Karma Nabulsi
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294078
- eISBN:
- 9780191599972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294077.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This is the second of three chapters that set out the differing contexts through which the dilemma in the laws of war over the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants can be viewed: ...
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This is the second of three chapters that set out the differing contexts through which the dilemma in the laws of war over the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants can be viewed: political and diplomatic (Chapter 1), social (this chapter) and intellectual (Chapter 3). It explores the social history of army occupation and resistance to it in nineteenth century Europe – from the Napoleonic period to the Franco-Prussian war– and places these diplomatic failures in their broader social and political context. In particular it examines the range of army practices under occupation, and the effect that they had on civilian life. The different sections of the chapter discuss: pillaging, looting, requisitions and billeting; reprisals; hostage-taking; types of civilian behaviour –obedience to the occupier, political and armed acts of resistance, organized acts of resistance –guerrillas and franc-tireurs; levee en masse and other assorted insurrections; ideologies of resistance; religion as a source of resistance; and the influence of nationalism and patriotism.Less
This is the second of three chapters that set out the differing contexts through which the dilemma in the laws of war over the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants can be viewed: political and diplomatic (Chapter 1), social (this chapter) and intellectual (Chapter 3). It explores the social history of army occupation and resistance to it in nineteenth century Europe – from the Napoleonic period to the Franco-Prussian war– and places these diplomatic failures in their broader social and political context. In particular it examines the range of army practices under occupation, and the effect that they had on civilian life. The different sections of the chapter discuss: pillaging, looting, requisitions and billeting; reprisals; hostage-taking; types of civilian behaviour –obedience to the occupier, political and armed acts of resistance, organized acts of resistance –guerrillas and franc-tireurs; levee en masse and other assorted insurrections; ideologies of resistance; religion as a source of resistance; and the influence of nationalism and patriotism.
Ian K. Steele
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195084269
- eISBN:
- 9780199853977
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195084269.003.0024
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
The chapter looks at the events that happened in the dawn of August 9, 1757, with the defense of Fort William Henry suffering from the third battery of the French. General Webb, the British and ...
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The chapter looks at the events that happened in the dawn of August 9, 1757, with the defense of Fort William Henry suffering from the third battery of the French. General Webb, the British and colonial officer were unanimous in advising Monro to negotiate honorable terms of surrender. The Indians claimed the right to pillage the fort and were told to respect the properties of war which was to be claimed by the Canadian government and the personal effects of the English officers. This proved to be an unwise move as just moments after; cries of “Murder” and “Help” could be heard from within the fort. This is but the start of numerous atrocities which amounted to a massacre after the capture of Fort William Henry.Less
The chapter looks at the events that happened in the dawn of August 9, 1757, with the defense of Fort William Henry suffering from the third battery of the French. General Webb, the British and colonial officer were unanimous in advising Monro to negotiate honorable terms of surrender. The Indians claimed the right to pillage the fort and were told to respect the properties of war which was to be claimed by the Canadian government and the personal effects of the English officers. This proved to be an unwise move as just moments after; cries of “Murder” and “Help” could be heard from within the fort. This is but the start of numerous atrocities which amounted to a massacre after the capture of Fort William Henry.
Dolly Sumner Lunt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469607788
- eISBN:
- 9781469607801
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9781469607795_Lunt
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Dolly Sumner Lunt begins her diary, published in 1918, by recalling her anxiety about the approach of General Sherman's Union army on January 1, 1864. While she worries about the arrival of Sherman's ...
