Asifa Hussain and William Miller
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199280711
- eISBN:
- 9780191604102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280711.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Majority Scots have less contact, friendship, and knowledge of the minorities than the minorities have of the majority. Minority perceptions of the majority are broadly accurate. In particular, they ...
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Majority Scots have less contact, friendship, and knowledge of the minorities than the minorities have of the majority. Minority perceptions of the majority are broadly accurate. In particular, they are aware that the majority doubts the loyalty of minorities (English and Muslim) to Scotland. The frequent exposure to ethnic jokes and intentional insults have a dramatic impact on minorities’ perceptions, even though the victims try hard to believe that their harassers are exceptional rather than typical. These personal experiences have significantly more impact on English immigrants’ perceptions of the majority’s Anglophobia than on Muslims’ perceptions of the majority’s Islamophobia. English immigrants suffered less harassment but coped worse and reacted more indignantly. Signals from the new Scottish Parliament to minorities were critically important in determining minorities’ perceptions of the majority. The Parliament’s inclusive, multicultural publicity campaigns may have greater impact on the minorities’ perceptions than on the majority’s actual prejudices.Less
Majority Scots have less contact, friendship, and knowledge of the minorities than the minorities have of the majority. Minority perceptions of the majority are broadly accurate. In particular, they are aware that the majority doubts the loyalty of minorities (English and Muslim) to Scotland. The frequent exposure to ethnic jokes and intentional insults have a dramatic impact on minorities’ perceptions, even though the victims try hard to believe that their harassers are exceptional rather than typical. These personal experiences have significantly more impact on English immigrants’ perceptions of the majority’s Anglophobia than on Muslims’ perceptions of the majority’s Islamophobia. English immigrants suffered less harassment but coped worse and reacted more indignantly. Signals from the new Scottish Parliament to minorities were critically important in determining minorities’ perceptions of the majority. The Parliament’s inclusive, multicultural publicity campaigns may have greater impact on the minorities’ perceptions than on the majority’s actual prejudices.
Jeffrey A. Gray and Neil McNaughton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198522713
- eISBN:
- 9780191712517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter provides a typology of disorders of fear and anxiety — such as anxiety disorder, phobias including agoraphobia, panic, and social anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and ...
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This chapter provides a typology of disorders of fear and anxiety — such as anxiety disorder, phobias including agoraphobia, panic, and social anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder — mapping them to the two-dimensional framework provided by Chapters 2 and 6. It treats syndromes as resulting from unusual reactivity of structures and symptoms as resulting from unusual activity, with symptoms not providing a good guide to syndromes. Specific tests for some syndromes are derived from the theory.Less
This chapter provides a typology of disorders of fear and anxiety — such as anxiety disorder, phobias including agoraphobia, panic, and social anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder — mapping them to the two-dimensional framework provided by Chapters 2 and 6. It treats syndromes as resulting from unusual reactivity of structures and symptoms as resulting from unusual activity, with symptoms not providing a good guide to syndromes. Specific tests for some syndromes are derived from the theory.
Peter M. Gollwitzer, Caterina Gawrilow, and Gabriele Oettingen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391381
- eISBN:
- 9780199776894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology
As highlighted by Kurt Lewin, goal attainment is not yet secured solely by forming strong commitments to highly desirable and feasible goals. There is always the subsequent issue of implementing a ...
