Constanze Guthenke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231850
- eISBN:
- 9780191716188
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231850.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of ...
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This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of modern Greece, by both foreign and Greek writers, run on notions of a significant landscape. Landscape, as a critical term, is itself the product of the period when Greece assumed increasing importance as a territorial, political and modern entity. The implied authority of nature, in turn, follows its own dynamic and highly ambivalent logic of representation. Greece operated as a material symbol, one that shared the brittle structure of the Romantic image. To explicate this enabling structure this study draws on the critical writings of Herder, Schiller and the early Romantics, while grounding mainly German philhellenic writing in its cultural and political context. Main authors discussed are Friedrich Hölderlin and Wilhelm Müller, but also the first generation of Greek writers in the new nation state after 1821: Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Panagiotis Soutsos, Andreas Kalvos and Dionysios Solomos. To enlist authors challenged to write from within the place of Greece allows not only a new take on the problematic imagery of Greece, but also gives a new dimension to the study of Hellenism as a trans-national movement.Less
This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of modern Greece, by both foreign and Greek writers, run on notions of a significant landscape. Landscape, as a critical term, is itself the product of the period when Greece assumed increasing importance as a territorial, political and modern entity. The implied authority of nature, in turn, follows its own dynamic and highly ambivalent logic of representation. Greece operated as a material symbol, one that shared the brittle structure of the Romantic image. To explicate this enabling structure this study draws on the critical writings of Herder, Schiller and the early Romantics, while grounding mainly German philhellenic writing in its cultural and political context. Main authors discussed are Friedrich Hölderlin and Wilhelm Müller, but also the first generation of Greek writers in the new nation state after 1821: Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Panagiotis Soutsos, Andreas Kalvos and Dionysios Solomos. To enlist authors challenged to write from within the place of Greece allows not only a new take on the problematic imagery of Greece, but also gives a new dimension to the study of Hellenism as a trans-national movement.
Michael C. Legaspi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195394351
- eISBN:
- 9780199777211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394351.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter shifts briefly away from the study of the Bible and focuses on two classical philologists at Göttingen, important representatives of neohumanism: Johann Matthias Gesner and Christian ...
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This chapter shifts briefly away from the study of the Bible and focuses on two classical philologists at Göttingen, important representatives of neohumanism: Johann Matthias Gesner and Christian Gottlob Heyne. In the case of Göttingen, the study of Greece and Rome (the discipline of classics) offers a very close parallel to the study of the Bible. Gesner and Heyne were contemporaries of Michaelis who, like Michaelis, found themselves in a precarious but promising situation: to adapt the study of philology to the realities of the new university, or simply fade into the background. Gesner and Heyne adapted, but without embracing the fervent philhellenism of later Romantics. Their vision of a critically reconstructed antiquity fully intelligible to modern ideals resembles the picture of ancient Israel that Michaelis, through nearly five decades of tireless research and publication, labored to produce.Less
This chapter shifts briefly away from the study of the Bible and focuses on two classical philologists at Göttingen, important representatives of neohumanism: Johann Matthias Gesner and Christian Gottlob Heyne. In the case of Göttingen, the study of Greece and Rome (the discipline of classics) offers a very close parallel to the study of the Bible. Gesner and Heyne were contemporaries of Michaelis who, like Michaelis, found themselves in a precarious but promising situation: to adapt the study of philology to the realities of the new university, or simply fade into the background. Gesner and Heyne adapted, but without embracing the fervent philhellenism of later Romantics. Their vision of a critically reconstructed antiquity fully intelligible to modern ideals resembles the picture of ancient Israel that Michaelis, through nearly five decades of tireless research and publication, labored to produce.
Daniel Orrells
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199236442
- eISBN:
- 9780191728549
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236442.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Since Foucault's History of Sexuality, historians have traced in ever increasing detail the formation of modern sexual identities in the west. Relatively less attention has been addressed to ...
