William R Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Over the past two decades, an enormous effort has been mounted by numerous federal and state agencies to prepare America to defend against the possibility of a catastrophic bioterrorist attack. This ...
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Over the past two decades, an enormous effort has been mounted by numerous federal and state agencies to prepare America to defend against the possibility of a catastrophic bioterrorist attack. This effort jumped ahead at warp speed following the horrendous World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks of September, 2001, followed by the postal anthrax scares a few weeks later that killed five people. By the end of 2008, the US will have spent nearly fifty billion dollars upgrading almost every conceivable aspect of our ability to respond defensively to a bioterrorism attack. How likely is it that America will experience a future bioterrorist attack that could bring this country to its knees? What would it take to mount such an attack? Who could do it, and what weapons would they use? How would bioterrorism compare with the damage America would suffer from other forms of terrorism, or from a natural biocatastrophe like avian influenza? No nation has infinite resources, and we must accept that we may never be able to make ourselves completely safe from every threat we face. We will have to make rational assessments of those threats we can identify, and apportion our resources as intelligently as we can to deal with them. This book looks at the scientific, political, legal and social facets of bioterrorism that can guide us as we attempt to bring this particular threat into a realistic perspective for the 21st century.Less
Over the past two decades, an enormous effort has been mounted by numerous federal and state agencies to prepare America to defend against the possibility of a catastrophic bioterrorist attack. This effort jumped ahead at warp speed following the horrendous World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks of September, 2001, followed by the postal anthrax scares a few weeks later that killed five people. By the end of 2008, the US will have spent nearly fifty billion dollars upgrading almost every conceivable aspect of our ability to respond defensively to a bioterrorism attack. How likely is it that America will experience a future bioterrorist attack that could bring this country to its knees? What would it take to mount such an attack? Who could do it, and what weapons would they use? How would bioterrorism compare with the damage America would suffer from other forms of terrorism, or from a natural biocatastrophe like avian influenza? No nation has infinite resources, and we must accept that we may never be able to make ourselves completely safe from every threat we face. We will have to make rational assessments of those threats we can identify, and apportion our resources as intelligently as we can to deal with them. This book looks at the scientific, political, legal and social facets of bioterrorism that can guide us as we attempt to bring this particular threat into a realistic perspective for the 21st century.
Nicholas P. Money
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189711
- eISBN:
- 9780199790265
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189711.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This book is concerned with the most devastating fungal diseases in history. These are the plagues of trees and crop plants caused by invisible spores that have reshaped entire landscapes and ...
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This book is concerned with the most devastating fungal diseases in history. These are the plagues of trees and crop plants caused by invisible spores that have reshaped entire landscapes and decimated human populations. Everyone is aware of the Irish potato famine, but while many other fungal diseases are less familiar, they have had similarly disastrous consequences. The book focuses on the fascinating biology of the well- and lesser-known diseases, and tells the stories of the scientists involved in their study and of the people directly impacted by the loss of forest trees like the chestnut, and cash crops such as coffee and cacao. While a book about fungal epidemics is not tailor-made for an intoxicating and uplifting read, the story of the mycologists and plant pathologists engaged in combating these diseases is one of human optimism (often encouraged by desperate eccentricity). In a surprisingly brief time, human knowledge of the fungi that infect plants has evolved from Biblical superstition to the recognition of the true nature of plant disease, and more recently, to a sense of awe for the sophistication of these microbes. The crucial issue of human culpability in these fungal epidemics is addressed in the book’s closing chapter.Less
This book is concerned with the most devastating fungal diseases in history. These are the plagues of trees and crop plants caused by invisible spores that have reshaped entire landscapes and decimated human populations. Everyone is aware of the Irish potato famine, but while many other fungal diseases are less familiar, they have had similarly disastrous consequences. The book focuses on the fascinating biology of the well- and lesser-known diseases, and tells the stories of the scientists involved in their study and of the people directly impacted by the loss of forest trees like the chestnut, and cash crops such as coffee and cacao. While a book about fungal epidemics is not tailor-made for an intoxicating and uplifting read, the story of the mycologists and plant pathologists engaged in combating these diseases is one of human optimism (often encouraged by desperate eccentricity). In a surprisingly brief time, human knowledge of the fungi that infect plants has evolved from Biblical superstition to the recognition of the true nature of plant disease, and more recently, to a sense of awe for the sophistication of these microbes. The crucial issue of human culpability in these fungal epidemics is addressed in the book’s closing chapter.