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As highlighted by Kurt Lewin, goal attainment is not yet secured solely by forming strong commitments to highly desirable and feasible goals. There is always the subsequent issue of implementing a set goal, and one wonders what people can do to enhance their chances of being successful at this second phase of goal pursuit. A promising answer seems to be the following: People may plan out in advance how they want to solve the problems of goal implementation. But what are these problems? There are at least four problems that stand out. These problems include getting started with goal striving, staying on track, calling a halt, and not overextending oneself. We will describe research showing that making if–then plans (i.e., form implementation intentions) on how to deal with these problems indeed facilitates solving the crucial problems of goal implementation. Thereafter, we will ask whether implementation intentions foster goal attainment even under conditions that are commonly viewed as not amenable to self-regulation attempts, such as succeeding on an intelligence test or overcoming spider phobia. Finally, we will report research showing that implementation intentions can even foster goal-striving in those samples (e.g., children with ADHD) that are known to suffer from impaired action control.Less
As highlighted by Kurt Lewin, goal attainment is not yet secured solely by forming strong commitments to highly desirable and feasible goals. There is always the subsequent issue of implementing a set goal, and one wonders what people can do to enhance their chances of being successful at this second phase of goal pursuit. A promising answer seems to be the following: People may plan out in advance how they want to solve the problems of goal implementation. But what are these problems? There are at least four problems that stand out. These problems include getting started with goal striving, staying on track, calling a halt, and not overextending oneself. We will describe research showing that making if–then plans (i.e., form implementation intentions) on how to deal with these problems indeed facilitates solving the crucial problems of goal implementation. Thereafter, we will ask whether implementation intentions foster goal attainment even under conditions that are commonly viewed as not amenable to self-regulation attempts, such as succeeding on an intelligence test or overcoming spider phobia. Finally, we will report research showing that implementation intentions can even foster goal-striving in those samples (e.g., children with ADHD) that are known to suffer from impaired action control.
Peter J. Pecora, Ronald C. Kessler, Jason Williams, A. Chris Downs, Diana J. English, James White, and Kirk O'Brien
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195175912
- eISBN:
- 9780199865628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175912.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Based on alumni interviews, this chapter reports on the mental and physical health functioning of alumni, thus providing more empirical data about the short-term and long-term functioning of ...
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Based on alumni interviews, this chapter reports on the mental and physical health functioning of alumni, thus providing more empirical data about the short-term and long-term functioning of maltreated youth who were placed in foster care. The primary hypothesis was that alumni would exhibit mental and physical health difficulties that would be more severe than those of the general population.Less
Based on alumni interviews, this chapter reports on the mental and physical health functioning of alumni, thus providing more empirical data about the short-term and long-term functioning of maltreated youth who were placed in foster care. The primary hypothesis was that alumni would exhibit mental and physical health difficulties that would be more severe than those of the general population.
Mohammed R. Milad and Scott L. Rauch
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews contemporary neurocircuitry models of anxiety disorders, with a focus on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In addition to human neuroimaging studies, findings from ...
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This chapter reviews contemporary neurocircuitry models of anxiety disorders, with a focus on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In addition to human neuroimaging studies, findings from animal research are also considered, with emphasis on fear conditioning and extinction paradigms. The anatomical distinction between medial and lateral OFC is highlighted; medial OFC has been implicated in rewards and conditioned fear extinction recall, whereas reciprocally the lateral OFC has been implicated in evaluating punishers and mediating negative affects. As similarities and differences across the anxiety disorders are explored, the distinction is made between: 1) exaggerated ‘bottom-up’ amygdala responses; 2) failure of ‘top-down’ control by the medial OFC; and 3) excessive lateral OFC activity in concert with striatum. In this way, the clinical phenomena associated with the various anxiety disorders are linked to sub-territories of OFC, and understood in terms of their anatomical connections and the normal functions these neural circuits subserve.Less
This chapter reviews contemporary neurocircuitry models of anxiety disorders, with a focus on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In addition to human neuroimaging studies, findings from animal research are also considered, with emphasis on fear conditioning and extinction paradigms. The anatomical distinction between medial and lateral OFC is highlighted; medial OFC has been implicated in rewards and conditioned fear extinction recall, whereas reciprocally the lateral OFC has been implicated in evaluating punishers and mediating negative affects. As similarities and differences across the anxiety disorders are explored, the distinction is made between: 1) exaggerated ‘bottom-up’ amygdala responses; 2) failure of ‘top-down’ control by the medial OFC; and 3) excessive lateral OFC activity in concert with striatum. In this way, the clinical phenomena associated with the various anxiety disorders are linked to sub-territories of OFC, and understood in terms of their anatomical connections and the normal functions these neural circuits subserve.
Minjeong Kim
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780824869816
- eISBN:
- 9780824877842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824869816.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
The concluding chapter situates local marriage immigrants within Korea’s immigrant communities across the country. It also discusses recent developments of “multicultural fatigue” and its ...