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Dolly Sumner Lunt begins her diary, published in 1918, by recalling her anxiety about the approach of General Sherman's Union army on January 1, 1864. While she worries about the arrival of Sherman's troops and their habit of pillaging and burning everything in their path, she records stories of visits by local raiders posing as U.S. soldiers and the sleepless nights she has spent watching fires on the horizon. Despite Lunt's efforts to hide her valuable possessions, which include sending her mules into the woods, dividing her stores of meat among the slaves, and burying the silver, the passing Union troops raid her house and plantation and take her slaves with them. They also set fire to cotton bales in her barn, but the blaze burns out before spreading, largely sparing Lunt's property the widespread destruction suffered by neighboring plantations. In her last entries, dated December 1865, Lunt writes optimistically about the recovery of her farm, her new sharecropping system, and the first cheerful Christmas in years.Less
Dolly Sumner Lunt begins her diary, published in 1918, by recalling her anxiety about the approach of General Sherman's Union army on January 1, 1864. While she worries about the arrival of Sherman's troops and their habit of pillaging and burning everything in their path, she records stories of visits by local raiders posing as U.S. soldiers and the sleepless nights she has spent watching fires on the horizon. Despite Lunt's efforts to hide her valuable possessions, which include sending her mules into the woods, dividing her stores of meat among the slaves, and burying the silver, the passing Union troops raid her house and plantation and take her slaves with them. They also set fire to cotton bales in her barn, but the blaze burns out before spreading, largely sparing Lunt's property the widespread destruction suffered by neighboring plantations. In her last entries, dated December 1865, Lunt writes optimistically about the recovery of her farm, her new sharecropping system, and the first cheerful Christmas in years.
Leora Auslander and Tara Zahra (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501720079
- eISBN:
- 9781501720086
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501720079.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Historians have become increasingly interested in material culture as both a category of analysis and as a teaching tool. What new insights can historians gain about the past by thinking about ...
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Historians have become increasingly interested in material culture as both a category of analysis and as a teaching tool. What new insights can historians gain about the past by thinking about things? A central object (and consequence) of modern warfare is the radical destruction and transformation of the material world. And yet we know little about the role of material culture in the history of war and forced displacement: objects carried in flight; objects stolen on battlefields; objects expropriated, reappropriated, and remembered. This book illuminates the ways in which people have used things to grapple with the social, cultural, and psychological upheavals wrought by war and forced displacement. Chapters consider theft and pillaging as strategies of conquest; soldiers' relationships with their weapons; and the use of clothing and domestic goods by prisoners of war, extermination camp inmates, freed people, and refugees to make claims and to create a kind of normalcy. While studies of migration and material culture have proliferated in recent years, as have histories of the Napoleonic, colonial, World Wars, and postcolonial wars, few have focused on the movement of people and things in times of war across two centuries. This focus, in combination with a broad temporal canvas, serves historians and others well as they seek to push beyond the written word.Less
Historians have become increasingly interested in material culture as both a category of analysis and as a teaching tool. What new insights can historians gain about the past by thinking about things? A central object (and consequence) of modern warfare is the radical destruction and transformation of the material world. And yet we know little about the role of material culture in the history of war and forced displacement: objects carried in flight; objects stolen on battlefields; objects expropriated, reappropriated, and remembered. This book illuminates the ways in which people have used things to grapple with the social, cultural, and psychological upheavals wrought by war and forced displacement. Chapters consider theft and pillaging as strategies of conquest; soldiers' relationships with their weapons; and the use of clothing and domestic goods by prisoners of war, extermination camp inmates, freed people, and refugees to make claims and to create a kind of normalcy. While studies of migration and material culture have proliferated in recent years, as have histories of the Napoleonic, colonial, World Wars, and postcolonial wars, few have focused on the movement of people and things in times of war across two centuries. This focus, in combination with a broad temporal canvas, serves historians and others well as they seek to push beyond the written word.
Neil Brodie, Morag M. Kersel, Christina Luke, and Kathryn Walker Tubb (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813029726
- eISBN:
- 9780813039145
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813029726.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
Archaeological artifacts have become a traded commodity in large part because the global reach of Western society allows easy access to the world's archaeological heritage. Acquired by the world's ...
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Archaeological artifacts have become a traded commodity in large part because the global reach of Western society allows easy access to the world's archaeological heritage. Acquired by the world's leading museums and private collectors, antiquities have been removed from archaeological sites, monuments, or cultural institutions and illegally traded. This book investigates the ways that commodifying artifacts fuels the destruction of archaeological heritage and considers what can be done to protect it. Despite growing national and international legislation to protect cultural heritage, increasing numbers of archaeological sites—among them, war-torn Afghanistan and Iraq—are subject to pillage as the monetary value of artifacts rises. Offering examinations of archaeological site looting, the antiquities trade, the ruin of cultural heritage resources, and the international efforts to combat their destruction, the chapters argue that the antiquities market impacts cultural heritage around the world and is a burgeoning global crisis.Less
Archaeological artifacts have become a traded commodity in large part because the global reach of Western society allows easy access to the world's archaeological heritage. Acquired by the world's leading museums and private collectors, antiquities have been removed from archaeological sites, monuments, or cultural institutions and illegally traded. This book investigates the ways that commodifying artifacts fuels the destruction of archaeological heritage and considers what can be done to protect it. Despite growing national and international legislation to protect cultural heritage, increasing numbers of archaeological sites—among them, war-torn Afghanistan and Iraq—are subject to pillage as the monetary value of artifacts rises. Offering examinations of archaeological site looting, the antiquities trade, the ruin of cultural heritage resources, and the international efforts to combat their destruction, the chapters argue that the antiquities market impacts cultural heritage around the world and is a burgeoning global crisis.