James C. Mohr
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195162318
- eISBN:
- 9780199788910
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162318.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The bubonic plague reached Hawaii for the first time in 1899, just as the archipelago was being annexed by the US. To deal with the epidemic, governmental authorities granted absolute emergency ...
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The bubonic plague reached Hawaii for the first time in 1899, just as the archipelago was being annexed by the US. To deal with the epidemic, governmental authorities granted absolute emergency powers to the Honolulu Board of Health. Committed to the new science of bacteriology, the Board physicians eventually decided to burn buildings where victims had died, hoping thereby to destroy any remaining plague bacilli. On January 20, 1900, one of those controlled burns burgeoned into a larger inferno that obliterated the Chinatown section of the city. In a few hours, over 5,000 people lost everything they had and were marched to detention camps where they were held under armed guard. Next to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, this remains the worst civic disaster in Hawaiian history, and probably the worst civic disaster ever to result from an American public health initiative. In the larger context of medical history, ethnic studies, and American imperialism, this book tells the story of how that catastrophe came about and how the principal racial and ethnic groups in Honolulu — Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiians, and whites — responded to the crisis.Less
The bubonic plague reached Hawaii for the first time in 1899, just as the archipelago was being annexed by the US. To deal with the epidemic, governmental authorities granted absolute emergency powers to the Honolulu Board of Health. Committed to the new science of bacteriology, the Board physicians eventually decided to burn buildings where victims had died, hoping thereby to destroy any remaining plague bacilli. On January 20, 1900, one of those controlled burns burgeoned into a larger inferno that obliterated the Chinatown section of the city. In a few hours, over 5,000 people lost everything they had and were marched to detention camps where they were held under armed guard. Next to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, this remains the worst civic disaster in Hawaiian history, and probably the worst civic disaster ever to result from an American public health initiative. In the larger context of medical history, ethnic studies, and American imperialism, this book tells the story of how that catastrophe came about and how the principal racial and ethnic groups in Honolulu — Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiians, and whites — responded to the crisis.
Robert C. Solomon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195181579
- eISBN:
- 9780199786602
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195181573.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
Camus’ novel, The Plague, breaks from the focus on individual experience to talk about solidarity and the experience of being with other people. The titular plague has been interpreted as a metaphor ...
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Camus’ novel, The Plague, breaks from the focus on individual experience to talk about solidarity and the experience of being with other people. The titular plague has been interpreted as a metaphor for the Nazi occupation, but it is interpreted here much more generally and more philosophically as the nature of human mortality and “the Absurd”. The novel also gives us Camus’ clearest statement about the significance of what Sartre calls “Being-for-Others”.Less
Camus’ novel, The Plague, breaks from the focus on individual experience to talk about solidarity and the experience of being with other people. The titular plague has been interpreted as a metaphor for the Nazi occupation, but it is interpreted here much more generally and more philosophically as the nature of human mortality and “the Absurd”. The novel also gives us Camus’ clearest statement about the significance of what Sartre calls “Being-for-Others”.
Ronald Hutton
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203926
- eISBN:
- 9780191676048
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203926.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, History of Religion
The years 1658–67 form one of the most vital and eventful periods in English history, witnessing the Plague, the Great Fire of London, the naval wars against the Dutch, and, above all, the ...
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The years 1658–67 form one of the most vital and eventful periods in English history, witnessing the Plague, the Great Fire of London, the naval wars against the Dutch, and, above all, the transformation of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth into the Restoration monarchy of Charles II. This book is a detailed study of the period and returns to nearly all the extant manuscript sources and reworks every issue afresh. The result is an absorbing and perceptive account of national experience as government policy changed, influenced by the interaction of central concerns, local perspectives, and the various social, political, and religious groups.Less
The years 1658–67 form one of the most vital and eventful periods in English history, witnessing the Plague, the Great Fire of London, the naval wars against the Dutch, and, above all, the transformation of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth into the Restoration monarchy of Charles II. This book is a detailed study of the period and returns to nearly all the extant manuscript sources and reworks every issue afresh. The result is an absorbing and perceptive account of national experience as government policy changed, influenced by the interaction of central concerns, local perspectives, and the various social, political, and religious groups.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336214
- eISBN:
- 9780199868537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336214.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has defined a list of human pathogens that are of highest concern for possible use as bioweapons. These agents, most of which had been developed as ...