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Since Foucault's History of Sexuality, historians have traced in ever increasing detail the formation of modern sexual identities in the west. Relatively less attention has been addressed to historians, writers and intellectuals working between 1750 and 1910 who formulated their own plots for the history of sexuality. This book examines the significance of ancient Greek pederasty for the formation of scholarly historicism by German and English thinkers from the middle of the eighteenth century into the beginning of the twentieth. Rather than “Greek love” being simply a euphemistic signifier for the secret signified “homosexuality,” this book examines how the pederastic—pedagogic relationship as exemplified in Plato's texts became a site for conceptualising the nature of the relationship between antiquity and modernity itself: precisely what did the Socratic teacher teach his pupil? What was the relationship between elder man and male youth? And how did this relationship inform modern discussions about the relationship between one generation and the next—between ancient and modern worlds? With the development of modern scholarly historicism in philhellenic Germany and Britain, Greek love provided the limit case for such scholarly endeavours invested in understanding how we moderns might be descended from a classical past. What sort of man did reading ancient Greek generate? From the work of Johann Matthias Gesner, the very first professor of philology at Göttingen, arguably the first modern European university, to Benjamin Jowett's Oxford, to the Oscar Wilde trials in London, to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic studies in Vienna, the question about the relevance of ancient Greek desires for modern masculinity has been posed and explored.Less
Since Foucault's History of Sexuality, historians have traced in ever increasing detail the formation of modern sexual identities in the west. Relatively less attention has been addressed to historians, writers and intellectuals working between 1750 and 1910 who formulated their own plots for the history of sexuality. This book examines the significance of ancient Greek pederasty for the formation of scholarly historicism by German and English thinkers from the middle of the eighteenth century into the beginning of the twentieth. Rather than “Greek love” being simply a euphemistic signifier for the secret signified “homosexuality,” this book examines how the pederastic—pedagogic relationship as exemplified in Plato's texts became a site for conceptualising the nature of the relationship between antiquity and modernity itself: precisely what did the Socratic teacher teach his pupil? What was the relationship between elder man and male youth? And how did this relationship inform modern discussions about the relationship between one generation and the next—between ancient and modern worlds? With the development of modern scholarly historicism in philhellenic Germany and Britain, Greek love provided the limit case for such scholarly endeavours invested in understanding how we moderns might be descended from a classical past. What sort of man did reading ancient Greek generate? From the work of Johann Matthias Gesner, the very first professor of philology at Göttingen, arguably the first modern European university, to Benjamin Jowett's Oxford, to the Oscar Wilde trials in London, to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic studies in Vienna, the question about the relevance of ancient Greek desires for modern masculinity has been posed and explored.
Constanze Güthenke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231850
- eISBN:
- 9780191716188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231850.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
One of the guiding questions of this study is whether a change took place in the representation of the Greek land with the emergence of the Greek nation state. This chapter looks at the strategies ...
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One of the guiding questions of this study is whether a change took place in the representation of the Greek land with the emergence of the Greek nation state. This chapter looks at the strategies that politicize Greek nature and make it relevant to a German context after the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Greece was declared different from other national movements, and, according to the Romantic correspondence with nature, it was not the Greeks but Greek nature that liberated itself, enhancing its special position. The same imagery allowed for reflection on the German poetic voice and its standpoint in a politically conservative climate. One of the most prominent textual strategies is the use and notion of folk song. The main textual body is the popular poetry of Wilhelm Müller, supplemented with material from political pamphlets and geographical accounts.Less
One of the guiding questions of this study is whether a change took place in the representation of the Greek land with the emergence of the Greek nation state. This chapter looks at the strategies that politicize Greek nature and make it relevant to a German context after the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Greece was declared different from other national movements, and, according to the Romantic correspondence with nature, it was not the Greeks but Greek nature that liberated itself, enhancing its special position. The same imagery allowed for reflection on the German poetic voice and its standpoint in a politically conservative climate. One of the most prominent textual strategies is the use and notion of folk song. The main textual body is the popular poetry of Wilhelm Müller, supplemented with material from political pamphlets and geographical accounts.
William Kelley
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780197265871
- eISBN:
- 9780191772030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265871.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
While E. A. Freeman’s History of the Norman Conquest has tended to monopolise the attention of historians of historiography, this essay argues that the Eastern Question occupies a central place in ...
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While E. A. Freeman’s History of the Norman Conquest has tended to monopolise the attention of historians of historiography, this essay argues that the Eastern Question occupies a central place in his historical thought. Freeman was an ardent and influential contributor to debates on the Eastern Question, which he construed as an historical problem. In works such as his four-volume History of Sicily, his Chief Periods of European History, his third series of Historical Essays and his monographs History and Conquest of the Saracens and The Ottoman Power in Europe, Freeman elaborated a conception of universal history to which the Eastern Question was central. Freeman’s prominent role in the Bulgarian Agitation of 1876 must be seen in the context of this deeply historical engagement with the Eastern Question.Less
While E. A. Freeman’s History of the Norman Conquest has tended to monopolise the attention of historians of historiography, this essay argues that the Eastern Question occupies a central place in his historical thought. Freeman was an ardent and influential contributor to debates on the Eastern Question, which he construed as an historical problem. In works such as his four-volume History of Sicily, his Chief Periods of European History, his third series of Historical Essays and his monographs History and Conquest of the Saracens and The Ottoman Power in Europe, Freeman elaborated a conception of universal history to which the Eastern Question was central. Freeman’s prominent role in the Bulgarian Agitation of 1876 must be seen in the context of this deeply historical engagement with the Eastern Question.
