Keith Hossack
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199206728
- eISBN:
- 9780191709777
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206728.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This book presents the thesis that knowledge is an absolutely fundamental relation, with an indispensable role to play in metaphysics, philosophical logic, and philosophy of mind and language. ...
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This book presents the thesis that knowledge is an absolutely fundamental relation, with an indispensable role to play in metaphysics, philosophical logic, and philosophy of mind and language. Knowledge has been generally assumed to be a propositional attitude like belief. But this book argues that knowledge is not a relation to a content; rather, it's a relation to a fact. This point of view allows us to explain many of the concepts of philosophical logic in terms of knowledge. The book provides a theory of facts as structured combinations of particulars and universals, and presents a theory of content as the property of a mental act that determines its value for getting knowledge. It also defends a theory of representation in which the conceptual structure of content is taken to picture the fact it represents. This permits definitions to be given of reference, truth, and necessity in terms of knowledge. Turning to the metaphysics of mind and language, the book argues that a conscious state is one that is identical with knowledge of its own occurrence. This allows us to characterize subjectivity, and, by illuminating the ‘I’-concept, allows us to gain a better understanding of the concept of a person. Language is then explained in terms of knowledge, as a device used by a community of persons for exchanging knowledge by testimony. The book concludes that knowledge is too fundamental to be constituted by something else, such as one's functional or physical state; other things may cause knowledge, but do not constitute it.Less
This book presents the thesis that knowledge is an absolutely fundamental relation, with an indispensable role to play in metaphysics, philosophical logic, and philosophy of mind and language. Knowledge has been generally assumed to be a propositional attitude like belief. But this book argues that knowledge is not a relation to a content; rather, it's a relation to a fact. This point of view allows us to explain many of the concepts of philosophical logic in terms of knowledge. The book provides a theory of facts as structured combinations of particulars and universals, and presents a theory of content as the property of a mental act that determines its value for getting knowledge. It also defends a theory of representation in which the conceptual structure of content is taken to picture the fact it represents. This permits definitions to be given of reference, truth, and necessity in terms of knowledge. Turning to the metaphysics of mind and language, the book argues that a conscious state is one that is identical with knowledge of its own occurrence. This allows us to characterize subjectivity, and, by illuminating the ‘I’-concept, allows us to gain a better understanding of the concept of a person. Language is then explained in terms of knowledge, as a device used by a community of persons for exchanging knowledge by testimony. The book concludes that knowledge is too fundamental to be constituted by something else, such as one's functional or physical state; other things may cause knowledge, but do not constitute it.
Susan Kozel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262113106
- eISBN:
- 9780262277563
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262113106.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This book draws on live performance practice, digital technologies, and the philosophical approach of phenomenology. The human body is placed at the center of explorations of interactive interfaces, ...
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This book draws on live performance practice, digital technologies, and the philosophical approach of phenomenology. The human body is placed at the center of explorations of interactive interfaces, responsive systems, and affective computing. The author asks what can be discovered as we become closer to our computers—as they become extensions of our ways of thinking, moving, and touching. Performance can act as a catalyst for understanding wider social and cultural uses of digital technology. Taking this one step further, performative acts of sharing the body through our digital devices foster a collaborative construction of new physical states, levels of conscious awareness, and even ethics. We reencounter ourselves and others through our interactive computer systems. What we need now are conceptual and methodological frameworks to reflect this. The book offers a reworking of the phenomenology of French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty. This method, based on a respect for lived experience, begins by listening to the senses and noting insights that arrive in the midst of dance, or quite simply in the midst of life. The combination of performance and phenomenology yields entwinements between experience and reflection that shed light on, problematize, or restructure scholarly approaches to human bodies using digital technologies. After outlining her approach and methodology and clarifying the key concepts of performance, technologies, and virtuality, the author applies the phenomenological method to the experience of designing and performing in a range of computational systems: telematics, motion capture, responsive architectures, and wearable computing.Less
This book draws on live performance practice, digital technologies, and the philosophical approach of phenomenology. The human body is placed at the center of explorations of interactive interfaces, responsive systems, and affective computing. The author asks what can be discovered as we become closer to our computers—as they become extensions of our ways of thinking, moving, and touching. Performance can act as a catalyst for understanding wider social and cultural uses of digital technology. Taking this one step further, performative acts of sharing the body through our digital devices foster a collaborative construction of new physical states, levels of conscious awareness, and even ethics. We reencounter ourselves and others through our interactive computer systems. What we need now are conceptual and methodological frameworks to reflect this. The book offers a reworking of the phenomenology of French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty. This method, based on a respect for lived experience, begins by listening to the senses and noting insights that arrive in the midst of dance, or quite simply in the midst of life. The combination of performance and phenomenology yields entwinements between experience and reflection that shed light on, problematize, or restructure scholarly approaches to human bodies using digital technologies. After outlining her approach and methodology and clarifying the key concepts of performance, technologies, and virtuality, the author applies the phenomenological method to the experience of designing and performing in a range of computational systems: telematics, motion capture, responsive architectures, and wearable computing.
