D. Hugh Whittaker and Simon Deakin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199563630
- eISBN:
- 9780191721359
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563630.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, HRM / IR
The chapters in this book address the state of Japanese corporate governance and managerial practice at a critical moment. They are based on detailed and intensive fieldwork in large Japanese ...
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The chapters in this book address the state of Japanese corporate governance and managerial practice at a critical moment. They are based on detailed and intensive fieldwork in large Japanese companies and interviews with investors, civil servants, and policy makers in the period following the adoption of significant corporate law reforms in the early 2000s up to the months just before the global financial crisis of 2008. At the start of the decade, the time seemed right for Japan to move to a shareholder value‐driven, “Anglo‐American” system of corporate governance. Instead, an adjustment and renewal of the postwar model of the large Japanese corporation has taken place. Japanese managers have adapted to and reshaped corporate governance norms, using them to reform internal decision‐making structures. The board's role is seen in terms of strategic planning rather than monitoring, and external directors are viewed as advisers, not as representatives of the shareholders. Companies have responded to the threat of hostile takeovers by putting poison pills in place and have rebuffed hedge fund activists' demands for higher dividends and share buybacks. Although shareholder influence is more extensive than it was, central aspects of the Japanese “community firm” ‐ in particular, managerial autonomy and a commitment to stable or “lifetime” employment for core of employees ‐ largely remain in place. The Japanese experience suggests that there are limits to the global convergence of company law systems, and that the widespread association of Anglo‐American practices with the “modernization” of corporate governance may have been misplaced.Less
The chapters in this book address the state of Japanese corporate governance and managerial practice at a critical moment. They are based on detailed and intensive fieldwork in large Japanese companies and interviews with investors, civil servants, and policy makers in the period following the adoption of significant corporate law reforms in the early 2000s up to the months just before the global financial crisis of 2008. At the start of the decade, the time seemed right for Japan to move to a shareholder value‐driven, “Anglo‐American” system of corporate governance. Instead, an adjustment and renewal of the postwar model of the large Japanese corporation has taken place. Japanese managers have adapted to and reshaped corporate governance norms, using them to reform internal decision‐making structures. The board's role is seen in terms of strategic planning rather than monitoring, and external directors are viewed as advisers, not as representatives of the shareholders. Companies have responded to the threat of hostile takeovers by putting poison pills in place and have rebuffed hedge fund activists' demands for higher dividends and share buybacks. Although shareholder influence is more extensive than it was, central aspects of the Japanese “community firm” ‐ in particular, managerial autonomy and a commitment to stable or “lifetime” employment for core of employees ‐ largely remain in place. The Japanese experience suggests that there are limits to the global convergence of company law systems, and that the widespread association of Anglo‐American practices with the “modernization” of corporate governance may have been misplaced.
Masaru Hayakawa and D. Hugh Whittaker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199563630
- eISBN:
- 9780191721359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563630.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, HRM / IR
Livedoor's audacious takeover bid for Nippon Broadcasting System Inc. (NBS) in 2005 precipitated a flurry of judicial, legislative, administrative, and management actions, which have strongly ...
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Livedoor's audacious takeover bid for Nippon Broadcasting System Inc. (NBS) in 2005 precipitated a flurry of judicial, legislative, administrative, and management actions, which have strongly influenced thinking and practice related to corporate control in Japan. This chapter considers a number of statutory changes in the area of company law and securities regulations governing takeovers and analyses a series of judicial rulings, specifically involving Livedoor‐NBS and Steel Partners‐Bull‐Dog Sauce, and the contested use of poison pills and similar defense measures in these cases. It further looks at the recommendations and influence of the Corporate Value Study Group, before considering management responses. The chapter highlights a shift (as well as continuity) in perceptions about management control and legitimate defenses against takeovers, and predicts continued evolution, along a “Japanese” trajectory.Less
Livedoor's audacious takeover bid for Nippon Broadcasting System Inc. (NBS) in 2005 precipitated a flurry of judicial, legislative, administrative, and management actions, which have strongly influenced thinking and practice related to corporate control in Japan. This chapter considers a number of statutory changes in the area of company law and securities regulations governing takeovers and analyses a series of judicial rulings, specifically involving Livedoor‐NBS and Steel Partners‐Bull‐Dog Sauce, and the contested use of poison pills and similar defense measures in these cases. It further looks at the recommendations and influence of the Corporate Value Study Group, before considering management responses. The chapter highlights a shift (as well as continuity) in perceptions about management control and legitimate defenses against takeovers, and predicts continued evolution, along a “Japanese” trajectory.
