Jo Salmon and Abby C. King
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199571512
- eISBN:
- 9780191595097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571512.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents a selected overview of the latest evidence for population approaches for increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour in different population segments (e.g., ...
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This chapter presents a selected overview of the latest evidence for population approaches for increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour in different population segments (e.g., children, adolescents, young adults, mid-life adults, and older adults). It considers this evidence within a social ecological context. Emerging issues and directions in the field are also presented.Less
This chapter presents a selected overview of the latest evidence for population approaches for increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour in different population segments (e.g., children, adolescents, young adults, mid-life adults, and older adults). It considers this evidence within a social ecological context. Emerging issues and directions in the field are also presented.
Frank B. Hu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195312911
- eISBN:
- 9780199865260
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195312911.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter begins by discussing conceptual definitions and the multidimensional aspects of physical activity and exercise. It then describes self-reported methods and monitoring devices for ...
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This chapter begins by discussing conceptual definitions and the multidimensional aspects of physical activity and exercise. It then describes self-reported methods and monitoring devices for measuring physical activity commonly used in epidemiologic studies. It discusses validation studies of physical activity questionnaires and methods used to correct for measurement errors in the analyses of physical activity and obesity and weight change.Less
This chapter begins by discussing conceptual definitions and the multidimensional aspects of physical activity and exercise. It then describes self-reported methods and monitoring devices for measuring physical activity commonly used in epidemiologic studies. It discusses validation studies of physical activity questionnaires and methods used to correct for measurement errors in the analyses of physical activity and obesity and weight change.
Stephanie Zaza, Peter A. Briss, and Kate W. Harris
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195151091
- eISBN:
- 9780199864973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151091.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter summarizes the conclusions and recommendations from the Task Force on interventions to increase physical activity using three types of approaches: informational, behavioral and social, ...
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This chapter summarizes the conclusions and recommendations from the Task Force on interventions to increase physical activity using three types of approaches: informational, behavioral and social, and environmental and policy. To increase physical activity using informational approaches, the Task Force recommends community-wide campaigns and point-of-decision prompts. To increase physical activity using behavioral or social approaches, the Task Force recommendations include school-based physical education, individually-adapted health behavior change programs, and social support interventions in community settings. To increase physical activity using environmental or policy approaches, the Task Force recommends the creation of or enhanced access to places for physical activity combined with information outreach activities, and point-of-decision prompts.Less
This chapter summarizes the conclusions and recommendations from the Task Force on interventions to increase physical activity using three types of approaches: informational, behavioral and social, and environmental and policy. To increase physical activity using informational approaches, the Task Force recommends community-wide campaigns and point-of-decision prompts. To increase physical activity using behavioral or social approaches, the Task Force recommendations include school-based physical education, individually-adapted health behavior change programs, and social support interventions in community settings. To increase physical activity using environmental or policy approaches, the Task Force recommends the creation of or enhanced access to places for physical activity combined with information outreach activities, and point-of-decision prompts.
Hugo Crombie, Amanda Killoran, and Bhash Naidoo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199563623
- eISBN:
- 9780191722554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563623.003.026
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the development of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) public health guidance on physical activity and the environment. The guidance was aimed at ...
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This chapter discusses the development of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) public health guidance on physical activity and the environment. The guidance was aimed at professionals whose activities within the National Health Service (NHS), local authorities, and the wider public, private, voluntary, and community sectors, could impact on the public's physical activity levels. Such actions would help increase levels of physical activity among local communities, to meet the physical activity recommendations of the Chief Medical Officer of England. The chapter first sets out the context in England for the development of guidance (low levels of physical activity and policy targets for improvements). It then documents the principal NICE processes and methods involved in the development of the guidance: establishing a conceptual framework, identifying and synthesis of the best available evidence, developing and testing of recommendations, and facilitating implementation of the guidance. The lessons and implications are then considered.Less
This chapter discusses the development of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) public health guidance on physical activity and the environment. The guidance was aimed at professionals whose activities within the National Health Service (NHS), local authorities, and the wider public, private, voluntary, and community sectors, could impact on the public's physical activity levels. Such actions would help increase levels of physical activity among local communities, to meet the physical activity recommendations of the Chief Medical Officer of England. The chapter first sets out the context in England for the development of guidance (low levels of physical activity and policy targets for improvements). It then documents the principal NICE processes and methods involved in the development of the guidance: establishing a conceptual framework, identifying and synthesis of the best available evidence, developing and testing of recommendations, and facilitating implementation of the guidance. The lessons and implications are then considered.