Yasunari Takada
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199212989
- eISBN:
- 9780191594205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212989.003.0016
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter deals with the fortune—and vicissitudes—of the Western classics in modern Japan. Western civilization, of which the Greek and Latin classics claim pride of place as fons et origo, came ...
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This chapter deals with the fortune—and vicissitudes—of the Western classics in modern Japan. Western civilization, of which the Greek and Latin classics claim pride of place as fons et origo, came to Japan not without the accoutrements of imperialism and colonialism. Japan's hectic modernization, whose success was essential if it was to avoid the fate of neighbouring colonized countries, therefore emphasized the introduction of science and technology in the service of national enrichment and the enhancement of military capacity. But following closely behind this importation of practical expertise was the learning of Western culture, which in Japan was specifically represented by philhellenic Germany. Academic studies of Western classics in modern and, for that matter, post‐modern Japan, have since had first to transcend the prejudices arising as a result of the introduction of German philhellenism and then to gain a truly comparative perspective of their own.Less
This chapter deals with the fortune—and vicissitudes—of the Western classics in modern Japan. Western civilization, of which the Greek and Latin classics claim pride of place as fons et origo, came to Japan not without the accoutrements of imperialism and colonialism. Japan's hectic modernization, whose success was essential if it was to avoid the fate of neighbouring colonized countries, therefore emphasized the introduction of science and technology in the service of national enrichment and the enhancement of military capacity. But following closely behind this importation of practical expertise was the learning of Western culture, which in Japan was specifically represented by philhellenic Germany. Academic studies of Western classics in modern and, for that matter, post‐modern Japan, have since had first to transcend the prejudices arising as a result of the introduction of German philhellenism and then to gain a truly comparative perspective of their own.
David Roessel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195143867
- eISBN:
- 9780199871872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143867.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
In early 1770, a small expeditionary force from Russia landed in the southern Peloponnesus to aid local Greeks in a rebellion against Ottoman rule. The revolt of 1770 appears in history, when it ...
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In early 1770, a small expeditionary force from Russia landed in the southern Peloponnesus to aid local Greeks in a rebellion against Ottoman rule. The revolt of 1770 appears in history, when it appears at all, as a footnote to the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1768-1774 or the more important Greek rebellion of 1821. This chapter argues that 1770 marked a watershed in how Western Europeans perceived modern Greeks. The revolt was the emergence of philhellenism as a significant literary movement, and the year 1770 continued to echo in European writing for decades.Less
In early 1770, a small expeditionary force from Russia landed in the southern Peloponnesus to aid local Greeks in a rebellion against Ottoman rule. The revolt of 1770 appears in history, when it appears at all, as a footnote to the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1768-1774 or the more important Greek rebellion of 1821. This chapter argues that 1770 marked a watershed in how Western Europeans perceived modern Greeks. The revolt was the emergence of philhellenism as a significant literary movement, and the year 1770 continued to echo in European writing for decades.
David Roessel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195143867
- eISBN:
- 9780199871872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143867.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
Given that the rhetoric about Greece had been established by Byron, this chapter argues that the only real developments on the perception of the Greeks since were an expansion of that Byronic ...
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Given that the rhetoric about Greece had been established by Byron, this chapter argues that the only real developments on the perception of the Greeks since were an expansion of that Byronic rhetoric by Gladstone and other liberals to include the Balkan Christians generally and a simultaneous narrowing of philhellenic rhetoric to cover only those pure Greeks of unmixed blood who lived on remote islands and mountains. Both of these developments had deleterious effects on the perception of the Greeks. On the one hand, when lumped with the other Christians of the East, they were viewed as Balkan or Levantine; on the other, a preserve of real Greeks was created by disenfranchising the majority of Greece's inhabitants.Less
Given that the rhetoric about Greece had been established by Byron, this chapter argues that the only real developments on the perception of the Greeks since were an expansion of that Byronic rhetoric by Gladstone and other liberals to include the Balkan Christians generally and a simultaneous narrowing of philhellenic rhetoric to cover only those pure Greeks of unmixed blood who lived on remote islands and mountains. Both of these developments had deleterious effects on the perception of the Greeks. On the one hand, when lumped with the other Christians of the East, they were viewed as Balkan or Levantine; on the other, a preserve of real Greeks was created by disenfranchising the majority of Greece's inhabitants.