Pat Thane and Tanya Evans
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199578504
- eISBN:
- 9780191741838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578504.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Questions how much changed and why. Most changes were from the later 1960s: liberal legislation (e.g., divorce reform, legal abortion), the pill, increased divorce, open cohabitation, births outside ...
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Questions how much changed and why. Most changes were from the later 1960s: liberal legislation (e.g., divorce reform, legal abortion), the pill, increased divorce, open cohabitation, births outside marriage, fewer marriages. End of family secrecy and more public tolerance, but intolerance remained in some circles, reacting against ‘permissiveness’. Emphasis in public and policy discourse on lone mothers, rather than unmarried mothers because there was increased divorce and separation. The ‘rediscovery of poverty’ and new campaigns about family poverty. Unmarried mothers still poorest and NC continued to prioritize them, though it changed its name in 1973 to the National Council for One Parent Families (OPF) in response to needs of other single parents. The limits to change: the experiences of lone mothers and attitudes to them still diverse.Less
Questions how much changed and why. Most changes were from the later 1960s: liberal legislation (e.g., divorce reform, legal abortion), the pill, increased divorce, open cohabitation, births outside marriage, fewer marriages. End of family secrecy and more public tolerance, but intolerance remained in some circles, reacting against ‘permissiveness’. Emphasis in public and policy discourse on lone mothers, rather than unmarried mothers because there was increased divorce and separation. The ‘rediscovery of poverty’ and new campaigns about family poverty. Unmarried mothers still poorest and NC continued to prioritize them, though it changed its name in 1973 to the National Council for One Parent Families (OPF) in response to needs of other single parents. The limits to change: the experiences of lone mothers and attitudes to them still diverse.
Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The availability of the Pill precipitated a transformation in sexual mores. It involved three innovations: reliability, widespread publicity, and large-scale modern distribution. Rising rates of ...
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The availability of the Pill precipitated a transformation in sexual mores. It involved three innovations: reliability, widespread publicity, and large-scale modern distribution. Rising rates of pre-marital sexual activity were leading to sharply increasing illegitimacy. Unmarried mothers were highly stigmatized. The advent of the pill created a new practical alternative and gave rise to debate about the need for a new sexual morality which increased intellectual support for change. The media encouraged comments on sexuality from the likes of J. A. T. Robinson, Bishop of Woolwich, Alex Comfort, Martin Cole, and Helen Brook. The pace of change was astonishing and by the 1970s the debate had narrowed to concerns about ‘school girl’ sex.Less
The availability of the Pill precipitated a transformation in sexual mores. It involved three innovations: reliability, widespread publicity, and large-scale modern distribution. Rising rates of pre-marital sexual activity were leading to sharply increasing illegitimacy. Unmarried mothers were highly stigmatized. The advent of the pill created a new practical alternative and gave rise to debate about the need for a new sexual morality which increased intellectual support for change. The media encouraged comments on sexuality from the likes of J. A. T. Robinson, Bishop of Woolwich, Alex Comfort, Martin Cole, and Helen Brook. The pace of change was astonishing and by the 1970s the debate had narrowed to concerns about ‘school girl’ sex.
Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter re-analyses existing statistical sources to explain the underlying transformation and disruption of existing ways of living that occurred as a result of the astonishing reduction in risk ...
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This chapter re-analyses existing statistical sources to explain the underlying transformation and disruption of existing ways of living that occurred as a result of the astonishing reduction in risk of pregnancy brought about by the Pill and legal abortion, and the accompanying collapse of restraints on young women's sexual behaviour. It shows that the greater autonomy that female controlled contraception made possible reached directly into the lives of the vast majority of English women. Over 80% of British women of reproductive age since the early 1960s have taken the Pill.Less
This chapter re-analyses existing statistical sources to explain the underlying transformation and disruption of existing ways of living that occurred as a result of the astonishing reduction in risk of pregnancy brought about by the Pill and legal abortion, and the accompanying collapse of restraints on young women's sexual behaviour. It shows that the greater autonomy that female controlled contraception made possible reached directly into the lives of the vast majority of English women. Over 80% of British women of reproductive age since the early 1960s have taken the Pill.
Kate Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199267361
- eISBN:
- 9780191708299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267361.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This epilogue discusses the challenges posed by this book's novel focus on the centrality of male roles in the fertility decline to our wider understanding of changes in contraceptive behaviour, ...