Barbara Sternfeld and I-Min Lee
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews data on the associations between physical activity and the development of various site-specific cancers. The observed associations will be considered in terms of generally ...
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This chapter reviews data on the associations between physical activity and the development of various site-specific cancers. The observed associations will be considered in terms of generally accepted criteria for inference of causality which include: (1) strength of the association; (2) consistency of the association across different studies in different populations; (3) existence of appropriate temporal relations; and (4) existence of a dose-response relationship. The chapter also discusses issues of chance, confounding, and bias as alternate explanations for the observed associations. It briefly reviews evidence suggesting biological plausibility, all of which are additional important criteria for evaluating causality. Finally, it considers the public health significance of current knowledge for reducing the risk of cancer through regular physical activity.Less
This chapter reviews data on the associations between physical activity and the development of various site-specific cancers. The observed associations will be considered in terms of generally accepted criteria for inference of causality which include: (1) strength of the association; (2) consistency of the association across different studies in different populations; (3) existence of appropriate temporal relations; and (4) existence of a dose-response relationship. The chapter also discusses issues of chance, confounding, and bias as alternate explanations for the observed associations. It briefly reviews evidence suggesting biological plausibility, all of which are additional important criteria for evaluating causality. Finally, it considers the public health significance of current knowledge for reducing the risk of cancer through regular physical activity.
I-Min Lee (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
There is a large body of scientific evidence—much of this coming from epidemiologic studies—clearly documenting the benefits of physical activity for better health and increased longevity. Physical ...
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There is a large body of scientific evidence—much of this coming from epidemiologic studies—clearly documenting the benefits of physical activity for better health and increased longevity. Physical activity has been described as a “magic bullet” for health, and a “best buy” for public health. While early studies contented themselves with understanding whether physical activity can reduce the risk of particular diseases, contemporary studies also seek further details and nuances that inform public health recommendations, including details on the amount, kinds, duration, and frequency of physical activity needed. This book provides information regarding epidemiologic methods used in studies of physical activity, and is divided into four sections. The first section provides a personal, historical accounting of early research in the field. The second section covers methodologic issues in epidemiologic studies of physical activity and health (including issues in physical activity measurement; assessing dose-response relationships; the role of genetics; design, conduct, and analysis of data from cohort studies; and surveillance of physical activity and inactivity). The third section provides data on the relations between physical activity and several major health outcomes, while illustrating the methodologic issues described in section two. The last section focuses on physical activity promotion, describing the evolution of physical activity recommendations over time and discussing methodological issues in designing and evaluating interventions to increase physical activity at a population level.Less
There is a large body of scientific evidence—much of this coming from epidemiologic studies—clearly documenting the benefits of physical activity for better health and increased longevity. Physical activity has been described as a “magic bullet” for health, and a “best buy” for public health. While early studies contented themselves with understanding whether physical activity can reduce the risk of particular diseases, contemporary studies also seek further details and nuances that inform public health recommendations, including details on the amount, kinds, duration, and frequency of physical activity needed. This book provides information regarding epidemiologic methods used in studies of physical activity, and is divided into four sections. The first section provides a personal, historical accounting of early research in the field. The second section covers methodologic issues in epidemiologic studies of physical activity and health (including issues in physical activity measurement; assessing dose-response relationships; the role of genetics; design, conduct, and analysis of data from cohort studies; and surveillance of physical activity and inactivity). The third section provides data on the relations between physical activity and several major health outcomes, while illustrating the methodologic issues described in section two. The last section focuses on physical activity promotion, describing the evolution of physical activity recommendations over time and discussing methodological issues in designing and evaluating interventions to increase physical activity at a population level.
Kelley K. Pettee, Kristi L. Storti, Barbara E. Ainsworth, and Andrea M. Kriska
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents an overview of tools used to assess physical activity and inactivity. These include objective measures of energy expenditure, objective measures of physical activity, objective ...