David Roessel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195143867
- eISBN:
- 9780199871872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143867.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter shows that following the “rebirth” of Greece in 1833, the Western world began to look for signs of the promised revitalization that had been confidently assumed in earlier philhellenic ...
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This chapter shows that following the “rebirth” of Greece in 1833, the Western world began to look for signs of the promised revitalization that had been confidently assumed in earlier philhellenic literature. From 1833 until 1900, philhellenes and Turkophiles fought over their ideas on the degree of progress that had been made in Greece. However, toward the end of the 19th century, intellectuals in Britain and America began to turn away from the Victorian view of science and advancement as a sign of progress. In opposition to the perceived ugliness and emptiness of modern urban life, a pastoral ideal once again found favor. As at the end of the 18th century, a hundred years later the ancient Greeks again occupied a special place in the pastoral vogue. For many thinkers of European descent the ancient Greek world still represented their collective, lost, bucolic past. The importance of Greek antiquity in this desire to return to nature is supported by Samuel Hynes's observation that “Pan is a particularly prominent figure” in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods.Less
This chapter shows that following the “rebirth” of Greece in 1833, the Western world began to look for signs of the promised revitalization that had been confidently assumed in earlier philhellenic literature. From 1833 until 1900, philhellenes and Turkophiles fought over their ideas on the degree of progress that had been made in Greece. However, toward the end of the 19th century, intellectuals in Britain and America began to turn away from the Victorian view of science and advancement as a sign of progress. In opposition to the perceived ugliness and emptiness of modern urban life, a pastoral ideal once again found favor. As at the end of the 18th century, a hundred years later the ancient Greeks again occupied a special place in the pastoral vogue. For many thinkers of European descent the ancient Greek world still represented their collective, lost, bucolic past. The importance of Greek antiquity in this desire to return to nature is supported by Samuel Hynes's observation that “Pan is a particularly prominent figure” in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods.
David Roessel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195143867
- eISBN:
- 9780199871872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143867.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
On April 25, 1915, Denis Browne wrote a letter to Edward Marsh concerning the passing and burial of Rupert Brooke, who had died of a fever on a British hospital ship in the Aegean. Brooke and Browne ...
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On April 25, 1915, Denis Browne wrote a letter to Edward Marsh concerning the passing and burial of Rupert Brooke, who had died of a fever on a British hospital ship in the Aegean. Brooke and Browne were among the British troops sent to the Aegean to take part in the assault on Gallipoli, which the British and French hoped would force open the Hellespont and Dardanelles, cause Turkey to sue for peace, and bring a speedy conclusion to the First World War. This chapter shows that the Byronization of Brooke was an exclusively English enterprise, a kind of philhellenism without Greeks. Given the aura of Byron that had pervaded writing about modern Greece, it was perhaps too much to ask a group of aspiring young authors not to associate a fellow poet who had died of a fever on the eve of an assault against the Turks with the hero of Missolonghi.Less
On April 25, 1915, Denis Browne wrote a letter to Edward Marsh concerning the passing and burial of Rupert Brooke, who had died of a fever on a British hospital ship in the Aegean. Brooke and Browne were among the British troops sent to the Aegean to take part in the assault on Gallipoli, which the British and French hoped would force open the Hellespont and Dardanelles, cause Turkey to sue for peace, and bring a speedy conclusion to the First World War. This chapter shows that the Byronization of Brooke was an exclusively English enterprise, a kind of philhellenism without Greeks. Given the aura of Byron that had pervaded writing about modern Greece, it was perhaps too much to ask a group of aspiring young authors not to associate a fellow poet who had died of a fever on the eve of an assault against the Turks with the hero of Missolonghi.
Miloš Ković
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199574605
- eISBN:
- 9780191595134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574605.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
The motives behind Disraeli's decision to embark on his Grand Tour through the Ottoman Empire are looked at in this chapter. The turnaround which occurred in Disraeli during the time of his ‘blank ...