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This epilogue discusses the challenges posed by this book's novel focus on the centrality of male roles in the fertility decline to our wider understanding of changes in contraceptive behaviour, particularly during the era of ‘sexual revolution’. Rather than viewing the significant role played by women in determining contraceptive strategy in the 1960s as the culmination of their increasingly successful attempts to limit the size of their families over the previous half-century, these should be seen as novel developments representing a sharp break with previous contraceptive practice. New research is needed on how this previously male-dominated culture of contraception was transformed in the last half of the 20th century. It is suggested that intimate personal perspectives, which provide access to the ways in which sexual and contraceptive behaviour is negotiated in the context of real relationships, should be central to this work.Less
This epilogue discusses the challenges posed by this book's novel focus on the centrality of male roles in the fertility decline to our wider understanding of changes in contraceptive behaviour, particularly during the era of ‘sexual revolution’. Rather than viewing the significant role played by women in determining contraceptive strategy in the 1960s as the culmination of their increasingly successful attempts to limit the size of their families over the previous half-century, these should be seen as novel developments representing a sharp break with previous contraceptive practice. New research is needed on how this previously male-dominated culture of contraception was transformed in the last half of the 20th century. It is suggested that intimate personal perspectives, which provide access to the ways in which sexual and contraceptive behaviour is negotiated in the context of real relationships, should be central to this work.
G.I.T. Machin
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198217800
- eISBN:
- 9780191678271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217800.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Religion
Within a century in which the Christian Churches had to face and adapt to an unprecedented amount of social change in Britain, the 1960s provided the most intense concentration of innovation and ...
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Within a century in which the Christian Churches had to face and adapt to an unprecedented amount of social change in Britain, the 1960s provided the most intense concentration of innovation and challenge. The new morality found supporters and opponents in the Churches, as well as some who were undecided. On the one hand, it found a champion in Bishop John Robinson. Widely differing approaches were seen in reaction to all the practical manifestations of the moral changes — the relaxation of censorship and the licence shown in publications, films, plays, and television broadcasts; the legalization of abortion and homosexual ads; a notable liberalization of the divorce law; and the growth of premarital and extramarital sexual activity through the adoption of the contraceptive pill, among other reasons. The controversy over the treatment of coloured immigrants had involved Church leaders as much as any other members of society. These developments all happened in the 1960s, but their effects remained to be worked out over many years.Less
Within a century in which the Christian Churches had to face and adapt to an unprecedented amount of social change in Britain, the 1960s provided the most intense concentration of innovation and challenge. The new morality found supporters and opponents in the Churches, as well as some who were undecided. On the one hand, it found a champion in Bishop John Robinson. Widely differing approaches were seen in reaction to all the practical manifestations of the moral changes — the relaxation of censorship and the licence shown in publications, films, plays, and television broadcasts; the legalization of abortion and homosexual ads; a notable liberalization of the divorce law; and the growth of premarital and extramarital sexual activity through the adoption of the contraceptive pill, among other reasons. The controversy over the treatment of coloured immigrants had involved Church leaders as much as any other members of society. These developments all happened in the 1960s, but their effects remained to be worked out over many years.
E. J. N. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198508298
- eISBN:
- 9780191706363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508298.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
A time varying field is essential for acceleration. After commenting that neither waves in free space nor in a waveguide can be matched to the velocity of a particle, this chapter shows how a chain ...
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A time varying field is essential for acceleration. After commenting that neither waves in free space nor in a waveguide can be matched to the velocity of a particle, this chapter shows how a chain of pill box cavities or a corrugated tube can propagate a wave whose phase velocity is less than c. The importance of the transit-time factor is mentioned. Maxwell's equations apply to such resonators. Particular boundary conditions apply at the conducting walls. The mode, the quality factor, and the shunt impedance are calculated for simple cavity. The dispersion diagram of an iris-loaded cavity is discussed, as are the choice of modes and the difference between standing wave and travelling wave configurations. The klystron, used to power the cavities, is discussed together with the various modes of coupling.Less
A time varying field is essential for acceleration. After commenting that neither waves in free space nor in a waveguide can be matched to the velocity of a particle, this chapter shows how a chain of pill box cavities or a corrugated tube can propagate a wave whose phase velocity is less than c. The importance of the transit-time factor is mentioned. Maxwell's equations apply to such resonators. Particular boundary conditions apply at the conducting walls. The mode, the quality factor, and the shunt impedance are calculated for simple cavity. The dispersion diagram of an iris-loaded cavity is discussed, as are the choice of modes and the difference between standing wave and travelling wave configurations. The klystron, used to power the cavities, is discussed together with the various modes of coupling.
