusses the characteristics of seven types of human beings, ruled by each of the planets; influenced by the mysticism of Jakob Böhme, he prescribes spiritual remedies for the defects of character that these entail.Less
This chapter undertakes a reading of the longest astrological poem in the Welsh language, the Puritan writer Morgan Llwyd's idiosyncratic 172-stanza Gwyddor Vchod, ‘Heavenly Science’. Llwyd's poem is read in the context of 16th and 17th century manuscripts containing astrological material, largely for practical, medical purposes, looking in particular at Elias Gruffydd's mid-16th century translation of the Compost Ptolomeus, which probably holds the status of the most sophisticated work of practical astrology in Welsh, giving detailed readings for the meaning of the various planets through the zodiacal signs. It is shown that Llwyd's grandfather was almost certainly familiar with astro-medical material of this type, and may very well have belonged to the class of person known as a planedydd, literary ‘planet-ist’, or ‘astrologer’. Llwyd's poem takes the tradition of the Welsh astro-medical treatise and rewrites it as a form of evangelical exhortation; the poet discusses the characteristics of seven types of human beings, ruled by each of the planets; influenced by the mysticism of Jakob Böhme, he prescribes spiritual remedies for the defects of character that these entail.
John Chambers and Jacqueline Mitton
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175706
- eISBN:
- 9781400885565
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175706.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The birth and evolution of our solar system is a tantalizing mystery that may one day provide answers to the question of human origins. This book tells the remarkable story of how the celestial ...
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The birth and evolution of our solar system is a tantalizing mystery that may one day provide answers to the question of human origins. This book tells the remarkable story of how the celestial objects that make up the solar system arose from common beginnings billions of years ago, and how scientists and philosophers have sought to unravel this mystery down through the centuries, piecing together the clues that enabled them to deduce the solar system's layout, its age, and the most likely way it formed. Drawing on the history of astronomy and the latest findings in astrophysics and the planetary sciences, the book offers the most up-to-date and authoritative treatment of the subject available. It examines how the evolving universe set the stage for the appearance of our Sun, and how the nebulous cloud of gas and dust that accompanied the young Sun eventually became the planets, comets, moons, and asteroids that exist today. It explores how each of the planets acquired its unique characteristics, why some are rocky and others gaseous, and why one planet in particular—our Earth—provided an almost perfect haven for the emergence of life. The book takes readers to the very frontiers of modern research, engaging with the latest controversies and debates. It reveals how ongoing discoveries of far-distant extrasolar planets and planetary systems are transforming our understanding of our own solar system's astonishing history and its possible fate.Less
The birth and evolution of our solar system is a tantalizing mystery that may one day provide answers to the question of human origins. This book tells the remarkable story of how the celestial objects that make up the solar system arose from common beginnings billions of years ago, and how scientists and philosophers have sought to unravel this mystery down through the centuries, piecing together the clues that enabled them to deduce the solar system's layout, its age, and the most likely way it formed. Drawing on the history of astronomy and the latest findings in astrophysics and the planetary sciences, the book offers the most up-to-date and authoritative treatment of the subject available. It examines how the evolving universe set the stage for the appearance of our Sun, and how the nebulous cloud of gas and dust that accompanied the young Sun eventually became the planets, comets, moons, and asteroids that exist today. It explores how each of the planets acquired its unique characteristics, why some are rocky and others gaseous, and why one planet in particular—our Earth—provided an almost perfect haven for the emergence of life. The book takes readers to the very frontiers of modern research, engaging with the latest controversies and debates. It reveals how ongoing discoveries of far-distant extrasolar planets and planetary systems are transforming our understanding of our own solar system's astonishing history and its possible fate.