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The motives behind Disraeli's decision to embark on his Grand Tour through the Ottoman Empire are looked at in this chapter. The turnaround which occurred in Disraeli during the time of his ‘blank period’ is also considered, when he began to shift from the liberal Toryism of Canning towards the conservative Toryism of Wellington. It was then that he began to show mistrust towards the uprising of the Greeks, whom he began to regard, along with the other Balkan rebels, as the allies of Russia, as well as perceiving the Battle of Navarino as a fateful mistake. He believed that Russia had used Britain's philhellenism to go to war with Turkey. The experiences of his travels through Greece, Constantinople, the Holy Land and Egypt are examined in detail. His Russophobia, and imperial and class solidarity with the Ottomans are identified as the main sources of Disraeli's Turkophilia at the time.Less
The motives behind Disraeli's decision to embark on his Grand Tour through the Ottoman Empire are looked at in this chapter. The turnaround which occurred in Disraeli during the time of his ‘blank period’ is also considered, when he began to shift from the liberal Toryism of Canning towards the conservative Toryism of Wellington. It was then that he began to show mistrust towards the uprising of the Greeks, whom he began to regard, along with the other Balkan rebels, as the allies of Russia, as well as perceiving the Battle of Navarino as a fateful mistake. He believed that Russia had used Britain's philhellenism to go to war with Turkey. The experiences of his travels through Greece, Constantinople, the Holy Land and Egypt are examined in detail. His Russophobia, and imperial and class solidarity with the Ottomans are identified as the main sources of Disraeli's Turkophilia at the time.
Maurizio Isabella
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199570676
- eISBN:
- 9780191721991
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570676.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Exile represented a fundamental experience in shaping Italian national identity. This book investigates the contribution of the Italian exile community in Europe and Latin America in the post ...
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Exile represented a fundamental experience in shaping Italian national identity. This book investigates the contribution of the Italian exile community in Europe and Latin America in the post Napoleonic era to imagining a new Italian political and economic community. By looking at the writings of such exiles, the book challenges recent historiography regarding the lack of genuine liberal culture in the Risorgimento. The book argues that these émigrés' involvement in debates with British, continental, and American intellectuals, hitherto ignored in the historiography, points to the emergence of liberalism and Romanticism as international ideologies shared by a community of patriots from Southern Europe as well as Latin America, and demonstrates that the Risorgimento first developed as a variation upon such global trends.Less
Exile represented a fundamental experience in shaping Italian national identity. This book investigates the contribution of the Italian exile community in Europe and Latin America in the post Napoleonic era to imagining a new Italian political and economic community. By looking at the writings of such exiles, the book challenges recent historiography regarding the lack of genuine liberal culture in the Risorgimento. The book argues that these émigrés' involvement in debates with British, continental, and American intellectuals, hitherto ignored in the historiography, points to the emergence of liberalism and Romanticism as international ideologies shared by a community of patriots from Southern Europe as well as Latin America, and demonstrates that the Risorgimento first developed as a variation upon such global trends.
Maurizio Isabella
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199570676
- eISBN:
- 9780191721991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570676.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter assesses the distinctive features of the exiles' Philhellenism as compared to its British and continental versions. It considers the contrasting in attitudes of Italian exiles and ...
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This chapter assesses the distinctive features of the exiles' Philhellenism as compared to its British and continental versions. It considers the contrasting in attitudes of Italian exiles and British liberals towards Greek and Mediterranean freedom. It argues that while the Italian exiles considered Greece to be a European country ready for independence and representative institutions, and justified any means which would achieve this goal, the Benthamites orientalized Greece, depicted it as a backward Asian country, and believed that it needed to be ‘educated’ before it could become independent. The greatest contribution of the Italian volunteers to European Philhellenism was the notion of Mediterranean sisterhood between Italy and Greece and the idea that underpinned Italian patriotism until the end of the century. The significance heroic martyrdom of Santorre di Santarosa, who became the most famous European Philhellenic icon after Byron, lay precisely in its capacity to combine the Risorgimento and the Greek struggle for emancipation in a single movement for freedom.Less
This chapter assesses the distinctive features of the exiles' Philhellenism as compared to its British and continental versions. It considers the contrasting in attitudes of Italian exiles and British liberals towards Greek and Mediterranean freedom. It argues that while the Italian exiles considered Greece to be a European country ready for independence and representative institutions, and justified any means which would achieve this goal, the Benthamites orientalized Greece, depicted it as a backward Asian country, and believed that it needed to be ‘educated’ before it could become independent. The greatest contribution of the Italian volunteers to European Philhellenism was the notion of Mediterranean sisterhood between Italy and Greece and the idea that underpinned Italian patriotism until the end of the century. The significance heroic martyrdom of Santorre di Santarosa, who became the most famous European Philhellenic icon after Byron, lay precisely in its capacity to combine the Risorgimento and the Greek struggle for emancipation in a single movement for freedom.