John Keown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199589555
- eISBN:
- 9780191741036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589555.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter considers whether it is an offence, contrary to section 58 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, to administer the “morning after” pill with intent to prevent the implantation in ...
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This chapter considers whether it is an offence, contrary to section 58 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, to administer the “morning after” pill with intent to prevent the implantation in the uterus of any embryo which may have been conceived as a result of intercourse. Its focus is the judgment of Mr Justice Munby in the Smeaton case that section 58 is not engaged because it prohibits acts done with intent to procure a “miscarriage” and a “miscarriage” is possible only after implantation. The chapter contends that this ruling is difficult to reconcile with the word’s accepted meaning in 1861 and with the relevant case law. It questions the judge’s “updating” construction of “miscarriage” and concludes that, even on such a construction, it is far from clear, whether from modern medical dictionaries or general linguistic usage, that “miscarriage” today excludes the prevention of implantation.Less
This chapter considers whether it is an offence, contrary to section 58 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, to administer the “morning after” pill with intent to prevent the implantation in the uterus of any embryo which may have been conceived as a result of intercourse. Its focus is the judgment of Mr Justice Munby in the Smeaton case that section 58 is not engaged because it prohibits acts done with intent to procure a “miscarriage” and a “miscarriage” is possible only after implantation. The chapter contends that this ruling is difficult to reconcile with the word’s accepted meaning in 1861 and with the relevant case law. It questions the judge’s “updating” construction of “miscarriage” and concludes that, even on such a construction, it is far from clear, whether from modern medical dictionaries or general linguistic usage, that “miscarriage” today excludes the prevention of implantation.
Anna Fedele
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199898404
- eISBN:
- 9780199980130
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199898404.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explores the way in which the pilgrims celebrated menstruation as a way of bleeding without being wounded and countered Christian theories labeling menstruation as impure. An overview of ...
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This chapter explores the way in which the pilgrims celebrated menstruation as a way of bleeding without being wounded and countered Christian theories labeling menstruation as impure. An overview of the literature on the sacralization of menstruation introduces the main theories the pilgrims use for their ritual crafting. The chapter offers a detailed description of a pilgrim group’s ritual of offering of menstrual blood to Mother Earth and shows how it represents a refiguration of the Christian Eucharist. In this ritual context the pilgrims understand Mary Magdalene as a guardian of menstrual blood with many elements in common with the figure of the red dakini in Tibetan Buddhism. The chapter compares these crafted rituals with other contemporary menstrual rituals and refers to theories by Jean Comaroff, Michael Houseman and Simon Coleman. These rituals appear to be ways of making sense of menstruation at a historical moment when menstrual bleeding is no longer an inevitable event thanks to the most recent developments of the contraception pill. Menstruation appears as an event ambiguously related to both life and death and the menstrual offering can be seen as a celebration of the woman’s power to give birth but also of her choice not to have a baby. The author argues that through their menstrual rituals and their theories about sacred sexuality the pilgrims decouple sexuality from reproduction and question the religious and social system.Less
This chapter explores the way in which the pilgrims celebrated menstruation as a way of bleeding without being wounded and countered Christian theories labeling menstruation as impure. An overview of the literature on the sacralization of menstruation introduces the main theories the pilgrims use for their ritual crafting. The chapter offers a detailed description of a pilgrim group’s ritual of offering of menstrual blood to Mother Earth and shows how it represents a refiguration of the Christian Eucharist. In this ritual context the pilgrims understand Mary Magdalene as a guardian of menstrual blood with many elements in common with the figure of the red dakini in Tibetan Buddhism. The chapter compares these crafted rituals with other contemporary menstrual rituals and refers to theories by Jean Comaroff, Michael Houseman and Simon Coleman. These rituals appear to be ways of making sense of menstruation at a historical moment when menstrual bleeding is no longer an inevitable event thanks to the most recent developments of the contraception pill. Menstruation appears as an event ambiguously related to both life and death and the menstrual offering can be seen as a celebration of the woman’s power to give birth but also of her choice not to have a baby. The author argues that through their menstrual rituals and their theories about sacred sexuality the pilgrims decouple sexuality from reproduction and question the religious and social system.
David Brackett
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225411
- eISBN:
- 9780520925700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225411.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This chapter examines Elvis Costello's Pills and Soap in relation to writing, music, dancing, and architecture. It looks at Pills and Soap through contemporary critical discourses about his music, ...