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The concluding chapter situates local marriage immigrants within Korea’s immigrant communities across the country. It also discusses recent developments of “multicultural fatigue” and its implications and the new policies related to marriage immigrants and international marriages.Less
The concluding chapter situates local marriage immigrants within Korea’s immigrant communities across the country. It also discusses recent developments of “multicultural fatigue” and its implications and the new policies related to marriage immigrants and international marriages.
Simon Morgan Wortham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474429603
- eISBN:
- 9781474438575
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429603.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
As calls mount for resistance to recent political events, Simon Morgan Wortham explores the political implications and complexities of a psychoanalytic conception of resistance. Through close ...
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As calls mount for resistance to recent political events, Simon Morgan Wortham explores the political implications and complexities of a psychoanalytic conception of resistance. Through close readings of a range of authors, both within and outside of the psychoanalytic tradition, the question of the politics of psychoanalysis itself is read back into the task of thinking resistance from a psychoanalytic point of view. Simon Morgan Wortham explores what he sees as the phobic resistance at the centre of the politics of psychoanalysis, one that creates fresh possibilities for contemporary cultural and political analysis.Less
As calls mount for resistance to recent political events, Simon Morgan Wortham explores the political implications and complexities of a psychoanalytic conception of resistance. Through close readings of a range of authors, both within and outside of the psychoanalytic tradition, the question of the politics of psychoanalysis itself is read back into the task of thinking resistance from a psychoanalytic point of view. Simon Morgan Wortham explores what he sees as the phobic resistance at the centre of the politics of psychoanalysis, one that creates fresh possibilities for contemporary cultural and political analysis.
KLAUS HENTSCHEL
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199205660
- eISBN:
- 9780191709388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205660.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
Nazi propaganda had fanned fears of the Soviet threat from the East (Russian phobia). Scientific experts were particular targets of recruiters from all four Allied powers. This chapter focuses on the ...
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Nazi propaganda had fanned fears of the Soviet threat from the East (Russian phobia). Scientific experts were particular targets of recruiters from all four Allied powers. This chapter focuses on the position of German experimental physicists who stood directly in the crossfire of the emerging Cold War.Less
Nazi propaganda had fanned fears of the Soviet threat from the East (Russian phobia). Scientific experts were particular targets of recruiters from all four Allied powers. This chapter focuses on the position of German experimental physicists who stood directly in the crossfire of the emerging Cold War.
Louis A. Schmidt and Jay Schulkin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195118872
- eISBN:
- 9780199848232
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118872.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This book assembles a group of researchers to discuss the origins, development, and outcomes of extreme fear and shyness. By selecting the foremost experts from disparate fields, the editors provide ...
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This book assembles a group of researchers to discuss the origins, development, and outcomes of extreme fear and shyness. By selecting the foremost experts from disparate fields, the editors provide a thorough and timely examination of the subject and present state-of-the-art research for psychologists, neuroscientists, and clinicians interested in the development and outcome of these emotions in mental health. The book is divided into three parts. Part I investigates the development of fear and shyness in childhood; Part II examines the endocrine and neural bases of fear; and Part III provides clinical perspectives. This is one of the only books which covers the development and outcomes of extreme fear and shyness, explains the basic neuroscience of fear, and documents the clinical outcomes of social phobia.Less
This book assembles a group of researchers to discuss the origins, development, and outcomes of extreme fear and shyness. By selecting the foremost experts from disparate fields, the editors provide a thorough and timely examination of the subject and present state-of-the-art research for psychologists, neuroscientists, and clinicians interested in the development and outcome of these emotions in mental health. The book is divided into three parts. Part I investigates the development of fear and shyness in childhood; Part II examines the endocrine and neural bases of fear; and Part III provides clinical perspectives. This is one of the only books which covers the development and outcomes of extreme fear and shyness, explains the basic neuroscience of fear, and documents the clinical outcomes of social phobia.
Elissa Marder
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823240555
- eISBN:
- 9780823240593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823240555.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines how the concepts of death and mourning are gendered in the ancient world, in psychoanalytic theory, and in contemporary culture. It investigates the question of sexual ...