Joshua Billings
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159232
- eISBN:
- 9781400852505
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159232.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter examines the antiquity of tragedy. Thought about tragedy feeds on ulterior discussions of ancient political systems and of ancient epic, but the most significant factor may be a change ...
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This chapter examines the antiquity of tragedy. Thought about tragedy feeds on ulterior discussions of ancient political systems and of ancient epic, but the most significant factor may be a change in the status of poetics, and a diminution of Aristotle's authority. This development is associated in Germany with the Sturm und Drang, and receives much of its impetus from discussions in England. However, it is parallel to discussions in France, where normative Aristotelianism was similarly being criticized as inadequate to the task of grasping changes in the genre of tragedy. Across Western Europe, then, one can discern a broad shift away from the foundations of neoclassicism, and towards a philhellenism that emphasizes the singularity of antiquity. Taken together, these new ways of conceiving Greek literature within history represent a fundamental shift in thought about antiquity, which has tragedy as an important focal point.Less
This chapter examines the antiquity of tragedy. Thought about tragedy feeds on ulterior discussions of ancient political systems and of ancient epic, but the most significant factor may be a change in the status of poetics, and a diminution of Aristotle's authority. This development is associated in Germany with the Sturm und Drang, and receives much of its impetus from discussions in England. However, it is parallel to discussions in France, where normative Aristotelianism was similarly being criticized as inadequate to the task of grasping changes in the genre of tragedy. Across Western Europe, then, one can discern a broad shift away from the foundations of neoclassicism, and towards a philhellenism that emphasizes the singularity of antiquity. Taken together, these new ways of conceiving Greek literature within history represent a fundamental shift in thought about antiquity, which has tragedy as an important focal point.
F. Rosen
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198200789
- eISBN:
- 9780191674778
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198200789.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Ideas
This book explores the connection between Jeremy Bentham and Lord Byron forged by the Greek struggle for independence. It focuses on the activities of the London Greek Committee, supposedly founded ...
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This book explores the connection between Jeremy Bentham and Lord Byron forged by the Greek struggle for independence. It focuses on the activities of the London Greek Committee, supposedly founded by disciples of Bentham, which mounted the expedition on which Lord Byron ultimately met his death in Greece. This study provides a new assessment of British philhellenism, and examines the relationship between Bentham's theory of constitutional government and the emerging liberalism of the 1820s. It breaks new ground in the history of political ideas and culture in the early 19th century. It advances new interpretations, based on recently published texts and manuscript sources, of the development of constitutional theory from John Locke and Montesquieu, the conflicting strands of liberalism in the 1820s, and the response in Britain to strong claims for national self-determination in the Mediterranean basin. The book sets out to distinguish between Bentham's theory and the ideological context against which it is usually interpreted. The result is a contribution to current debates over method in the study of political ideas and to the study of the history of political thought.Less
This book explores the connection between Jeremy Bentham and Lord Byron forged by the Greek struggle for independence. It focuses on the activities of the London Greek Committee, supposedly founded by disciples of Bentham, which mounted the expedition on which Lord Byron ultimately met his death in Greece. This study provides a new assessment of British philhellenism, and examines the relationship between Bentham's theory of constitutional government and the emerging liberalism of the 1820s. It breaks new ground in the history of political ideas and culture in the early 19th century. It advances new interpretations, based on recently published texts and manuscript sources, of the development of constitutional theory from John Locke and Montesquieu, the conflicting strands of liberalism in the 1820s, and the response in Britain to strong claims for national self-determination in the Mediterranean basin. The book sets out to distinguish between Bentham's theory and the ideological context against which it is usually interpreted. The result is a contribution to current debates over method in the study of political ideas and to the study of the history of political thought.
F. Rosen
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198200789
- eISBN:
- 9780191674778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198200789.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Ideas
Philhellenism was influenced by the ideological division between Whigs and Tories which strongly influenced the pattern of support generally in Britain for the struggle for Greek independence. This ...