Ronnie W. Smith and D. Richard Hipp
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195091878
- eISBN:
- 9780197560686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195091878.003.0005
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Human-Computer Interaction
Consider the following dialog situation. The computer is providing a human user with assistance in fixing an electronic circuit that causes a Light Emitting Diode ...
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Consider the following dialog situation. The computer is providing a human user with assistance in fixing an electronic circuit that causes a Light Emitting Diode (LED) to display in a certain way. The current focus of the task and dialog is to determine the status of a wire between labeled connectors 84 and 99, a wire needed for the circuit that is absent. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 show two possible dialog interactions that could occur at this point. In figure 3.1, the computer has total dialog control, and a total of 29 utterances are needed to guide the user through the rest of the dialog. In figure 3.2, the human user has overall dialog control, but the computer is allowed to provide direct assistance as needed (i.e. in helping add the wire). Only 11 utterances are needed for the experienced user to complete the dialog. These samples are from interactions with a working spoken natural language dialog system. To engage in such dialog interactions, a system must exhibit the behaviors mentioned at the beginning of chapter 1: (1) problem solving for providing task assistance, (2) conducting subdialogs to achieve appropriate subgoals, (3) exploiting user model to enable useful interactions, (4) exploiting context dependent expectations when interpreting user inputs, and (5) engaging in variable initiative dialogs. Achieving these behaviors while facilitating the measurement of system performance via experimental interaction requires a theory of dialog processing that integrates the following subtheories. • An abstract model of interactive task processing. • A theory about the purpose of language within the interactive task processing environment. • A theory of user model usage. • A theory of contextual interpretation. • A theory of variable initiative dialog. This chapter presents such a theory of dialog processing. Frequent reference to the dialog examples in figures 3.1 and 3.2 will guide the discussion. The first section discusses the overall system architecture that facilitates integrated dialog processing. The remainder of the chapter addresses each subtheory in turn, emphasizing how each fits into the overall architecture. The chapter concludes with a summary description of the integrated model.
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Consider the following dialog situation. The computer is providing a human user with assistance in fixing an electronic circuit that causes a Light Emitting Diode (LED) to display in a certain way. The current focus of the task and dialog is to determine the status of a wire between labeled connectors 84 and 99, a wire needed for the circuit that is absent. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 show two possible dialog interactions that could occur at this point. In figure 3.1, the computer has total dialog control, and a total of 29 utterances are needed to guide the user through the rest of the dialog. In figure 3.2, the human user has overall dialog control, but the computer is allowed to provide direct assistance as needed (i.e. in helping add the wire). Only 11 utterances are needed for the experienced user to complete the dialog. These samples are from interactions with a working spoken natural language dialog system. To engage in such dialog interactions, a system must exhibit the behaviors mentioned at the beginning of chapter 1: (1) problem solving for providing task assistance, (2) conducting subdialogs to achieve appropriate subgoals, (3) exploiting user model to enable useful interactions, (4) exploiting context dependent expectations when interpreting user inputs, and (5) engaging in variable initiative dialogs. Achieving these behaviors while facilitating the measurement of system performance via experimental interaction requires a theory of dialog processing that integrates the following subtheories. • An abstract model of interactive task processing. • A theory about the purpose of language within the interactive task processing environment. • A theory of user model usage. • A theory of contextual interpretation. • A theory of variable initiative dialog. This chapter presents such a theory of dialog processing. Frequent reference to the dialog examples in figures 3.1 and 3.2 will guide the discussion. The first section discusses the overall system architecture that facilitates integrated dialog processing. The remainder of the chapter addresses each subtheory in turn, emphasizing how each fits into the overall architecture. The chapter concludes with a summary description of the integrated model.