Neil Brodie, Morag M. Kersel, and Kathryn Walker Tubb
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813029726
- eISBN:
- 9780813039145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813029726.003.0008
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter emphasizes the commodifying effects of display. It specifically reveals that sales of Ulúa-style marble vases from Honduras increased after an exhibition of vases in 1992 at the Houston ...
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This chapter emphasizes the commodifying effects of display. It specifically reveals that sales of Ulúa-style marble vases from Honduras increased after an exhibition of vases in 1992 at the Houston Museum of Fine Arts. It uses data from the Lower Ulúa Valley of northwestern Honduras to address the global problem of pillage. It examines how systematically collected archaeological data provide an invaluable tool for exploring the result of pillage on the landscape. The findings of archaeological projects geared toward documenting the cultural history of the region are outlined to give readers a framework. Next, the correlation between intense looting, development, and the art market in Honduras is investigated. Building on these data, it examines the international art market for a specific object type, Ulúa marble vases, and the intensity and aim of looting activities for these vases.Less
This chapter emphasizes the commodifying effects of display. It specifically reveals that sales of Ulúa-style marble vases from Honduras increased after an exhibition of vases in 1992 at the Houston Museum of Fine Arts. It uses data from the Lower Ulúa Valley of northwestern Honduras to address the global problem of pillage. It examines how systematically collected archaeological data provide an invaluable tool for exploring the result of pillage on the landscape. The findings of archaeological projects geared toward documenting the cultural history of the region are outlined to give readers a framework. Next, the correlation between intense looting, development, and the art market in Honduras is investigated. Building on these data, it examines the international art market for a specific object type, Ulúa marble vases, and the intensity and aim of looting activities for these vases.
Miroslav Verner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789774165634
- eISBN:
- 9781617975431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774165634.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Heliopolis was considered by the historian Herodotus to be the oldest center of learning in Egypt. It is very difficult to reconstruct the history of this ancient city, despite the fact that in size ...
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Heliopolis was considered by the historian Herodotus to be the oldest center of learning in Egypt. It is very difficult to reconstruct the history of this ancient city, despite the fact that in size it rivalled Thebes and Memphis and its temples and cults fascinated the learned men of classical antiquity. Schools founded by Plato and Eudoxus flourished here for a long time. The fate of Heliopolis was in many respects even more tragic than that of Memphis, for the City of the Sun was almost completely robbed of its grand monuments in several successive waves of pillage. The locations of all the cult sites in Heliopolis and what remains of them continue to present a great archaeological puzzle, which may never be wholly solved. Although archaeologists have not yet been able to thoroughly investigate the oldest cult site in Heliopolis and form a more precise idea of how the original sun temple might have looked, evidence from elsewhere in Egypt helps to define the possibilities. Heliopolis was probably the oldest religious center of Egypt. According to the Pyramid Texts, it was at Heliopolis that the god-creator Atum emerged from the chaos as a hill or mound and started on his work of creation.Less
Heliopolis was considered by the historian Herodotus to be the oldest center of learning in Egypt. It is very difficult to reconstruct the history of this ancient city, despite the fact that in size it rivalled Thebes and Memphis and its temples and cults fascinated the learned men of classical antiquity. Schools founded by Plato and Eudoxus flourished here for a long time. The fate of Heliopolis was in many respects even more tragic than that of Memphis, for the City of the Sun was almost completely robbed of its grand monuments in several successive waves of pillage. The locations of all the cult sites in Heliopolis and what remains of them continue to present a great archaeological puzzle, which may never be wholly solved. Although archaeologists have not yet been able to thoroughly investigate the oldest cult site in Heliopolis and form a more precise idea of how the original sun temple might have looked, evidence from elsewhere in Egypt helps to define the possibilities. Heliopolis was probably the oldest religious center of Egypt. According to the Pyramid Texts, it was at Heliopolis that the god-creator Atum emerged from the chaos as a hill or mound and started on his work of creation.