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This chapter presents an overview of tools used to assess physical activity and inactivity. These include objective measures of energy expenditure, objective measures of physical activity, objective measures of physical fitness, subjective measures of physical activity, measures of physical inactivity, and considerations for selecting an appropriate assessment tool.Less
This chapter presents an overview of tools used to assess physical activity and inactivity. These include objective measures of energy expenditure, objective measures of physical activity, objective measures of physical fitness, subjective measures of physical activity, measures of physical inactivity, and considerations for selecting an appropriate assessment tool.
I-Min Lee
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter aims to stimulate epidemiologic research on dose-response relationships in physical activity. It discusses issues pertinent to assessing dose-response relationships between physical ...
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This chapter aims to stimulate epidemiologic research on dose-response relationships in physical activity. It discusses issues pertinent to assessing dose-response relationships between physical activity and health outcomes. It provides suggestions for several analytic approaches to help increase the understanding of this topic.Less
This chapter aims to stimulate epidemiologic research on dose-response relationships in physical activity. It discusses issues pertinent to assessing dose-response relationships between physical activity and health outcomes. It provides suggestions for several analytic approaches to help increase the understanding of this topic.
I-Min Lee and Ralph S. Paffenbarger Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of two large, present-day prospective cohort studies—one in men (the Harvard Alumni Health Study) and one in women (the Nurses' Health Study)—that have ...
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This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of two large, present-day prospective cohort studies—one in men (the Harvard Alumni Health Study) and one in women (the Nurses' Health Study)—that have published several important findings related to physical activity and health. These two studies will be used as exemplars to illustrate important principles in the design, conduct, and analyses of data from epidemiologic studies investigating physical activity as a predictor of health outcomes. The chapter also discusses other selected ongoing, prospective cohort studies to provide additional illustrations of several of the main principles.Less
This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of two large, present-day prospective cohort studies—one in men (the Harvard Alumni Health Study) and one in women (the Nurses' Health Study)—that have published several important findings related to physical activity and health. These two studies will be used as exemplars to illustrate important principles in the design, conduct, and analyses of data from epidemiologic studies investigating physical activity as a predictor of health outcomes. The chapter also discusses other selected ongoing, prospective cohort studies to provide additional illustrations of several of the main principles.
Fiona Brooks and Josephine Magnusson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199572915
- eISBN:
- 9780191595110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572915.003.0032
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Across the lifespan physical inactivity represents a key risk to health and well-being; the World Health Organization has estimated that physical inactivity is a major contributing factor in over 1.9 ...
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Across the lifespan physical inactivity represents a key risk to health and well-being; the World Health Organization has estimated that physical inactivity is a major contributing factor in over 1.9 million deaths worldwide and a significant risk factor for the majority of cancers and long term conditions. Physical activity is a key component in the maintenance and attainment of healthy weight; as a consequence the reduction of sedentary lifestyles has featured in many countries as an important arm of policies designed to address childhood obesity. This chapter discusses how participation by young people in physical activity should not solely be seen as a means to address current concerns about childhood obesity; instead physical activity can provide a number of positive benefits that contribute to the well-being of young people. Participation in physical activity can offer a plethora of health benefits, not only impacting positively on physiological health and development but also psychological well-being, including having important social benefits. The relationship between physical activity and emotional and psychological well being is also addressed, as physical activity levels have been found to be one of the key health-related outcomes that is associated with overall life satisfaction among school-aged children. The importance of seeing benefits of activity in context of young people's here and now, rather than having the sole aim of benefiting their future health, has been recognized by the European Heart Health Initiative (2001).Less
Across the lifespan physical inactivity represents a key risk to health and well-being; the World Health Organization has estimated that physical inactivity is a major contributing factor in over 1.9 million deaths worldwide and a significant risk factor for the majority of cancers and long term conditions. Physical activity is a key component in the maintenance and attainment of healthy weight; as a consequence the reduction of sedentary lifestyles has featured in many countries as an important arm of policies designed to address childhood obesity. This chapter discusses how participation by young people in physical activity should not solely be seen as a means to address current concerns about childhood obesity; instead physical activity can provide a number of positive benefits that contribute to the well-being of young people. Participation in physical activity can offer a plethora of health benefits, not only impacting positively on physiological health and development but also psychological well-being, including having important social benefits. The relationship between physical activity and emotional and psychological well being is also addressed, as physical activity levels have been found to be one of the key health-related outcomes that is associated with overall life satisfaction among school-aged children. The importance of seeing benefits of activity in context of young people's here and now, rather than having the sole aim of benefiting their future health, has been recognized by the European Heart Health Initiative (2001).
