Search Results

Direct Reference and Dancing Qualia

John Hawthorne

in Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism

This chapter argues that there is a tension in the semantic views held by certain antiphysicalists. These philosophers accept Fregean arguments against direct-reference theories of ordinary proper ... More

This chapter argues that there is a tension in the semantic views held by certain antiphysicalists. These philosophers accept Fregean arguments against direct-reference theories of ordinary proper names but maintain that phenomenal concepts refer directly. Against this semantic package, it is argued that the thought experiments that motivate a sense-reference distinction for ordinary proper names — roughly, Hesperus-Phosphorus stories — can be replicated at the level of direct phenomenal concepts. (A Hesperus-Phosphorus story is one in which one rationally believes both that object a has a property P and that object b lacks P, even though a = b.)Less

Reflexivity (1986) *

Nathan Salmon

in Content, Cognition, and Communication: Philosophical Papers II

This chapter investigates three related philosophical puzzles: (1) the Richard-Soames problem: If someone believes that Hesperus outweighs Phosphorus, why does he/she not infer that there is ... More

This chapter investigates three related philosophical puzzles: (1) the Richard-Soames problem: If someone believes that Hesperus outweighs Phosphorus, why does he/she not infer that there is something x such that x outweighs x; (2) the puzzle of reflexives in attitude attributions: If someone believes that Hesperus outweighs Phosphorus, why does he/she not also believe that Hesperus outweighs itself; and (3) Church's paradoxical proof that for every x and y, if someone believes that x and y are distinct, then they are. Solutions compatible with Millianism are proposed.Less

How Not to Become a Millian Heir (1991) *

Nathan Salmon

in Content, Cognition, and Communication: Philosophical Papers II

This chapter defends a diagnosis of Frege's puzzle against the independent criticisms and rival diagnoses of Howard Wettstein and Kai-Yee Wong. One and the very same proposition can be a posteriori ... More

This chapter defends a diagnosis of Frege's puzzle against the independent criticisms and rival diagnoses of Howard Wettstein and Kai-Yee Wong. One and the very same proposition can be a posteriori relative to one way of taking it and a priori relative to another. This observation has the consequence that ‘Hesperus is Phosphorus’ is a priori and informative in the sense relevant to Frege's puzzle.Less

Influences on Ecosystem Function II: Historical Perturbations in Small Lake Basins

Wayne L. Hamilton

in Yellowstone's Destabilized Ecosystem: Elk Effects, Science, and Policy Conflict

Reanalysis of previously published data on trends in sedimentation rates over time in eight small lakes in the northern range shows variations associated with elevation and character of lake basin ... More

Reanalysis of previously published data on trends in sedimentation rates over time in eight small lakes in the northern range shows variations associated with elevation and character of lake basin (kettle lakes or lakes in slide-deposit terrain) that must be taken into account in evaluating whether sedimentation rates have changed over time in response to increases in the elk herd. Total sedimentation rates and those of allogenic silica increased in most lakes between park establishment and the 1980s-1990s. Total organic sedimentation rates, and those of biogenic silica and phosphorus, increased during park history indicating eutrophication. Two species of diatoms characteristic of eutrophic conditions increased during park history in three of five lakes. Although more comprehensive research is needed on this question, an increase in the northern herd is the most probable hypothesis to explain the evidence from this preliminary study.Less

Internalist Cases and Externalist Theory

Joseph Mendola

in Anti-Externalism

Frege's Hesperus-Phosphorus case and Russell's empty names case are key cases which suggest internalism. This chapter examines standing externalist accounts of these two sorts of cases, and argues ... More

Frege's Hesperus-Phosphorus case and Russell's empty names case are key cases which suggest internalism. This chapter examines standing externalist accounts of these two sorts of cases, and argues that all of them suffer from the belief-ascription, multiple-contents, and subject-matter objections. These are the same objections that afflict internalist rigidified description clusters.Less

The Puzzles Solved

R. M. Sainsbury and Michael Tye

in Seven Puzzles of Thought and How to Solve Them: And How to Solve Them: An Originalist Theory of Concepts

This chapter shows how the originalist theory solves the seven puzzles.

Structure and bonding in oxides and oxoacids of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorine

Arne Haaland

in Molecules and Models: The molecular structures of main group element compounds

This chapter describes the molecular structures of the three known carbon oxides, the three known sulfur oxides, eight nitrogen oxides, two phosphorus oxides, and three chlorine oxides. Bond energies ... More

This chapter describes the molecular structures of the three known carbon oxides, the three known sulfur oxides, eight nitrogen oxides, two phosphorus oxides, and three chlorine oxides. Bond energies are presented whenever available. The discussion also includes three sulfur oxofluorides, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, two phosphoryl halides (OPX3), orthophosphoric acid, and perchlorid acid. Both the bond distances and the bond energies indicate that the terminal oxygen atoms in all the molecules under consideration should be described as doubly bonded (oxo) atoms, the only exception being CO which is best described as triply bonded. The structures are discussed in terms of simple Lewis structures, the VSEPR model, and delocalized π molecular orbitals.Less