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has defined a list of human pathogens that are of highest concern for possible use as bioweapons. These agents, most of which had been developed as agents for biological warfare, are described in this chapter. The diseases caused by these agents are now quite rare, and the experience of medical and public health personnel in dealing with them is limited. The course of diseases resulting from various means of exposure are described, along with what is known of the ability of humans to respond to and recover from them. In most cases, adeqaute vaccines do not exist, and only a few effective drugs are available.Less
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has defined a list of human pathogens that are of highest concern for possible use as bioweapons. These agents, most of which had been developed as agents for biological warfare, are described in this chapter. The diseases caused by these agents are now quite rare, and the experience of medical and public health personnel in dealing with them is limited. The course of diseases resulting from various means of exposure are described, along with what is known of the ability of humans to respond to and recover from them. In most cases, adeqaute vaccines do not exist, and only a few effective drugs are available.
Paul Borgman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331608
- eISBN:
- 9780199868001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331608.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The final four chapters of the Samuel text are arranged with no regard for proper chronology but with great care as a conclusion. Here we find a chiastic pattern of repetition (ring composition) that ...
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The final four chapters of the Samuel text are arranged with no regard for proper chronology but with great care as a conclusion. Here we find a chiastic pattern of repetition (ring composition) that gathers together and concludes major dramatic concerns of the whole story: contrast between Saul and David, particularly with respect to wrongdoing; David's leadership capacity (implicitly contrasted with Saul's); and, the happy synergy of David's God‐devotion and political acumen. This chapter deals with the middle two rings: Ring 2, David's Warriors & Leadership (II, 21:15‐22, echoed by Ring 2*, David's Warriors & Leadership (II, 23:8‐39); and Ring 3, Poem, God & Politics: Divine Assistance (II, 22:1‐51) echoed by Ring 3* Poem, God & Politics: Leadership (II, 23:1‐7).Less
The final four chapters of the Samuel text are arranged with no regard for proper chronology but with great care as a conclusion. Here we find a chiastic pattern of repetition (ring composition) that gathers together and concludes major dramatic concerns of the whole story: contrast between Saul and David, particularly with respect to wrongdoing; David's leadership capacity (implicitly contrasted with Saul's); and, the happy synergy of David's God‐devotion and political acumen. This chapter deals with the middle two rings: Ring 2, David's Warriors & Leadership (II, 21:15‐22, echoed by Ring 2*, David's Warriors & Leadership (II, 23:8‐39); and Ring 3, Poem, God & Politics: Divine Assistance (II, 22:1‐51) echoed by Ring 3* Poem, God & Politics: Leadership (II, 23:1‐7).
Noel Malcolm
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198564843
- eISBN:
- 9780191713750
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198564843.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter chronicles the life of John Pell in Cheshire from 1665 to 1669. London's worst-ever episode of bubonic plague, which killed roughly one quarter of the city's population, prompted Pell to ...
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This chapter chronicles the life of John Pell in Cheshire from 1665 to 1669. London's worst-ever episode of bubonic plague, which killed roughly one quarter of the city's population, prompted Pell to leave the city and travel north-west to Brereton Hall, the handsome Elizabethan house in Cheshire that was the home of his patron William Brereton. Pell was making a long-term change of residence (he would not return until 1669), and doing so in response to a long-standing invitation. William Brereton had succeeded his father in April 1664, inheriting his title, his estates, and his manifold debts; and within a few weeks he had sent a letter to Pell, inviting him to come to Cheshire. How Pell spent most of his time at Brereton is not known. Possibly he participated in Brereton's ‘vigorous’ chemical researches. He may have taken an interest in the education of Brereton's son (who was born in 1659), but he was not employed to teach him.Less
This chapter chronicles the life of John Pell in Cheshire from 1665 to 1669. London's worst-ever episode of bubonic plague, which killed roughly one quarter of the city's population, prompted Pell to leave the city and travel north-west to Brereton Hall, the handsome Elizabethan house in Cheshire that was the home of his patron William Brereton. Pell was making a long-term change of residence (he would not return until 1669), and doing so in response to a long-standing invitation. William Brereton had succeeded his father in April 1664, inheriting his title, his estates, and his manifold debts; and within a few weeks he had sent a letter to Pell, inviting him to come to Cheshire. How Pell spent most of his time at Brereton is not known. Possibly he participated in Brereton's ‘vigorous’ chemical researches. He may have taken an interest in the education of Brereton's son (who was born in 1659), but he was not employed to teach him.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336634
- eISBN:
- 9780199868568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336634.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
During the first 48–72 hours of a bioterrorist attack using pathogenic microbes, the immune system will be our primary means of defense against potentially fatal disease. This chapter looks at the ...