Lawrence Rothfield
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226729459
- eISBN:
- 9780226729435
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226729435.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
On April 10, 2003, as the world watched a statue of Saddam Hussein come crashing down in the heart of Baghdad, a mob of looters attacked the Iraq National Museum. Despite the presence of an American ...
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On April 10, 2003, as the world watched a statue of Saddam Hussein come crashing down in the heart of Baghdad, a mob of looters attacked the Iraq National Museum. Despite the presence of an American tank unit, the pillaging went unchecked, and more than 15,000 artifacts—some of the oldest evidence of human culture—disappeared into the shadowy worldwide market in illicit antiquities. In the five years since that day, the losses have only mounted, with gangs digging up roughly half a million artifacts that had previously been unexcavated; the loss to our shared human heritage is incalculable. This book answers the complicated question of how this wholesale thievery was allowed to occur. Drawing on extensive interviews with soldiers, bureaucrats, war planners, archaeologists, and collectors, the author reconstructs the planning failures—originating at the highest levels of the U.S. government—that led to the invading forces' utter indifference to the protection of Iraq's cultural heritage from looters. Widespread incompetence and miscommunication on the part of the Pentagon, unchecked by the weak advocacy efforts of worldwide preservation advocates, enabled a tragedy that continues even today, despite widespread public outrage. Bringing his story up to the present, the author argues that the international community has yet to learn the lessons of Iraq—and that what happened there is liable to be repeated in future conflicts.Less
On April 10, 2003, as the world watched a statue of Saddam Hussein come crashing down in the heart of Baghdad, a mob of looters attacked the Iraq National Museum. Despite the presence of an American tank unit, the pillaging went unchecked, and more than 15,000 artifacts—some of the oldest evidence of human culture—disappeared into the shadowy worldwide market in illicit antiquities. In the five years since that day, the losses have only mounted, with gangs digging up roughly half a million artifacts that had previously been unexcavated; the loss to our shared human heritage is incalculable. This book answers the complicated question of how this wholesale thievery was allowed to occur. Drawing on extensive interviews with soldiers, bureaucrats, war planners, archaeologists, and collectors, the author reconstructs the planning failures—originating at the highest levels of the U.S. government—that led to the invading forces' utter indifference to the protection of Iraq's cultural heritage from looters. Widespread incompetence and miscommunication on the part of the Pentagon, unchecked by the weak advocacy efforts of worldwide preservation advocates, enabled a tragedy that continues even today, despite widespread public outrage. Bringing his story up to the present, the author argues that the international community has yet to learn the lessons of Iraq—and that what happened there is liable to be repeated in future conflicts.
Olivia Radics and Carl Bruch
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198784630
- eISBN:
- 9780191827051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198784630.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter explores the role of the law of pillage in the emerging body of jus post bellum with respect to temporal considerations as to its application; its relationship to the law of occupation; ...
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This chapter explores the role of the law of pillage in the emerging body of jus post bellum with respect to temporal considerations as to its application; its relationship to the law of occupation; the scope of actors to whom pillage applies; and the legal and practical implications of approaching pillage as an economic crime. The chapter discusses questions such as to what extent does the law of pillage continue to apply during the post-conflict period and to whom does it apply? Would it include unelected transitional government officials who might be found liable for making decisions on natural resource concessions? Does the law of pillage apply to occupying forces having de facto or de jure control over a country? How would it relate to immovable state property in occupation? The chapter discusses the viability of war crimes prosecutions for pillage as well as of alternative avenues of accountability.Less
This chapter explores the role of the law of pillage in the emerging body of jus post bellum with respect to temporal considerations as to its application; its relationship to the law of occupation; the scope of actors to whom pillage applies; and the legal and practical implications of approaching pillage as an economic crime. The chapter discusses questions such as to what extent does the law of pillage continue to apply during the post-conflict period and to whom does it apply? Would it include unelected transitional government officials who might be found liable for making decisions on natural resource concessions? Does the law of pillage apply to occupying forces having de facto or de jure control over a country? How would it relate to immovable state property in occupation? The chapter discusses the viability of war crimes prosecutions for pillage as well as of alternative avenues of accountability.