Organism interactions and soil processes

Richard D. Bardgett

in The Biology of Soil: A community and ecosystem approach

This chapter illustrates how the activities of soil biota, especially their trophic interactions, influence the processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling, and examines the significance of this ... More

This chapter illustrates how the activities of soil biota, especially their trophic interactions, influence the processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling, and examines the significance of this for material flow and plant production in terrestrial ecosystems. The focus is on the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus since they are the two nutrients that most limit primary productivity in natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. First, the issue of how soil microbes regulate the internal cycling of nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems is discussed. This is followed by a discussion of how soil animals influence nutrient cycling and plant growth through their feeding activities on microbes and other fauna.Less

Global Phosphorus: Geological Sources and Demand-Driven Production: P is for price

Donald Burt, Marion Dumas, Nathaniel Springer, and David A. Vaccari

in Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future

This chapter investigates where and in what form phosphorus occurs on Earth. It describes the major geological dimensions of phosphorus. It measures the quantities extractable phosphorus occurs and ... More

This chapter investigates where and in what form phosphorus occurs on Earth. It describes the major geological dimensions of phosphorus. It measures the quantities extractable phosphorus occurs and explores the past and current trends of phosphorus usage; looks into the prediction of future trends and determines the reliability; and discusses the role of economics in phosphorus reserves, and how resources are geologically determined. It also explains the issue of the shortage of phosphorus.Less

“Pictures … in time petrify’d”

Matthew C. Hunter

in Painting with Fire: Sir Joshua Reynolds, Photography, and the Temporally Evolving Chemical Object

This chapter surveys research into artificial phosphorus conducted in the 1670s by leading figures in the early Royal Society of London. Mastered by itinerant chymists from German-speaking lands, ... More

This chapter surveys research into artificial phosphorus conducted in the 1670s by leading figures in the early Royal Society of London. Mastered by itinerant chymists from German-speaking lands, artificial phosphorus could be synthesized from human waste, then rubbed onto visual art to make it glow in the dark. But, it also spoke to broader interests: studies of light and combustion, production of organic vitality, and other problems of central interest to Restoration experimentalists. Tracking phosphorus research through those networks, the chapter centers on a spectacular lecture read twice before the Royal Society in summer 1682 by Robert Hooke. The final installment of his lectures on light, Hooke’s text used competing preparations of artificial phosphorus to model the ontology of time and to explain key features of human temporality. Examining how Hooke’s controversial claims about time would be reconfigured by contemporaries such as Nehemiah Grew, the chapter concludes by examining the ways in which the phosphorus research theorized by Hooke would later be claimed in larger chemical genealogies of photographic image-making.Less

Introduction to P Sustainability: P is for Philosophy and Process

Genevieve S. Metson, Karl A. Wyant, and Daniel L. Childers

in Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future

This chapter illustrates and explains the basic principles of sustainability. It provides a sustainability framework to existing issues in phosphorous management. It summarizes human impacts on ... More

This chapter illustrates and explains the basic principles of sustainability. It provides a sustainability framework to existing issues in phosphorous management. It summarizes human impacts on natural phosphorus cycling and the identification of phosphorus sustainability as a “wicked problem”. It describes how a sustainability perspective contributes to shaping appropriate solutions to phosphorus management. It also enumerates the general approach of every chapter in connecting various aspects of human use of phosphorous to a sustainability framework.Less

Phosphorus Recovery and Reuse: P is for Processing

Hiroko Yoshida, Kimo C. van Dijk, Aleksandra Drizo, Steven W. van Ginkel, Kazuyo Matsubae, and Mark Buehrer

in Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future

This chapter identifies the possible phosphorus flows that might be intercepted in recovery and reuse efforts. It examines current practices of phosphorus intercepting from landfills, waterways, and ... More

This chapter identifies the possible phosphorus flows that might be intercepted in recovery and reuse efforts. It examines current practices of phosphorus intercepting from landfills, waterways, and non-arable lands. It explores possibilities of retrofitting or reinventing physical infrastructure to enhance interception and recovery of phosphorus from waste streams of humans and livestock. It also considers the allied benefits and trade-offs obtained with phosphorus recovery and reuse projects.Less

Resource Limitation

W. stanley Harpole, Leah Goldstein, and Rebecca J. Aicher

in California Grasslands: Ecology and Management

The productivity of California grasslands is limited by nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, or water at various sites, and studies finding limitation by multiple resources are common. This ... More

The productivity of California grasslands is limited by nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, or water at various sites, and studies finding limitation by multiple resources are common. This chapter reviews this evidence, and explores resource limitation patterns and how they affect plant community productivity, functional group composition, and trophic interactions.Less

Cyclotrons

Angela N. H. Creager

in Life Atomic: A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine

This chapter focuses on developments in E. O. Lawrence’s Radiation Laboratory to illustrate the cyclotron-based system of radioisotope production. By 1940, biomedical uses of radioisotopes involved ... More