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This chapter examines how the concepts of death and mourning are gendered in the ancient world, in psychoanalytic theory, and in contemporary culture. It investigates the question of sexual difference by looking at it through the ways in which death itself is marked as either masculine or feminine. The chapter argues that Freud has two very different models for the concept of death within the psyche: one is marked as masculine, and is related to castration; the other is marked as feminine/maternal and is associated with the uncanny, mechanical repetition, and literature. The chapter also explores how the maternal function conjures up anxieties about the sex of death through an analysis of a cultural case history of a shocking news story about a woman who denies her pregnancy, then murders her babies, and then preserves them in the freezer in the kitchen of her home.Less
This chapter examines how the concepts of death and mourning are gendered in the ancient world, in psychoanalytic theory, and in contemporary culture. It investigates the question of sexual difference by looking at it through the ways in which death itself is marked as either masculine or feminine. The chapter argues that Freud has two very different models for the concept of death within the psyche: one is marked as masculine, and is related to castration; the other is marked as feminine/maternal and is associated with the uncanny, mechanical repetition, and literature. The chapter also explores how the maternal function conjures up anxieties about the sex of death through an analysis of a cultural case history of a shocking news story about a woman who denies her pregnancy, then murders her babies, and then preserves them in the freezer in the kitchen of her home.
Jonathan M. Cheek and Elena N. Krasnoperova
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195118872
- eISBN:
- 9780199848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118872.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter offers data and a model that may shed light on the developmental course of shyness and social inhibition. It describes the various psychological literatures to explore the short and ...
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This chapter offers data and a model that may shed light on the developmental course of shyness and social inhibition. It describes the various psychological literatures to explore the short and long-term effects of three constructs commonly used to describe social reticence (behavioral inhibition, social isolation, and shyness) and their relationship to social phobia. It begins with a conceptualization of shyness. There is evidence for stability of behavioral inhibition over time, even though the associations are only moderate. In addition, correlates of behavioral inhibition include theoretically related constructs and disorders such as shyness, specific fears, separation anxiety, and social isolation. It is noted that there is much overlap in behavioral inhibition and social phobia, as well as some differences. However, it is likely that at least some of the children in these various categories suffer from the same condition, and the model proposes one heuristic conceptualization of the relationships among these constructs.Less
This chapter offers data and a model that may shed light on the developmental course of shyness and social inhibition. It describes the various psychological literatures to explore the short and long-term effects of three constructs commonly used to describe social reticence (behavioral inhibition, social isolation, and shyness) and their relationship to social phobia. It begins with a conceptualization of shyness. There is evidence for stability of behavioral inhibition over time, even though the associations are only moderate. In addition, correlates of behavioral inhibition include theoretically related constructs and disorders such as shyness, specific fears, separation anxiety, and social isolation. It is noted that there is much overlap in behavioral inhibition and social phobia, as well as some differences. However, it is likely that at least some of the children in these various categories suffer from the same condition, and the model proposes one heuristic conceptualization of the relationships among these constructs.
Lynne Henderson and Philip G. Zimbardo
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195118872
- eISBN:
- 9780199848232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118872.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter addresses the treatment of social phobia and compares and contrasts it with the treatment of panic disorder. It also reports the most current methods for treating shyness and ...
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This chapter addresses the treatment of social phobia and compares and contrasts it with the treatment of panic disorder. It also reports the most current methods for treating shyness and anxiety-related problems in children and adults. Although most studies so far have not determined corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis abnormalities in social phobia, results from animal studies and from human studies of fear and behavioral inhibition indicate that more work is important to clarify the functioning of this system. In general, the data on treatment of social phobia and panic disorder indicates similarities and differences between the two disorders. Both social phobia and panic disorder have been shown to be responsive to several classes of medications. However tricyclic antidepressants are highly effective for panic but disappointing for social phobia.Less
This chapter addresses the treatment of social phobia and compares and contrasts it with the treatment of panic disorder. It also reports the most current methods for treating shyness and anxiety-related problems in children and adults. Although most studies so far have not determined corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis abnormalities in social phobia, results from animal studies and from human studies of fear and behavioral inhibition indicate that more work is important to clarify the functioning of this system. In general, the data on treatment of social phobia and panic disorder indicates similarities and differences between the two disorders. Both social phobia and panic disorder have been shown to be responsive to several classes of medications. However tricyclic antidepressants are highly effective for panic but disappointing for social phobia.