David R. Bassett Jr. and Eugene C. Fitzhugh
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter aims to provide an understanding of how to evaluate critically the validity and reliability of survey instruments for measuring physical activity. If an existing instrument were to be ...
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This chapter aims to provide an understanding of how to evaluate critically the validity and reliability of survey instruments for measuring physical activity. If an existing instrument were to be chosen, the first step would be to search the literature for studies that have been performed to establish its validity and reliability. If there is sufficient evidence that the chosen instrument is a robust measure of physical activity in the population of interest, then the research can proceed. However, if validity and reliability studies are lacking, then the researchers should conduct studies to address these issues. The results of the validity and reliability studies can be affected by a number of factors, including the type of validation criteria selected, the characteristics of the population being studied, the measurement time frame, and the methods of statistical analysis used. These factors are discussed in detail.Less
This chapter aims to provide an understanding of how to evaluate critically the validity and reliability of survey instruments for measuring physical activity. If an existing instrument were to be chosen, the first step would be to search the literature for studies that have been performed to establish its validity and reliability. If there is sufficient evidence that the chosen instrument is a robust measure of physical activity in the population of interest, then the research can proceed. However, if validity and reliability studies are lacking, then the researchers should conduct studies to address these issues. The results of the validity and reliability studies can be affected by a number of factors, including the type of validation criteria selected, the characteristics of the population being studied, the measurement time frame, and the methods of statistical analysis used. These factors are discussed in detail.
Ulf Ekelund
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199656516
- eISBN:
- 9780191748042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656516.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Physical activity is an important modifiable factor affecting health across life, with physical inactivity now recognised as a leading risk factor for premature mortality. This chapter describes ...
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Physical activity is an important modifiable factor affecting health across life, with physical inactivity now recognised as a leading risk factor for premature mortality. This chapter describes studies showing links between physical activity and cardiovascular health, survival and the avoidance of chronic diseases, i.e. key components of healthy biological ageing. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour can be measured in different ways, and developing technologies are enabling the study of a wider range of different parameters of activity and sedentary behaviour in population-based studies than before. Declining levels of physical activity and increasing levels of sedentary behaviour are generally observed with increasing age. More robust data are required to examine the long term time trends in physical activity alongside which these age related changes occur. The potentially important influence of factors across life on physical activity levels in adulthood, including early growth and childhood psychological factors, are described.Less
Physical activity is an important modifiable factor affecting health across life, with physical inactivity now recognised as a leading risk factor for premature mortality. This chapter describes studies showing links between physical activity and cardiovascular health, survival and the avoidance of chronic diseases, i.e. key components of healthy biological ageing. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour can be measured in different ways, and developing technologies are enabling the study of a wider range of different parameters of activity and sedentary behaviour in population-based studies than before. Declining levels of physical activity and increasing levels of sedentary behaviour are generally observed with increasing age. More robust data are required to examine the long term time trends in physical activity alongside which these age related changes occur. The potentially important influence of factors across life on physical activity levels in adulthood, including early growth and childhood psychological factors, are described.
Klaus Gebel, Adrian E Bauman, and Fiona C Bull
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199563623
- eISBN:
- 9780191722554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563623.003.019
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews the progress and issues in generating an evidence base to inform policy and practice in the area of environmental interventions and physical activity. It begins by reviewing some ...