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During the first 48–72 hours of a bioterrorist attack using pathogenic microbes, the immune system will be our primary means of defense against potentially fatal disease. This chapter looks at the pathogens identified by the CDC as most likely to be used as bioweapons — anthrax, plague, smallpox, botulin toxin, tularemia, and Ebola-like viruses — and what is known of the human immune response to them. Progress in enhancing our ability to deal with these pathogens is also discussed, in particular strategies that go beyond standard vaccines.Less
During the first 48–72 hours of a bioterrorist attack using pathogenic microbes, the immune system will be our primary means of defense against potentially fatal disease. This chapter looks at the pathogens identified by the CDC as most likely to be used as bioweapons — anthrax, plague, smallpox, botulin toxin, tularemia, and Ebola-like viruses — and what is known of the human immune response to them. Progress in enhancing our ability to deal with these pathogens is also discussed, in particular strategies that go beyond standard vaccines.
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574025
- eISBN:
- 9780191722530
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574025.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Cultures of Plague discloses a new chapter in the history of medicine. Neither the plague nor the ideas it stimulated were static, fixed in a timeless Galenic vacuum over five centuries, ...
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Cultures of Plague discloses a new chapter in the history of medicine. Neither the plague nor the ideas it stimulated were static, fixed in a timeless Galenic vacuum over five centuries, as historians and scientists commonly assume. As plague evolved in its pathology, modes of transmission, and the social characteristics of its victims, so did medical thinking about it. With over 600 plague imprints of the sixteenth century this study highlights the century's most feared and devastating epidemic that threatened Italy top to toe from 1575 to 1578, unleashing an avalanche of plague writing. From erudite definitions, remote causes, cures and recipes, physicians now directed their plague writings to the prince and discovered their most ‘valiant remedies' in public health: strict segregation of the healthy and ill, cleaning streets, latrines, and addressing the long‐term causes of plague—poverty. Those outside the medical profession joined the chorus. Relying on health board statistics and dramatized with eyewitness descriptions of bizarre happenings, human misery, and suffering, they created the structure for the plague classics of the eighteenth century and by tracking the contagion's complex and crooked paths anticipated trends of nineteenth‐century epidemiology. In the heartland of Counter‐Reformation Italy, physicians, along with those outside the profession, questioned the foundations of Galenic and Renaissance medicine, even the role of God. Such developments did not need to await the Protestant‐Paracelsian alliance of seventeenth‐century northern Europe. Instead, creative forces planted by the pandemic of 1575–8 sowed seeds of doubt and unveiled new concerns and ideas within that supposedly most conservative form of medical writing, the plague tract.Less
Cultures of Plague discloses a new chapter in the history of medicine. Neither the plague nor the ideas it stimulated were static, fixed in a timeless Galenic vacuum over five centuries, as historians and scientists commonly assume. As plague evolved in its pathology, modes of transmission, and the social characteristics of its victims, so did medical thinking about it. With over 600 plague imprints of the sixteenth century this study highlights the century's most feared and devastating epidemic that threatened Italy top to toe from 1575 to 1578, unleashing an avalanche of plague writing. From erudite definitions, remote causes, cures and recipes, physicians now directed their plague writings to the prince and discovered their most ‘valiant remedies' in public health: strict segregation of the healthy and ill, cleaning streets, latrines, and addressing the long‐term causes of plague—poverty. Those outside the medical profession joined the chorus. Relying on health board statistics and dramatized with eyewitness descriptions of bizarre happenings, human misery, and suffering, they created the structure for the plague classics of the eighteenth century and by tracking the contagion's complex and crooked paths anticipated trends of nineteenth‐century epidemiology. In the heartland of Counter‐Reformation Italy, physicians, along with those outside the profession, questioned the foundations of Galenic and Renaissance medicine, even the role of God. Such developments did not need to await the Protestant‐Paracelsian alliance of seventeenth‐century northern Europe. Instead, creative forces planted by the pandemic of 1575–8 sowed seeds of doubt and unveiled new concerns and ideas within that supposedly most conservative form of medical writing, the plague tract.