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This chapter examines Elvis Costello's Pills and Soap in relation to writing, music, dancing, and architecture. It looks at Pills and Soap through contemporary critical discourses about his music, his own statements about his music, discourses on modernism and postmodernism, on the aesthetics of those with legitimate and popular taste and the conflict between 1960s countercultural and 1970s punk aesthetics. It also considers the gap between Costello's 1994 reflections on the artistic process and his 1983 statement which appears to advocate a Romantic notion of unmediated artistic spontaneity.Less
This chapter examines Elvis Costello's Pills and Soap in relation to writing, music, dancing, and architecture. It looks at Pills and Soap through contemporary critical discourses about his music, his own statements about his music, discourses on modernism and postmodernism, on the aesthetics of those with legitimate and popular taste and the conflict between 1960s countercultural and 1970s punk aesthetics. It also considers the gap between Costello's 1994 reflections on the artistic process and his 1983 statement which appears to advocate a Romantic notion of unmediated artistic spontaneity.
Terry L. Leap
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449796
- eISBN:
- 9780801460807
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449796.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter examines fraud in fee-for-service systems and managed care plans. A common health care fraud that is linked directly to fee-for-service is the submission of fraudulent claims to the ...
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This chapter examines fraud in fee-for-service systems and managed care plans. A common health care fraud that is linked directly to fee-for-service is the submission of fraudulent claims to the Medicare program. Replacement of fee-for-service health care with managed care did not end health care fraud and abuse. This chapter explains how fraud is committed in major public insurance programs, focusing on cases of false diagnoses and unnecessary treatments, medical identity theft, and overcharging for services and equipment. It also considers upcoding, unbundling, and billing for uninsured and bogus services, along with fraud and abuse in nursing homes and home health care, rent-a-patient schemes, and pill-mill schemes. Finally, it discusses the emerging drug frauds in Medicare Part D, durable medical equipment frauds, and health care frauds that save money.Less
This chapter examines fraud in fee-for-service systems and managed care plans. A common health care fraud that is linked directly to fee-for-service is the submission of fraudulent claims to the Medicare program. Replacement of fee-for-service health care with managed care did not end health care fraud and abuse. This chapter explains how fraud is committed in major public insurance programs, focusing on cases of false diagnoses and unnecessary treatments, medical identity theft, and overcharging for services and equipment. It also considers upcoding, unbundling, and billing for uninsured and bogus services, along with fraud and abuse in nursing homes and home health care, rent-a-patient schemes, and pill-mill schemes. Finally, it discusses the emerging drug frauds in Medicare Part D, durable medical equipment frauds, and health care frauds that save money.
Aaron Gwyn (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469646800
- eISBN:
- 9781469646824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646800.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gay and Lesbian Studies
In Courtship, a short story by Aaron Gwyn, Jansen, a bartender secretly in love with his best friend,Wisnat, a barber, agrees to help Wisnat seduce a woman by drugging her drinks, but the act brings ...
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In Courtship, a short story by Aaron Gwyn, Jansen, a bartender secretly in love with his best friend,Wisnat, a barber, agrees to help Wisnat seduce a woman by drugging her drinks, but the act brings with it unexpected consequences.Less
In Courtship, a short story by Aaron Gwyn, Jansen, a bartender secretly in love with his best friend,Wisnat, a barber, agrees to help Wisnat seduce a woman by drugging her drinks, but the act brings with it unexpected consequences.
David Herzberg
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226249933
- eISBN:
- 9780226250274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226250274.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Exposés of the pharmaceutical industry have become a thriving—and important—genre. Yet this genre presents an impoverished vision of pill users themselves, who are usually depicted as powerless ...
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Exposés of the pharmaceutical industry have become a thriving—and important—genre. Yet this genre presents an impoverished vision of pill users themselves, who are usually depicted as powerless victims or pleasure-hungry enablers. This chapter rethinks the politics of pill-taking, arguing that pill-takers are sometimes victims but are also political actors whose agency we should not ignore or deride. In choosing to take—or not to take—medicines, they become subject to the full spectrum of American biopower, but they also resist, circumvent, or even exploit authorities in pursuit of their own personally and politically meaningful agendas. There is rich territory between the false optimism of drug marketers and the dark vision of pharmaceutical muckraking, and I hope to begin a conversation about how to take stock of it.Less
Exposés of the pharmaceutical industry have become a thriving—and important—genre. Yet this genre presents an impoverished vision of pill users themselves, who are usually depicted as powerless victims or pleasure-hungry enablers. This chapter rethinks the politics of pill-taking, arguing that pill-takers are sometimes victims but are also political actors whose agency we should not ignore or deride. In choosing to take—or not to take—medicines, they become subject to the full spectrum of American biopower, but they also resist, circumvent, or even exploit authorities in pursuit of their own personally and politically meaningful agendas. There is rich territory between the false optimism of drug marketers and the dark vision of pharmaceutical muckraking, and I hope to begin a conversation about how to take stock of it.