Christy Pichichero
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501709296
- eISBN:
- 9781501709654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501709296.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Arguing against a narrative of rupture, this chapter shows the continuing influence of the Military Enlightenment on Revolutionary and Napoleonic martial cultures. From a military standpoint, ...
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Arguing against a narrative of rupture, this chapter shows the continuing influence of the Military Enlightenment on Revolutionary and Napoleonic martial cultures. From a military standpoint, grappling with the wars of 1792 to 1815 demanded renewed efforts to optimize systems of logistics, manpower, tactics, technology, and medicine. Enlightenment paradigms of reform – adopting an esprit philosophique, buttressing martial sociability (fraternity, Napoleonic friendship), exercising sensibilité in care for troops, and further democratizing heroism and citizenship – framed these efforts. In addition to highlighting continuity and indeed the apogee of certain aspects of the Military Enlightenment, this chapter also point to transgressions, particularly Napoleon’s alleged promulgation of pillage and rape culture.Less
Arguing against a narrative of rupture, this chapter shows the continuing influence of the Military Enlightenment on Revolutionary and Napoleonic martial cultures. From a military standpoint, grappling with the wars of 1792 to 1815 demanded renewed efforts to optimize systems of logistics, manpower, tactics, technology, and medicine. Enlightenment paradigms of reform – adopting an esprit philosophique, buttressing martial sociability (fraternity, Napoleonic friendship), exercising sensibilité in care for troops, and further democratizing heroism and citizenship – framed these efforts. In addition to highlighting continuity and indeed the apogee of certain aspects of the Military Enlightenment, this chapter also point to transgressions, particularly Napoleon’s alleged promulgation of pillage and rape culture.
Matthew Gillett
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198784630
- eISBN:
- 9780191827051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198784630.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter examines the provisions of international criminal law applicable to serious environmental harm, particularly during non-international armed conflicts ('NIAC'). After describing incidents ...
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This chapter examines the provisions of international criminal law applicable to serious environmental harm, particularly during non-international armed conflicts ('NIAC'). After describing incidents of serious environmental harm arising in armed conflicts, the analysis surveys the provisions of international criminal law applicable to environmental harm during NIACs, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and aggression. It then examines the basis for extending to NIACs the protection against military attacks causing excessive environmental harm (set out in Art. 8(2)(b)(iv) of the Rome Statute), which is currently only applicable in IACs. The examination of this possible amendment of the Rome Statute covers a broad range of instruments and laws forming part of international and national legal codes, all addressing grave environmental harm. Finally, the analysis turns to accountability for environmental harm as a facet of jus post bellum, emphasizing the interconnected nature of environmental harm and cycles of violence and atrocities.Less
This chapter examines the provisions of international criminal law applicable to serious environmental harm, particularly during non-international armed conflicts ('NIAC'). After describing incidents of serious environmental harm arising in armed conflicts, the analysis surveys the provisions of international criminal law applicable to environmental harm during NIACs, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, and aggression. It then examines the basis for extending to NIACs the protection against military attacks causing excessive environmental harm (set out in Art. 8(2)(b)(iv) of the Rome Statute), which is currently only applicable in IACs. The examination of this possible amendment of the Rome Statute covers a broad range of instruments and laws forming part of international and national legal codes, all addressing grave environmental harm. Finally, the analysis turns to accountability for environmental harm as a facet of jus post bellum, emphasizing the interconnected nature of environmental harm and cycles of violence and atrocities.
Jón Viðar Sigurðsson
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501760471
- eISBN:
- 9781501760495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501760471.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter focuses on the three sources of income in the Viking Age economy: pillaging, farming, and trade. It highlights that there was tension between these sources of income as people in Viking ...