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This chapter reviews the progress and issues in generating an evidence base to inform policy and practice in the area of environmental interventions and physical activity. It begins by reviewing some of the broader issues related to the nature of evidence and research in this field. It then describes a framework of ‘evidence’, specifically: summarizing the available evidence using recent review papers and original studies published in the peer-reviewed literature; and considering other ‘forms of evidence’ that might be available and usually missed by reviews based solely on publications in the peer reviewed literature. The chapter reconsiders the ‘evidence base’ and the reasons for the recent policy response. Gaps in research evidence in this area of public health are also presented to provide direction to what future research is needed, but also to highlight the limitations of the current evidence base.Less
This chapter reviews the progress and issues in generating an evidence base to inform policy and practice in the area of environmental interventions and physical activity. It begins by reviewing some of the broader issues related to the nature of evidence and research in this field. It then describes a framework of ‘evidence’, specifically: summarizing the available evidence using recent review papers and original studies published in the peer-reviewed literature; and considering other ‘forms of evidence’ that might be available and usually missed by reviews based solely on publications in the peer reviewed literature. The chapter reconsiders the ‘evidence base’ and the reasons for the recent policy response. Gaps in research evidence in this area of public health are also presented to provide direction to what future research is needed, but also to highlight the limitations of the current evidence base.
Portia Jackson, Jammie Hopkins, and Toni Yancey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199572915
- eISBN:
- 9780191595110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572915.003.0029
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
African-American children and adolescents are at high risk for obesity, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and related co-morbidities. According to data from the National Health and Nutrition ...
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African-American children and adolescents are at high risk for obesity, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and related co-morbidities. According to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988–94) and NHANES 2003–4, the prevalence of obesity among African-American adolescents nearly doubled during those two decades, among the highest increases of any ethnic group. There are gender differences in obesity, weight gain and fat accumulation with sexual maturation, with rates of growth in obesity 20% higher among girls than boys. The well-documented decline in physical activity during adolescence is also more striking in girls than boys, and in black girls than white girls — in one study, a 100% vs 64% decrease, respectively, between ages 9 and 18 years. This chapter discusses trends in these variables as well as the influence of the physical environment, body image, and outcomes from various interventions among African-American children.Less
African-American children and adolescents are at high risk for obesity, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and related co-morbidities. According to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988–94) and NHANES 2003–4, the prevalence of obesity among African-American adolescents nearly doubled during those two decades, among the highest increases of any ethnic group. There are gender differences in obesity, weight gain and fat accumulation with sexual maturation, with rates of growth in obesity 20% higher among girls than boys. The well-documented decline in physical activity during adolescence is also more striking in girls than boys, and in black girls than white girls — in one study, a 100% vs 64% decrease, respectively, between ages 9 and 18 years. This chapter discusses trends in these variables as well as the influence of the physical environment, body image, and outcomes from various interventions among African-American children.
Harold W. Kohl III and C. Dexter Kimsey Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews key components of physical activity surveillance, describes the main physical activity surveillance tools in the United States, illustrates (through case examples) issues in ...
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This chapter reviews key components of physical activity surveillance, describes the main physical activity surveillance tools in the United States, illustrates (through case examples) issues in physical activity surveillance, and discusses future needs in physical activity surveillance. It argues that physical activity surveillance will continue to grow in prominence and importance in the foreseeable future. Policy development and research progress will depend on consistent, understandable assessments of prevalence, and trends in physical activity and inactivity behavior.Less
This chapter reviews key components of physical activity surveillance, describes the main physical activity surveillance tools in the United States, illustrates (through case examples) issues in physical activity surveillance, and discusses future needs in physical activity surveillance. It argues that physical activity surveillance will continue to grow in prominence and importance in the foreseeable future. Policy development and research progress will depend on consistent, understandable assessments of prevalence, and trends in physical activity and inactivity behavior.
Michael J. Lamonte and Steven N. Blair
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
A large amount of evidence from observational studies indicates that low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased mortality risk. This chapter ...
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A large amount of evidence from observational studies indicates that low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased mortality risk. This chapter draws from selected epidemiological studies to illustrate broadly this line of research and to discuss specific issues that must be considered when interpreting and generalizing existing study findings. It summarizes available data on physical activity, CRF, and mortality risk in several population subgroups according to their demographic and health status.Less
A large amount of evidence from observational studies indicates that low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased mortality risk. This chapter draws from selected epidemiological studies to illustrate broadly this line of research and to discuss specific issues that must be considered when interpreting and generalizing existing study findings. It summarizes available data on physical activity, CRF, and mortality risk in several population subgroups according to their demographic and health status.