Maryjean Wall
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813126050
- eISBN:
- 9780813135410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813126050.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Isaac Murphy, an African American who was born during the Civil War and raised in Lexington, made his career path paralleling the success of Longfellow. He was ranked as the highest-paid athlete in ...
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Isaac Murphy, an African American who was born during the Civil War and raised in Lexington, made his career path paralleling the success of Longfellow. He was ranked as the highest-paid athlete in the United States. Toward the end of his riding career, he also became a racehorse owner. Murphy's story illustrates how black jockeys and horse trainers who gained national prominence and respect in the sport eventually found themselves shuffled to the rear of the bus. Black horsemen had never dominated in numbers at racetracks in the North, as they had in Kentucky and the South, but Northerners had afforded them a professional respect. In Lexington, a great fear of “Negro rule” resulted in white supremacist tactics entering the political sphere. Democrats played on these phobias by instilling a fear of “Negro rule” in the white population.Less
Isaac Murphy, an African American who was born during the Civil War and raised in Lexington, made his career path paralleling the success of Longfellow. He was ranked as the highest-paid athlete in the United States. Toward the end of his riding career, he also became a racehorse owner. Murphy's story illustrates how black jockeys and horse trainers who gained national prominence and respect in the sport eventually found themselves shuffled to the rear of the bus. Black horsemen had never dominated in numbers at racetracks in the North, as they had in Kentucky and the South, but Northerners had afforded them a professional respect. In Lexington, a great fear of “Negro rule” resulted in white supremacist tactics entering the political sphere. Democrats played on these phobias by instilling a fear of “Negro rule” in the white population.
Simon Morgan Wortham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474429603
- eISBN:
- 9781474438575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429603.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter traces Freud’s interest in yet apparent aversion to phobia, from his earliest writings on the topic in the 1890s through to his reinterpretation of the 1909 Little Hans case study in the ...
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This chapter traces Freud’s interest in yet apparent aversion to phobia, from his earliest writings on the topic in the 1890s through to his reinterpretation of the 1909 Little Hans case study in the 1920s. Here, it is possible to detect something like a phobic reaction to phobia itself: what might be called Freud’s phobophobia. It is also be possible to find, in the subsequent literature on the case of Little Hans, traces of this phobic reaction contaminating sometimes sharply critical readings: in Deleuze’s markedly hostile attitude to this Freudian text, we find an aversion to what is in fact most ‘phobic’ about it. Through exploring the Lacanian idea that phobia prevents the onset of psychosis in the event of a certain lapse of the paternal metaphor, phobia seems to operate precisely through a certain resistance to itself, a doubleness that renders Freud’s phobophobia not just a psychological curiosity but perhaps a feature of the very structure of phobia from the outset. Psychoanalytic approaches to phobia with are contrasted with other ways to think about its subject-matter, notably in the writings of Blanchot and Lyotard.Less
This chapter traces Freud’s interest in yet apparent aversion to phobia, from his earliest writings on the topic in the 1890s through to his reinterpretation of the 1909 Little Hans case study in the 1920s. Here, it is possible to detect something like a phobic reaction to phobia itself: what might be called Freud’s phobophobia. It is also be possible to find, in the subsequent literature on the case of Little Hans, traces of this phobic reaction contaminating sometimes sharply critical readings: in Deleuze’s markedly hostile attitude to this Freudian text, we find an aversion to what is in fact most ‘phobic’ about it. Through exploring the Lacanian idea that phobia prevents the onset of psychosis in the event of a certain lapse of the paternal metaphor, phobia seems to operate precisely through a certain resistance to itself, a doubleness that renders Freud’s phobophobia not just a psychological curiosity but perhaps a feature of the very structure of phobia from the outset. Psychoanalytic approaches to phobia with are contrasted with other ways to think about its subject-matter, notably in the writings of Blanchot and Lyotard.