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Philhellenism was influenced by the ideological division between Whigs and Tories which strongly influenced the pattern of support generally in Britain for the struggle for Greek independence. This chapter shows that Tory opposition to active support for Greece has had a decisive effect in curbing the growth of philhellenism in the period from the uprising in March 1821 until the founding of the London Greek Committee two years later. In a curious way, the nature of this opposition largely ensured that the issue would become a partisan one that was reflected in the composition of the Committee itself as consisting largely of Whigs and radical reformers. Nevertheless, contrary to numerous commentators who have seen the Committee as somehow ignoring if not betraying philhellenism in representing a narrow ideological position, this chapter argues that it was largely successful because it drew on broad philhellenic sympathy that existed throughout Britain.Less
Philhellenism was influenced by the ideological division between Whigs and Tories which strongly influenced the pattern of support generally in Britain for the struggle for Greek independence. This chapter shows that Tory opposition to active support for Greece has had a decisive effect in curbing the growth of philhellenism in the period from the uprising in March 1821 until the founding of the London Greek Committee two years later. In a curious way, the nature of this opposition largely ensured that the issue would become a partisan one that was reflected in the composition of the Committee itself as consisting largely of Whigs and radical reformers. Nevertheless, contrary to numerous commentators who have seen the Committee as somehow ignoring if not betraying philhellenism in representing a narrow ideological position, this chapter argues that it was largely successful because it drew on broad philhellenic sympathy that existed throughout Britain.
GIDEON NISBET
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199263370
- eISBN:
- 9780191718366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263370.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
As an ‘occasional’ genre, epigram encourages participation by keen amateurs (many of whose poems are reported by the Anthology as anonymous) as well as professional poets. This chapter explores the ...
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As an ‘occasional’ genre, epigram encourages participation by keen amateurs (many of whose poems are reported by the Anthology as anonymous) as well as professional poets. This chapter explores the range of production in the skoptic sub-genre through six of its better-known minor authors: Pollianos, Apollinarios, Trajan, Gaetulicus, Piso, and Leonides. Pollianos is shown to be a witty literary critic who invokes key Hellenistic epigrammatists and develops elaborate allusive metaphors, symptomatic of literary antiquarianism under Hadrian; Leonides (or Leonidas) crafts ‘isopsephic’ epigrams in which the total numerical value of the letters in each couplet is the same. This isopsephy tests modern editors' patience, but can also stimulate them to playful creativity. The three Roman authors are philhellene amateurs; their Greek verse is not always correct, and Piso's poem is not really skoptic at all, but they illustrate Greek epigram's convenience to the Roman élite as a light verse form.Less
As an ‘occasional’ genre, epigram encourages participation by keen amateurs (many of whose poems are reported by the Anthology as anonymous) as well as professional poets. This chapter explores the range of production in the skoptic sub-genre through six of its better-known minor authors: Pollianos, Apollinarios, Trajan, Gaetulicus, Piso, and Leonides. Pollianos is shown to be a witty literary critic who invokes key Hellenistic epigrammatists and develops elaborate allusive metaphors, symptomatic of literary antiquarianism under Hadrian; Leonides (or Leonidas) crafts ‘isopsephic’ epigrams in which the total numerical value of the letters in each couplet is the same. This isopsephy tests modern editors' patience, but can also stimulate them to playful creativity. The three Roman authors are philhellene amateurs; their Greek verse is not always correct, and Piso's poem is not really skoptic at all, but they illustrate Greek epigram's convenience to the Roman élite as a light verse form.
Peter Thonemann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199652143
- eISBN:
- 9780191745935
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199652143.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter offers a new reconstruction of Alexander the Great's fragmentary edict to Priene (I. Priene 1; Rhodes–Osborne, GHI 86, probably of 334 bc). Alexander's edict, concerning the status of a ...
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This chapter offers a new reconstruction of Alexander the Great's fragmentary edict to Priene (I. Priene 1; Rhodes–Osborne, GHI 86, probably of 334 bc). Alexander's edict, concerning the status of a number of dependent communities in the vicinity of Priene, such as Naulochon, has played a prominent role in modern scholarship on Alexander's Philhellenism, the nature and extent of ‘royal land’ in the former Achaemenid empire, the civic life of the Greek poleis of western Asia Minor in the early Hellenistic period, and ancient archival practices. Much of this modern scholarship, however, is based on questionable restorations of fragmentary passages in the edict. This chapter offers alternative reconstructions of three critical clauses in the edict, which (if correct) shed a new light on Alexander's policies towards the Greek cities of Asia Minor in the earliest days of his Asiatic campaign.Less
This chapter offers a new reconstruction of Alexander the Great's fragmentary edict to Priene (I. Priene 1; Rhodes–Osborne, GHI 86, probably of 334 bc). Alexander's edict, concerning the status of a number of dependent communities in the vicinity of Priene, such as Naulochon, has played a prominent role in modern scholarship on Alexander's Philhellenism, the nature and extent of ‘royal land’ in the former Achaemenid empire, the civic life of the Greek poleis of western Asia Minor in the early Hellenistic period, and ancient archival practices. Much of this modern scholarship, however, is based on questionable restorations of fragmentary passages in the edict. This chapter offers alternative reconstructions of three critical clauses in the edict, which (if correct) shed a new light on Alexander's policies towards the Greek cities of Asia Minor in the earliest days of his Asiatic campaign.