Samuel K. Cohn
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574025
- eISBN:
- 9780191722530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574025.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The Introduction sets out the main questions of the book, the historiography of plague and plague writing from the Black Death to the seventeenth century.
The Introduction sets out the main questions of the book, the historiography of plague and plague writing from the Black Death to the seventeenth century.
Samuel K. Cohn
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574025
- eISBN:
- 9780191722530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574025.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Chapter 1 shows quantitatively the effect of the 1575–8 plague on medical writing and publishing. In two years alone, 1576 and 1577, almost half the century's published writings on plague appeared. ...
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Chapter 1 shows quantitatively the effect of the 1575–8 plague on medical writing and publishing. In two years alone, 1576 and 1577, almost half the century's published writings on plague appeared. This pattern was unique to Italy not only for these years but across the history of plague in Europe from the Black Death to at least the seventeenth century and probably beyond. In addition, the language of plague writing, whether composed by academic physicians or others, shifted abruptly from a majority in Latin (fuelled by the revival in classical medical writing over the past century—medical humanism) to an overwhelming preponderance in the vernacular.Less
Chapter 1 shows quantitatively the effect of the 1575–8 plague on medical writing and publishing. In two years alone, 1576 and 1577, almost half the century's published writings on plague appeared. This pattern was unique to Italy not only for these years but across the history of plague in Europe from the Black Death to at least the seventeenth century and probably beyond. In addition, the language of plague writing, whether composed by academic physicians or others, shifted abruptly from a majority in Latin (fuelled by the revival in classical medical writing over the past century—medical humanism) to an overwhelming preponderance in the vernacular.
Ronald Hendel
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195177961
- eISBN:
- 9780199784622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195177967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The narrative of the Exodus preserves various facets of collective memory. The memories of Egyptian slavery, of devastating plagues, and of the figure of Moses can be correlated in various ways with ...
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The narrative of the Exodus preserves various facets of collective memory. The memories of Egyptian slavery, of devastating plagues, and of the figure of Moses can be correlated in various ways with historical effects during the Egyptian Empire in Canaan. The figure of Moses serves as a unifying element in these stories, and may derive from a dimly perceived historical figure.Less
The narrative of the Exodus preserves various facets of collective memory. The memories of Egyptian slavery, of devastating plagues, and of the figure of Moses can be correlated in various ways with historical effects during the Egyptian Empire in Canaan. The figure of Moses serves as a unifying element in these stories, and may derive from a dimly perceived historical figure.
Eleanor Hubbard
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199609345
- eISBN:
- 9780191739088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609345.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter argues that most women in London were originally migrants from elsewhere in England, who arrived in the city around the age of eighteen to serve as maidservants. It presents quantitative ...
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This chapter argues that most women in London were originally migrants from elsewhere in England, who arrived in the city around the age of eighteen to serve as maidservants. It presents quantitative data about the geographical origins of London women and compares their origins and ages at migration to the better‐known male apprentices. It also examines where maids settled, how they found employment, how long they remained in particular households, their mobility within the city, their status within the households in which they worked and their relationships with their masters and mistresses, how much they were paid, and the kinds of work that they did. The risks and benefits of migration are discussed, the greatest risk being the high levels of disease and the occasional epidemics of plague that swept the city.Less
This chapter argues that most women in London were originally migrants from elsewhere in England, who arrived in the city around the age of eighteen to serve as maidservants. It presents quantitative data about the geographical origins of London women and compares their origins and ages at migration to the better‐known male apprentices. It also examines where maids settled, how they found employment, how long they remained in particular households, their mobility within the city, their status within the households in which they worked and their relationships with their masters and mistresses, how much they were paid, and the kinds of work that they did. The risks and benefits of migration are discussed, the greatest risk being the high levels of disease and the occasional epidemics of plague that swept the city.