Colin Macleod and Andrew Mathews
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195158564
- eISBN:
- 9780199848126
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158564.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines how memory might be influenced by a variety of emotional states and conditions experienced by people with anxiety disorders. It ...
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This chapter examines how memory might be influenced by a variety of emotional states and conditions experienced by people with anxiety disorders. It reviews research performed with people who describe themselves as generally anxious (without formal diagnosis), as well as with people who have been diagnosed as experiencing generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder. In the context of research on “mood congruent” memory, one might expect that these individuals will better remember stimuli that “fit” with their anxious thoughts and beliefs. In some cases, anxious people do show evidence of anxiety-related memory bias, but these probably result from special instances of emotional interpretation of events with ambiguous meaning. Under conditions less prone to interpretive ambiguity, anxious people tend not to remember in emotionally special ways.Less
This chapter examines how memory might be influenced by a variety of emotional states and conditions experienced by people with anxiety disorders. It reviews research performed with people who describe themselves as generally anxious (without formal diagnosis), as well as with people who have been diagnosed as experiencing generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder. In the context of research on “mood congruent” memory, one might expect that these individuals will better remember stimuli that “fit” with their anxious thoughts and beliefs. In some cases, anxious people do show evidence of anxiety-related memory bias, but these probably result from special instances of emotional interpretation of events with ambiguous meaning. Under conditions less prone to interpretive ambiguity, anxious people tend not to remember in emotionally special ways.
Nathan H. Lents
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780231178327
- eISBN:
- 9780231541756
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231178327.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Ethical Issues and Debates
Fear is one of the most primal emotions in animals and humans. Hardwired as a reflex, it is very difficult to consciously control or overcome.
Fear is one of the most primal emotions in animals and humans. Hardwired as a reflex, it is very difficult to consciously control or overcome.
Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450686
- eISBN:
- 9780801463914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450686.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter examines the rhetoric of “invasion” by focusing on the problems raised by the definition, categorization, and perceptions of immigrants in Europe and in the United States. It shows how ...
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This chapter examines the rhetoric of “invasion” by focusing on the problems raised by the definition, categorization, and perceptions of immigrants in Europe and in the United States. It shows how concerns about both the quantity and quality of immigrants have inspired restrictive immigration policies on both sides of the Atlantic. It argues that the current debate about the (in)ability or (un)willingness of new immigrants and particular minority groups to integrate is based on historical amnesia. It also claims that newcomers are today contrasted with previous immigrants in order to celebrate the successful integration of old groups and to justify the exclusion of new ones. The chapter concludes by discussing the so-called “clash of misperceptions” and the ways it fuels migrant phobia and, consequently, immigrants’ sense of alienation and resentment. It suggests that there is no “clash of civilizations,” and instead there is an increasing “clash of misperceptions” that aggravates ethnic tensions as well as a sense of victimization and frustration.Less
This chapter examines the rhetoric of “invasion” by focusing on the problems raised by the definition, categorization, and perceptions of immigrants in Europe and in the United States. It shows how concerns about both the quantity and quality of immigrants have inspired restrictive immigration policies on both sides of the Atlantic. It argues that the current debate about the (in)ability or (un)willingness of new immigrants and particular minority groups to integrate is based on historical amnesia. It also claims that newcomers are today contrasted with previous immigrants in order to celebrate the successful integration of old groups and to justify the exclusion of new ones. The chapter concludes by discussing the so-called “clash of misperceptions” and the ways it fuels migrant phobia and, consequently, immigrants’ sense of alienation and resentment. It suggests that there is no “clash of civilizations,” and instead there is an increasing “clash of misperceptions” that aggravates ethnic tensions as well as a sense of victimization and frustration.
Renee D. Goodwin, Katja Beesdo-Baum, Susanne Knappe, and Dan J. Stein
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199657018
- eISBN:
- 9780191748097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657018.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Anxiety disorders are considered the most common and earliest occurring mental disorders. They are associated with social, academic, and occupational impairment in childhood, and increased risk of a ...