Kelly Ragan
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035651
- eISBN:
- 9780262337915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035651.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This paper reviews the literature in economics and related fields on the role of social norms in shaping fertility patterns and demand for contraception. The case of Sweden is discussed in detail ...
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This paper reviews the literature in economics and related fields on the role of social norms in shaping fertility patterns and demand for contraception. The case of Sweden is discussed in detail both with regard to the literature and the data. Measures of non-marital childbearing from the 19th and early 20th Century are presented and compared in relation to demand for oral contraceptives (‘the Pill’) over a half century later. The correlation of Pill take-up with historical illegitimacy is strongly positive, regardless of the measure used. The geographical variation of illegitimacy and contraceptive demand follow a strikingly similar pattern that is independent of urbanization and North/South development patterns.Less
This paper reviews the literature in economics and related fields on the role of social norms in shaping fertility patterns and demand for contraception. The case of Sweden is discussed in detail both with regard to the literature and the data. Measures of non-marital childbearing from the 19th and early 20th Century are presented and compared in relation to demand for oral contraceptives (‘the Pill’) over a half century later. The correlation of Pill take-up with historical illegitimacy is strongly positive, regardless of the measure used. The geographical variation of illegitimacy and contraceptive demand follow a strikingly similar pattern that is independent of urbanization and North/South development patterns.
Naomi Woodspring
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447318774
- eISBN:
- 9781447318781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447318774.003.0002
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
‘Kaleidoscopic Sixties,’ is a survey of the Sixties in Britain. The survey in this chapter comes from a variety of sources and is not meant to be definitive. The story of the Sixties is meant to set ...
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‘Kaleidoscopic Sixties,’ is a survey of the Sixties in Britain. The survey in this chapter comes from a variety of sources and is not meant to be definitive. The story of the Sixties is meant to set a backdrop to the lives of the research participants. The Sixties are long gone, yet there continue to be echoes of that time. The Sixties are described from a cultural and historical perspective, creating a context for the lives of the postwar generation. The Sixties have been defined as the ‘long decade’ from 1958 to 1973 (Marwick, 1998). The postwar cohort came of age in the Sixties, and entered full adulthood at the time of the recession and oil crisis. They were bequeathed the National Health Service (NHS) and the Pill, among a raft of other intergenerational gifts. There was an interplay between what was bequeathed and the postwar generation’s own choices and activities in the constructing of the Sixties era. A range of topics are covered, from the new rhythmicity of music and dance to feminism, the Pill, a shift to modern household conveniences, fashion, the Cuban Missile Crisis and Earthrise, among others.Less
‘Kaleidoscopic Sixties,’ is a survey of the Sixties in Britain. The survey in this chapter comes from a variety of sources and is not meant to be definitive. The story of the Sixties is meant to set a backdrop to the lives of the research participants. The Sixties are long gone, yet there continue to be echoes of that time. The Sixties are described from a cultural and historical perspective, creating a context for the lives of the postwar generation. The Sixties have been defined as the ‘long decade’ from 1958 to 1973 (Marwick, 1998). The postwar cohort came of age in the Sixties, and entered full adulthood at the time of the recession and oil crisis. They were bequeathed the National Health Service (NHS) and the Pill, among a raft of other intergenerational gifts. There was an interplay between what was bequeathed and the postwar generation’s own choices and activities in the constructing of the Sixties era. A range of topics are covered, from the new rhythmicity of music and dance to feminism, the Pill, a shift to modern household conveniences, fashion, the Cuban Missile Crisis and Earthrise, among others.
John Paul DiMoia
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804784115
- eISBN:
- 9780804786133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804784115.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter surveys the rapid growth of Family Planning (FP) in South Korea from the voluntary organizations of the 1940s to the massive state-directed campaigns of the 1960s and 1970s. Combining ...