Caroline M. Barron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257775
- eISBN:
- 9780191717758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.003.10
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the effectiveness of civic attempts to regulate and improve the urban environment against a background of population change and epidemic plague. The maintenance of communal ...
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This chapter examines the effectiveness of civic attempts to regulate and improve the urban environment against a background of population change and epidemic plague. The maintenance of communal buildings such as the walls, the implementation of building regulations, and the attempts to preserve green spaces and control livestock and industrial activities are all examined. By communal and charitable efforts the citizens were able to ensure a piped supply of fresh water. The chapter demonstrates the Londoners' concern to ensure that their city was clean and healthy.Less
This chapter examines the effectiveness of civic attempts to regulate and improve the urban environment against a background of population change and epidemic plague. The maintenance of communal buildings such as the walls, the implementation of building regulations, and the attempts to preserve green spaces and control livestock and industrial activities are all examined. By communal and charitable efforts the citizens were able to ensure a piped supply of fresh water. The chapter demonstrates the Londoners' concern to ensure that their city was clean and healthy.
Antoin E. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198286493
- eISBN:
- 9780191596674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828649X.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Law attempted to keep the System afloat during the Summer of 1720. His growing failure was marked by the return to power of the financier class and the issue of rentes. The problems for the System ...
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Law attempted to keep the System afloat during the Summer of 1720. His growing failure was marked by the return to power of the financier class and the issue of rentes. The problems for the System were further complicated by the outbreak of plague in Marseille. The publication of the French translation of Money and Trade.Less
Law attempted to keep the System afloat during the Summer of 1720. His growing failure was marked by the return to power of the financier class and the issue of rentes. The problems for the System were further complicated by the outbreak of plague in Marseille. The publication of the French translation of Money and Trade.
Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
In the effort to control infectious disease, many different kinds of constraints have been employed: mandatory testing, required or observed treatment, and quarantine and isolation, among others. ...
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In the effort to control infectious disease, many different kinds of constraints have been employed: mandatory testing, required or observed treatment, and quarantine and isolation, among others. Although sometimes justified, these constraints have often been misused, as people were left to die in cholera-infected ships anchored offshore or in plague-stricken villages. This chapter begins with an overview of the ethical issues raised by different types of constraints used to control infectious disease. It then uses the PVV view to argue that constraints can be justified if they meet a set of procedural and substantive guarantees. The procedural guarantees are: that there be an important interest, supported by evidence, that the least restrictive alternative be chosen, that constraints be fully disclosed and transparent, and that there be an opportunity for reconsideration. The basic substantive guarantees are personal security, meeting basic needs for survival and treatment, effective communication, the equitable allocation of burdens, and compensation for loss.Less
In the effort to control infectious disease, many different kinds of constraints have been employed: mandatory testing, required or observed treatment, and quarantine and isolation, among others. Although sometimes justified, these constraints have often been misused, as people were left to die in cholera-infected ships anchored offshore or in plague-stricken villages. This chapter begins with an overview of the ethical issues raised by different types of constraints used to control infectious disease. It then uses the PVV view to argue that constraints can be justified if they meet a set of procedural and substantive guarantees. The procedural guarantees are: that there be an important interest, supported by evidence, that the least restrictive alternative be chosen, that constraints be fully disclosed and transparent, and that there be an opportunity for reconsideration. The basic substantive guarantees are personal security, meeting basic needs for survival and treatment, effective communication, the equitable allocation of burdens, and compensation for loss.
Stephen V. Tracy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520256033
- eISBN:
- 9780520943629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520256033.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
Protagoras of Abdera, the most famous sophist of the age, visited Athens on several occasions, probably for extended periods of time. He came once about 443 B.C. in preparation for creating a law ...