This chapter focuses on developments in E. O. Lawrence’s Radiation Laboratory to illustrate the cyclotron-based system of radioisotope production. By 1940, biomedical uses of radioisotopes involved collaboration between physical scientists as providers and life scientists and physicians as users, a “moral economy” of gift exchange and shared credit. In Berkeley, biological research with sodium-24, phosphorus-32, and iodine-131 as tracers was connected to therapeutic experiments using these radioisotopes. The militarization of work in Lawrence’s Berkeley laboratory in the early 1940s constrained the availability of radioisotopes to physicians and scientists outside the Radiation Laboratory. In addition, new military priorities shaped the ongoing human experiments conducted by Lawrence’s colleagues (such as John Lawrence and Joseph Hamilton), as they began investigating the toxicity and metabolism of fission products for the Manhattan Project.Less

Energy and nutrients

Richard T. Corlett

in The Ecology of Tropical East Asia

This chapter deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from the perspective of water, energy, and matter flows through ecosystems, particularly forests. Data from the network of eddy flux ... More

This chapter deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from the perspective of water, energy, and matter flows through ecosystems, particularly forests. Data from the network of eddy flux covariance towers is revealing general patterns in gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem production, and exchange. There is also new information on the patterns of net primary production and biomass within the region. In contrast, our understanding of the role of soil nutrients in tropical forest ecology still relies mostly on work done in the Neotropics, with just enough data from Asia to suggest that the major patterns may be pantropical. Nitrogen and phosphorus have received most attention regionally, followed by calcium, potassium, and magnesium, and there has been very little study of the role of micronutrients and potentially toxic concentrations of aluminium, manganese, and hydrogen ions. Animal nutrition has also been neglected.Less

Concluding Remarks: Synthesis and Initial Steps toward a Sustainable Phosphorus Future: P is for Planning

Jessica R. Corman, Karl A. Wyant, and James J. Elser

in Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future

This chapter integrates the various perspectives presented in the entire text regarding phosphorus sustainability and provides an overall view of them. It integrates and synthesizes the main themes ... More

This chapter integrates the various perspectives presented in the entire text regarding phosphorus sustainability and provides an overall view of them. It integrates and synthesizes the main themes and conclusions to help push the issue of phosphorus sustainability in the broader context of sustainability science. It identifies the shortcomings of these analyses and in the current and future phosphorus-sustainability efforts. It also provides insights into promising areas for future progress in phosphorus sustainability science and highlights individual action to enhance phosphorus sustainability.Less

Sustainable P in Agriculture: Food and Fuel: P is for Productivity

Val H. Smith, Cecil W. Forsberg, Roberto A. Gaxiola, Thomas W. Crawford, Andrew R. Sharpley, Laura Schreeg, and Ben Chaffin

in Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future

This chapter examines phosphorus demands associated with two key facets of human activities: food production and renewable biofuel production. It suggests innovative solutions for improving the ... More

This chapter examines phosphorus demands associated with two key facets of human activities: food production and renewable biofuel production. It suggests innovative solutions for improving the efficiency of phosphorus usage at the farm scale, in crops, and in livestock. It also looks into the possibility of using modern tools of genetic engineering in improving phosphorus-use efficiency of both crop plants and livestock.Less

Phosphorus in Urban and Agricultural Landscapes: P is for Preservation

Shelby H. Riskin, Gaston Small, Robert Mikkelsen, Genevieve Metson, Anna Bateman, James Cooper, Ola Stedje Hanserud, Philip M. Haygarth, Cecilia Laspoumaderes, Michelle McCrackin, and Sonya Remington

in Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future

This chapter analyzes case studies concerning phosphorus sustainability. It looks into the argument of the maximization of appropriate local efforts with regards to phosphorus sustainability. It ... More

This chapter analyzes case studies concerning phosphorus sustainability. It looks into the argument of the maximization of appropriate local efforts with regards to phosphorus sustainability. It demonstrates that phosphorus budgets, inputs and outputs, provide a useful indicator of long-term sustainability. It looks into the behavior of water bodies receiving inputs of phosphorus and how reduction of phosphorus source should be made before remediation. It also explains how current systems are not designed to use phosphorus efficiently and recommends management changes for ecosystems that currently have a large surplus of phosphorus to facilitate better use of the limited natural resource.Less

How MFA, Transdisciplinarity, Complex Adaptive Systems Thinking, and Education Reform Are Keys to Better Managing P: P is for Parity

Rebecca Cors, Kazuyo Matsubae, and Anita Street

in Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future

This chapter enumerates research approaches that aid researchers in understanding the complex manner in which phosphorus flows through human societies. It highlights the importance of understanding ... More

This chapter enumerates research approaches that aid researchers in understanding the complex manner in which phosphorus flows through human societies. It highlights the importance of understanding phosphorus stocks and flows to prevent wasting phosphorus resources. It enumerates how some research approaches are evolving to focus temporal, spatial, human, and contextual system factors that influence phosphorus use and flows. It also provides a vision for more holistic research that integrates with farmer education and primary and secondary vision to promote institutionalization of sustainable phosphorus-use practices.Less