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This chapter surveys the rapid growth of Family Planning (FP) in South Korea from the voluntary organizations of the 1940s to the massive state-directed campaigns of the 1960s and 1970s. Combining ambitious social science with a heavy dose of paternalism, the South Korean PPFK (Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea) and state together distributed birth control technologies—the Lippes loop, birth control pills—to women, while also encouraging voluntary sterilization for men in the form of vasectomy. Ultimately, the campaigns sought to tie the family to the nation through these technologies and by providing an array of incentives, arguing that the transition would mean better individual welfare as well as, collectively, a rapidly growing national economy.Less
This chapter surveys the rapid growth of Family Planning (FP) in South Korea from the voluntary organizations of the 1940s to the massive state-directed campaigns of the 1960s and 1970s. Combining ambitious social science with a heavy dose of paternalism, the South Korean PPFK (Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea) and state together distributed birth control technologies—the Lippes loop, birth control pills—to women, while also encouraging voluntary sterilization for men in the form of vasectomy. Ultimately, the campaigns sought to tie the family to the nation through these technologies and by providing an array of incentives, arguing that the transition would mean better individual welfare as well as, collectively, a rapidly growing national economy.
Drew Leder
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226396071
- eISBN:
- 9780226396248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226396248.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The pharmaceutical industry has undergone a vast expansion in recent decades. This chapter explores the central role now played by pills in clinical practice, but also in the public imagination. A ...
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The pharmaceutical industry has undergone a vast expansion in recent decades. This chapter explores the central role now played by pills in clinical practice, but also in the public imagination. A phenomenological analysis shows various ways in which pills can serve as ideal consumer items for widespread distribution; and also as model technological “devices” capable of downloading into the body healing chemicals. As such, they seem to promise a disburdening solution to many of life’s ills. Yet negative side-effects are explored not only of pills themselves, but of this exaggerated cultural fantasy of the all-curative pill. It tends to distract us from other more holistic understandings of the locus of disease and healing, including the mind/body’s own “meaning response” as illustrated by the placebo effect. Rather than demonize all pills, the quest is for a model that would help us choose and use them wisely. The pill, it is suggested, can best be re-contextualizing as a multidimensional gift. Suggestions are made for how this may lead to appropriate understanding, gratitude, and discernment. We may thus ingest fewer pills, but with greater efficacy.Less
The pharmaceutical industry has undergone a vast expansion in recent decades. This chapter explores the central role now played by pills in clinical practice, but also in the public imagination. A phenomenological analysis shows various ways in which pills can serve as ideal consumer items for widespread distribution; and also as model technological “devices” capable of downloading into the body healing chemicals. As such, they seem to promise a disburdening solution to many of life’s ills. Yet negative side-effects are explored not only of pills themselves, but of this exaggerated cultural fantasy of the all-curative pill. It tends to distract us from other more holistic understandings of the locus of disease and healing, including the mind/body’s own “meaning response” as illustrated by the placebo effect. Rather than demonize all pills, the quest is for a model that would help us choose and use them wisely. The pill, it is suggested, can best be re-contextualizing as a multidimensional gift. Suggestions are made for how this may lead to appropriate understanding, gratitude, and discernment. We may thus ingest fewer pills, but with greater efficacy.
J. Eric Ahlskog
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199977567
- eISBN:
- 9780197563342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199977567.003.0022
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Neurology
Case example: Mrs. H. feels lightheaded intermittently during the day. This happens exclusively when she is up and about. Sometimes she notes graying of vision with these episodes. The feeling is ...
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Case example: Mrs. H. feels lightheaded intermittently during the day. This happens exclusively when she is up and about. Sometimes she notes graying of vision with these episodes. The feeling is not spinning (i.e., not vertigo). She has fainted twice when standing in line at the grocery store. If she sits, she feels much better. It is worse in the morning but may recur any time of the day. She feels fine while lying in bed at night. Older adults often worry about high blood pressure (BP), yet the opposite problem, low BP, is common among those with DLB or PDD. This is because the Lewy neurodegenerative process impairs the autonomic nervous system. The specific condition that may afflict those with DLB or PDD is orthostatic hypotension. The term orthostatic implies the upright position (i.e., standing); hypotension translates into low BP. Thus, the low BP occurring in these Lewy disorders develops in the upright position; conversely, it is normal or even high when lying down. When standing or walking, the BP may drop so low that fainting occurs. Among people with orthostatic hypotension, the BP is normal when sitting, although in severe cases, even the sitting BP is low. Whereas most people with DLB or PDD do not experience symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, it is sufficiently frequent to deserve attention. It often goes undiagnosed, even when fainting occurs. Unrecognized orthostatic hypotension may limit activities and impair the person’s quality of life. The first half of this chapter provides further background, with focus on BP measurement and recognition of orthostatic hypotension. The last half addresses treatment. The normal autonomic nervous system senses the position of our body with respect to the pull of gravity. It is able to reflexively counter gravity’s downward pull on the blood volume when standing (gravity tends to draw blood toward our feet when standing). An important mechanism for countering gravity’s pull is the constriction of blood vessel diameter in the lower half of the body. These vessels reflexively constrict during standing, in effect forcing blood up to the brain. The autonomic nervous system mediates these and other reflexive changes to stabilize BP.