Charles Issawi
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195118131
- eISBN:
- 9780199854554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118131.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
The chapter discusses how Shelley, a marvelous lyric poet, writer of famous poems like “Prometheus” and “Ode to the West Wind” looked at foreign culture. He was also a knowledgeable scientist and an ...
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The chapter discusses how Shelley, a marvelous lyric poet, writer of famous poems like “Prometheus” and “Ode to the West Wind” looked at foreign culture. He was also a knowledgeable scientist and an accomplished linguist. He was passionately interested in politics, and he was a voracious and insatiable reader. Being very well read in philosophy, history, and politics, his interest in the Near East arose from his passionate Philhellenism. He became an ardent champion of Greek independence. His love and admiration for the ancient Greeks was one of his strongest passions and like many passionate Hellenists, he took a dim view of modern Greeks. He was an opponent of Ottoman rule but his interest extended beyond that and he made many acute observations on India, Persia, Egypt, Syria, Arabia, and proto-Zionism.Less
The chapter discusses how Shelley, a marvelous lyric poet, writer of famous poems like “Prometheus” and “Ode to the West Wind” looked at foreign culture. He was also a knowledgeable scientist and an accomplished linguist. He was passionately interested in politics, and he was a voracious and insatiable reader. Being very well read in philosophy, history, and politics, his interest in the Near East arose from his passionate Philhellenism. He became an ardent champion of Greek independence. His love and admiration for the ancient Greeks was one of his strongest passions and like many passionate Hellenists, he took a dim view of modern Greeks. He was an opponent of Ottoman rule but his interest extended beyond that and he made many acute observations on India, Persia, Egypt, Syria, Arabia, and proto-Zionism.
Alexis Heraclides and Ada Dialla
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719089909
- eISBN:
- 9781781708484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089909.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The intervention of Britain, Russia and France in the Greek War of Independence is regarded as the first armed intervention on humanitarian grounds. This chapter examines its diplomatic history with ...
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The intervention of Britain, Russia and France in the Greek War of Independence is regarded as the first armed intervention on humanitarian grounds. This chapter examines its diplomatic history with emphasis on the role of Britain (Canning) and Russia. The massacres of Christians and the ‘barbarization rumour’ (the eviction of all the Greeks from Europe) and the strong wave of philhellenism across Europe and North America, which identified itself with the Greeks, made Britain, Russia and France intervene though initially they were unwilling to so for no tangible interest were at stake. Key events were the Treaty of London (the first of humanitarian reasons in a treaty) and the naval battle of Navarino. The assessment of publicists from the 1830s until the 1930s is that that this was a humanitarian intervention even though humanitarian motives were not the only motives. Even several jurists opposed to the notion of humanitarian intervention condoned this one case on humanitarian or moral grounds. The Greek case provided the springboard for the emergence of the concept of humanitarian intervention and had a bearing on the evolution of international norms and rules of conduct in instances of humanitarian plights in at least six ways.Less
The intervention of Britain, Russia and France in the Greek War of Independence is regarded as the first armed intervention on humanitarian grounds. This chapter examines its diplomatic history with emphasis on the role of Britain (Canning) and Russia. The massacres of Christians and the ‘barbarization rumour’ (the eviction of all the Greeks from Europe) and the strong wave of philhellenism across Europe and North America, which identified itself with the Greeks, made Britain, Russia and France intervene though initially they were unwilling to so for no tangible interest were at stake. Key events were the Treaty of London (the first of humanitarian reasons in a treaty) and the naval battle of Navarino. The assessment of publicists from the 1830s until the 1930s is that that this was a humanitarian intervention even though humanitarian motives were not the only motives. Even several jurists opposed to the notion of humanitarian intervention condoned this one case on humanitarian or moral grounds. The Greek case provided the springboard for the emergence of the concept of humanitarian intervention and had a bearing on the evolution of international norms and rules of conduct in instances of humanitarian plights in at least six ways.