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This chapter focuses on the three sources of income in the Viking Age economy: pillaging, farming, and trade. It highlights that there was tension between these sources of income as people in Viking Age society lived a hand-to-mouth existence, and plundering and trading claimed human resources that would otherwise be working the farm. Farming was the fundamental element of the Viking Age economy in Scandinavia because local food production provided the basis for society's continued existence. Additionally, the chapter provides the context that householders, in clear distinction from their counterparts in other parts of Europe, did not pay taxes to their kings and chieftains. Demographic growth played a crucial role in economic development during this period. The chapter also speaks of a large portion of the riches acquired by the Vikings on their raids which probably ended up in the pockets of the Danish kings. Next, the chapter looks at the mercantile activities of the Vikings who controlled the seas in western and northern Europe and the routes that bound the trading networks together.Less
This chapter focuses on the three sources of income in the Viking Age economy: pillaging, farming, and trade. It highlights that there was tension between these sources of income as people in Viking Age society lived a hand-to-mouth existence, and plundering and trading claimed human resources that would otherwise be working the farm. Farming was the fundamental element of the Viking Age economy in Scandinavia because local food production provided the basis for society's continued existence. Additionally, the chapter provides the context that householders, in clear distinction from their counterparts in other parts of Europe, did not pay taxes to their kings and chieftains. Demographic growth played a crucial role in economic development during this period. The chapter also speaks of a large portion of the riches acquired by the Vikings on their raids which probably ended up in the pockets of the Danish kings. Next, the chapter looks at the mercantile activities of the Vikings who controlled the seas in western and northern Europe and the routes that bound the trading networks together.
Henri Decoeur
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198823933
- eISBN:
- 9780191862649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198823933.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Chapter 2 discusses whether the involvement of senior public officials in organized crime may amount to an internationally wrongful act of the state. It shows that the conduct of state officials ...
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Chapter 2 discusses whether the involvement of senior public officials in organized crime may amount to an internationally wrongful act of the state. It shows that the conduct of state officials using the resources of the state to commit of facilitate the commission of organized criminal activities may in most cases be considered attributable to the state, discusses the situations in which the participation of the organs or agents of a state in organized crime may constitute a breach of an international obligation of the state, and outlines the conditions under which other states may be entitled to invoke the responsibility of a state involved in state organized crime where that state may be considered to have committed an internationally wrongful act.Less
Chapter 2 discusses whether the involvement of senior public officials in organized crime may amount to an internationally wrongful act of the state. It shows that the conduct of state officials using the resources of the state to commit of facilitate the commission of organized criminal activities may in most cases be considered attributable to the state, discusses the situations in which the participation of the organs or agents of a state in organized crime may constitute a breach of an international obligation of the state, and outlines the conditions under which other states may be entitled to invoke the responsibility of a state involved in state organized crime where that state may be considered to have committed an internationally wrongful act.
Jérémie Gilbert
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198795667
- eISBN:
- 9780191836978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198795667.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter analyses the potential role that human rights law can play when control over natural resources is associated with loss of life. It examines three different approaches. The first focuses ...
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This chapter analyses the potential role that human rights law can play when control over natural resources is associated with loss of life. It examines three different approaches. The first focuses on livelihood and examines situations where life is in danger for lack of access to natural resources essential to sustaining life, and explores how the right to life can be interpreted to include access to essential natural sources such as water and food. The second approach focuses on accountability for crimes during ‘resources conflicts’, and examines the relationship between international human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law with the objective of analysing the criminal approach to armed conflicts connected to natural resources. The third approach relates to the protection of individuals who have lost their lives, or whose physical integrity is in jeopardy, as result of their personal engagement to protect natural resources. It focuses on the rights of ‘environmental defenders’ and ‘land and natural resources defenders’—those who have become human rights defenders as a result of their actions taken to protect natural resources.Less
This chapter analyses the potential role that human rights law can play when control over natural resources is associated with loss of life. It examines three different approaches. The first focuses on livelihood and examines situations where life is in danger for lack of access to natural resources essential to sustaining life, and explores how the right to life can be interpreted to include access to essential natural sources such as water and food. The second approach focuses on accountability for crimes during ‘resources conflicts’, and examines the relationship between international human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law with the objective of analysing the criminal approach to armed conflicts connected to natural resources. The third approach relates to the protection of individuals who have lost their lives, or whose physical integrity is in jeopardy, as result of their personal engagement to protect natural resources. It focuses on the rights of ‘environmental defenders’ and ‘land and natural resources defenders’—those who have become human rights defenders as a result of their actions taken to protect natural resources.