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Case example: Mrs. H. feels lightheaded intermittently during the day. This happens exclusively when she is up and about. Sometimes she notes graying of vision with these episodes. The feeling is not spinning (i.e., not vertigo). She has fainted twice when standing in line at the grocery store. If she sits, she feels much better. It is worse in the morning but may recur any time of the day. She feels fine while lying in bed at night. Older adults often worry about high blood pressure (BP), yet the opposite problem, low BP, is common among those with DLB or PDD. This is because the Lewy neurodegenerative process impairs the autonomic nervous system. The specific condition that may afflict those with DLB or PDD is orthostatic hypotension. The term orthostatic implies the upright position (i.e., standing); hypotension translates into low BP. Thus, the low BP occurring in these Lewy disorders develops in the upright position; conversely, it is normal or even high when lying down. When standing or walking, the BP may drop so low that fainting occurs. Among people with orthostatic hypotension, the BP is normal when sitting, although in severe cases, even the sitting BP is low. Whereas most people with DLB or PDD do not experience symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, it is sufficiently frequent to deserve attention. It often goes undiagnosed, even when fainting occurs. Unrecognized orthostatic hypotension may limit activities and impair the person’s quality of life. The first half of this chapter provides further background, with focus on BP measurement and recognition of orthostatic hypotension. The last half addresses treatment. The normal autonomic nervous system senses the position of our body with respect to the pull of gravity. It is able to reflexively counter gravity’s downward pull on the blood volume when standing (gravity tends to draw blood toward our feet when standing). An important mechanism for countering gravity’s pull is the constriction of blood vessel diameter in the lower half of the body. These vessels reflexively constrict during standing, in effect forcing blood up to the brain. The autonomic nervous system mediates these and other reflexive changes to stabilize BP.
Joan Marie Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469634692
- eISBN:
- 9781469634715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634692.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
While Sanger’s early focus was on increasing access to and information about birth control, one of her most loyal supporters, Katharine McCormick, consistently argued for the research and development ...
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While Sanger’s early focus was on increasing access to and information about birth control, one of her most loyal supporters, Katharine McCormick, consistently argued for the research and development of a new method of accessible, safe, reliable contraception controlled by women themselves, at a time when diaphragms, condoms, and withdrawal were common methods of birth control. Chapter 7 posits that McCormick’s feminism drove her to back development of the pill, correcting earlier historians who misunderstood her relationship with her husband. I also explain why Sanger and McCormick supported a prescription pill, which could be difficult for some women to obtain, while ostensibly trying to expand access to birth control. The chapter traces the way McCormick’s scientific interest in endocrinology, which developed from her intervention in her mentally ill husband’s medical care, and her feminist philosophy came together in her funding of the development of the birth control pill. At a time when Planned Parenthood was uninterested in research or concerned with developing a new contraceptive method that women could control, McCormick insisted that a pill was both possible and necessary, and she paid for its development by Gregory Pincus and John Rock. She then worked to ensure that women had access to the pill through its distribution at hospital clinics. McCormick single-handedly financed the expansion of reproductive rights for women through the development of the pill.Less
While Sanger’s early focus was on increasing access to and information about birth control, one of her most loyal supporters, Katharine McCormick, consistently argued for the research and development of a new method of accessible, safe, reliable contraception controlled by women themselves, at a time when diaphragms, condoms, and withdrawal were common methods of birth control. Chapter 7 posits that McCormick’s feminism drove her to back development of the pill, correcting earlier historians who misunderstood her relationship with her husband. I also explain why Sanger and McCormick supported a prescription pill, which could be difficult for some women to obtain, while ostensibly trying to expand access to birth control. The chapter traces the way McCormick’s scientific interest in endocrinology, which developed from her intervention in her mentally ill husband’s medical care, and her feminist philosophy came together in her funding of the development of the birth control pill. At a time when Planned Parenthood was uninterested in research or concerned with developing a new contraceptive method that women could control, McCormick insisted that a pill was both possible and necessary, and she paid for its development by Gregory Pincus and John Rock. She then worked to ensure that women had access to the pill through its distribution at hospital clinics. McCormick single-handedly financed the expansion of reproductive rights for women through the development of the pill.