Gang Hu, Timo A. Lakka, and Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews current evidence regarding the role of physical activity and physical fitness in the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Epidemiological evidence from prospective cohort ...
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This chapter reviews current evidence regarding the role of physical activity and physical fitness in the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Epidemiological evidence from prospective cohort studies and clinical trials indicates that thirty minutes/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Such activity reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes by exerting favorable changes in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome (including reducing body weight, blood pressure, plasma levels of triglycerides, and inflammation) and increasing plasma levels of HDL cholesterol.Less
This chapter reviews current evidence regarding the role of physical activity and physical fitness in the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Epidemiological evidence from prospective cohort studies and clinical trials indicates that thirty minutes/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Such activity reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes by exerting favorable changes in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome (including reducing body weight, blood pressure, plasma levels of triglycerides, and inflammation) and increasing plasma levels of HDL cholesterol.
John M. Jakicic, Amy D. Otto, Kristen Polzien, and Kelliann Davis
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews studies on the role of physical activity in weight control. Excess body weight is linked to increased risk of numerous chronic diseases, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, ...
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This chapter reviews studies on the role of physical activity in weight control. Excess body weight is linked to increased risk of numerous chronic diseases, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and several forms of cancer. Physical activity is an important lifestyle behavior that can result in favorable changes to body weight, body composition, and related health risks. However, to achieve favorable changes in body weight, an adequate dose of physical activity is required.Less
This chapter reviews studies on the role of physical activity in weight control. Excess body weight is linked to increased risk of numerous chronic diseases, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and several forms of cancer. Physical activity is an important lifestyle behavior that can result in favorable changes to body weight, body composition, and related health risks. However, to achieve favorable changes in body weight, an adequate dose of physical activity is required.
William L. Haskell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195183009
- eISBN:
- 9780199865116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.003.0015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on the scientific rationale and evolution of guidelines and recommendations made by various government agencies or professional organizations regarding the role of physical ...
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This chapter focuses on the scientific rationale and evolution of guidelines and recommendations made by various government agencies or professional organizations regarding the role of physical activity or physical fitness in promoting good health. It emphasizes the development of guidelines in the United States between 1970 and 2005. It also provides a brief overview of the rapidly evolving science of physical activity and health—especially in the United States—during the 1900s that preceded and supported the development of guidelines by major organizations.Less
This chapter focuses on the scientific rationale and evolution of guidelines and recommendations made by various government agencies or professional organizations regarding the role of physical activity or physical fitness in promoting good health. It emphasizes the development of guidelines in the United States between 1970 and 2005. It also provides a brief overview of the rapidly evolving science of physical activity and health—especially in the United States—during the 1900s that preceded and supported the development of guidelines by major organizations.
Dianne S. Ward, Amy V. Ries, and Rachel Tabak
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199572915
- eISBN:
- 9780191595110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572915.003.0028
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter presents environmental and policy interventions which have demonstrated an impact on a measure of body weight or been successful in improving eating or physical activity behaviours among ...
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This chapter presents environmental and policy interventions which have demonstrated an impact on a measure of body weight or been successful in improving eating or physical activity behaviours among children aged 2 to 18. It presents the types of macro- and micro-environmental and policy interventions that have been conducted, what areas seem promising, and where major gaps exist. The chapter discusses various interventions to prevent childhood obesity from around the world, community approaches, and approaches that suggest environmental changes including physics, economic, and political environments. The chapter also puts forward a discussion of interventions that target policy changes such as policy that address laws and regulations as well as formal and informal rules.Less
This chapter presents environmental and policy interventions which have demonstrated an impact on a measure of body weight or been successful in improving eating or physical activity behaviours among children aged 2 to 18. It presents the types of macro- and micro-environmental and policy interventions that have been conducted, what areas seem promising, and where major gaps exist. The chapter discusses various interventions to prevent childhood obesity from around the world, community approaches, and approaches that suggest environmental changes including physics, economic, and political environments. The chapter also puts forward a discussion of interventions that target policy changes such as policy that address laws and regulations as well as formal and informal rules.