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Anxiety disorders are considered the most common and earliest occurring mental disorders. They are associated with social, academic, and occupational impairment in childhood, and increased risk of a range of mental health problems throughout development and into adulthood. This chapter examines the prevalence, correlates, risk factors, continuity/outcomes, and treatment of specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and obsessive–compulsive disorder over the life course. Also discussed are the implications of a life course approach on the epidemiology of anxiety disorders for clinical work, public health, and future research.Less
Anxiety disorders are considered the most common and earliest occurring mental disorders. They are associated with social, academic, and occupational impairment in childhood, and increased risk of a range of mental health problems throughout development and into adulthood. This chapter examines the prevalence, correlates, risk factors, continuity/outcomes, and treatment of specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, and obsessive–compulsive disorder over the life course. Also discussed are the implications of a life course approach on the epidemiology of anxiety disorders for clinical work, public health, and future research.
Simon Morgan Wortham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474429603
- eISBN:
- 9781474438575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429603.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter examines phobia as a question of psychoanalysis itself, a means to assess its complex and problematic conditions of possibility. In 1929, Alfred Adler produced a case study of ‘Miss R.’ ...
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This chapter examines phobia as a question of psychoanalysis itself, a means to assess its complex and problematic conditions of possibility. In 1929, Alfred Adler produced a case study of ‘Miss R.’ in which he analysed her lupus phobia. Lupus is an auto-immune disease that reached its heights during the nineteenth century. Found at the crossroads between the sprawl of the city and the birth of the clinic, lupus’s historic arc reflects the early history of psychoanalysis. Adler associates Miss R.’s phobias with a desire to avoid her own inferiorization within the family and a fear about life on the outside. The case study offers a clue to the relationship between analyst and analysand: Adler interprets the young girl’s behaviour in terms of an egotistic desire to hold centre-stage; yet the case history is constructed out of extemporized remarks made before a captive audience, presumably to show off Adler’s analytic brilliance (in contrast to Freud’s, whom he takes every opportunity to disparage). We wonder whether Adler might be talking about himself as much as Miss R., and the case study begins to offer some insights not only into the split with Freud in 1911 but indeed the resistances of psychoanalysis itself.Less
This chapter examines phobia as a question of psychoanalysis itself, a means to assess its complex and problematic conditions of possibility. In 1929, Alfred Adler produced a case study of ‘Miss R.’ in which he analysed her lupus phobia. Lupus is an auto-immune disease that reached its heights during the nineteenth century. Found at the crossroads between the sprawl of the city and the birth of the clinic, lupus’s historic arc reflects the early history of psychoanalysis. Adler associates Miss R.’s phobias with a desire to avoid her own inferiorization within the family and a fear about life on the outside. The case study offers a clue to the relationship between analyst and analysand: Adler interprets the young girl’s behaviour in terms of an egotistic desire to hold centre-stage; yet the case history is constructed out of extemporized remarks made before a captive audience, presumably to show off Adler’s analytic brilliance (in contrast to Freud’s, whom he takes every opportunity to disparage). We wonder whether Adler might be talking about himself as much as Miss R., and the case study begins to offer some insights not only into the split with Freud in 1911 but indeed the resistances of psychoanalysis itself.
Danielle Shapiro
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780816693405
- eISBN:
- 9781452954318
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816693405.003.0001
- Subject:
- Art, Design
This chapter is a chronological study of Vassos’s most productive period as an illustrator and artist. It focuses on three major works: Salome (1927 and 1930), his first and most popular book; ...
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This chapter is a chronological study of Vassos’s most productive period as an illustrator and artist. It focuses on three major works: Salome (1927 and 1930), his first and most popular book; Contempo (1929), a book of social criticism authored by his wife Ruth; and Phobia (1930), which gave him expertise in psychology that he later applied to his designs in the radio and television field.Less
This chapter is a chronological study of Vassos’s most productive period as an illustrator and artist. It focuses on three major works: Salome (1927 and 1930), his first and most popular book; Contempo (1929), a book of social criticism authored by his wife Ruth; and Phobia (1930), which gave him expertise in psychology that he later applied to his designs in the radio and television field.