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Protagoras of Abdera, the most famous sophist of the age, visited Athens on several occasions, probably for extended periods of time. He came once about 443 B.C. in preparation for creating a law code for the settlement at Thurii. Pericles almost certainly picked him for the task. Plato in his Protagoras records another visit about 432. In that dialogue he depicts Pericles' sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, as present at his discourse, which takes place at the home of Callias, their half brother on their mother's side. Protagoras, who was born about 490 and died about 420, was just slightly younger than Pericles and probably knew him very well. Despite Protagoras's importance, almost nothing of his writings has survived. It is intriguing, then, for understanding the relationship between Pericles and Protagoras, that the one substantial fragment that remains of his writings expresses his admiration for Pericles' behavior in the face of the deaths of his sons from the onslaught of the plague in the summer of 430.Less
Protagoras of Abdera, the most famous sophist of the age, visited Athens on several occasions, probably for extended periods of time. He came once about 443 B.C. in preparation for creating a law code for the settlement at Thurii. Pericles almost certainly picked him for the task. Plato in his Protagoras records another visit about 432. In that dialogue he depicts Pericles' sons, Xanthippus and Paralus, as present at his discourse, which takes place at the home of Callias, their half brother on their mother's side. Protagoras, who was born about 490 and died about 420, was just slightly younger than Pericles and probably knew him very well. Despite Protagoras's importance, almost nothing of his writings has survived. It is intriguing, then, for understanding the relationship between Pericles and Protagoras, that the one substantial fragment that remains of his writings expresses his admiration for Pericles' behavior in the face of the deaths of his sons from the onslaught of the plague in the summer of 430.
James C. Mohr
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195162318
- eISBN:
- 9780199788910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162318.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The Hawaiian Medical Society remained divided over the Board of Health's bacteriology-based policies. Experimental vaccines offered little help against cases of bubonic plague. Disputes arose between ...
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The Hawaiian Medical Society remained divided over the Board of Health's bacteriology-based policies. Experimental vaccines offered little help against cases of bubonic plague. Disputes arose between the Board of Health and the Citizens' Sanitary Commission.Less
The Hawaiian Medical Society remained divided over the Board of Health's bacteriology-based policies. Experimental vaccines offered little help against cases of bubonic plague. Disputes arose between the Board of Health and the Citizens' Sanitary Commission.
Chris Briggs
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264416
- eISBN:
- 9780191734342
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264416.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Exploring the role of credit is vital to understanding any economy. In the past two decades historians of many European regions have become increasingly aware that medieval credit, far from being the ...
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Exploring the role of credit is vital to understanding any economy. In the past two decades historians of many European regions have become increasingly aware that medieval credit, far from being the preserve of merchants, bankers, or monarchs, was actually of basic importance to the ordinary villagers who made up most of the population. This study is devoted to credit in rural England in the middle ages. Focusing in particular on seven well-documented villages, it examines in detail some of the many thousands of village credit transactions of this period, identifies the people who performed them, and explores the social relationships brought about by involvement in credit. The evidence comes primarily from inter-peasant debt litigation recorded in the proceedings of manor courts, which were the private legal jurisdictions of landlords. A comparative study that discusses the English evidence alongside findings from other parts of medieval and early modern Europe, the book argues that the prevailing view of medieval English credit as a marker of poverty and crisis is inadequate. In fact, the credit networks of the English countryside were surprisingly resilient in the face of the fourteenth-century crises associated with plague, famine, and economic depression.Less
Exploring the role of credit is vital to understanding any economy. In the past two decades historians of many European regions have become increasingly aware that medieval credit, far from being the preserve of merchants, bankers, or monarchs, was actually of basic importance to the ordinary villagers who made up most of the population. This study is devoted to credit in rural England in the middle ages. Focusing in particular on seven well-documented villages, it examines in detail some of the many thousands of village credit transactions of this period, identifies the people who performed them, and explores the social relationships brought about by involvement in credit. The evidence comes primarily from inter-peasant debt litigation recorded in the proceedings of manor courts, which were the private legal jurisdictions of landlords. A comparative study that discusses the English evidence alongside findings from other parts of medieval and early modern Europe, the book argues that the prevailing view of medieval English credit as a marker of poverty and crisis is inadequate. In fact, the credit networks of the English countryside were surprisingly resilient in the face of the fourteenth-century crises associated with plague, famine, and economic depression.
