Michael D. Rugg and Michael G. H. Coles (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198524168
- eISBN:
- 9780191706639
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524168.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This book reviews a productive period of research aimed at connecting brain and mind through the use of scalp-recorded brain potentials to chart the temporal course of information processing in the ...
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This book reviews a productive period of research aimed at connecting brain and mind through the use of scalp-recorded brain potentials to chart the temporal course of information processing in the human brain. The book serves as both as a summary of where we have been and as a pointer of the way ahead. Event-related potential (ERP) methodology has long been used in neuroscience to measure electrical activity in the brain. It has become clear, however, that it can be a powerful tool in studying and illuminating central psychological issues relating to attention, information, processing, dynamics, memory, and language. Linking this technology to newer imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it becomes possible to build up a spatial and temporal picture of the brain during the performance of high-level skills. This book provides strong evidence that cognitive psychology can benefit from the use of brain electrical activity.Less
This book reviews a productive period of research aimed at connecting brain and mind through the use of scalp-recorded brain potentials to chart the temporal course of information processing in the human brain. The book serves as both as a summary of where we have been and as a pointer of the way ahead. Event-related potential (ERP) methodology has long been used in neuroscience to measure electrical activity in the brain. It has become clear, however, that it can be a powerful tool in studying and illuminating central psychological issues relating to attention, information, processing, dynamics, memory, and language. Linking this technology to newer imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it becomes possible to build up a spatial and temporal picture of the brain during the performance of high-level skills. This book provides strong evidence that cognitive psychology can benefit from the use of brain electrical activity.
Donna Yarri
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195181791
- eISBN:
- 9780199835744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195181794.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The ultimate goal in animal experimentation is not necessarily to eliminate all experiments, but rather to establish a benign ethic for its practice. An interim ethic is described, which includes ...
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The ultimate goal in animal experimentation is not necessarily to eliminate all experiments, but rather to establish a benign ethic for its practice. An interim ethic is described, which includes changes in current animal legislation, specifically with regard to the Animal Welfare Act. Paying attention to animal husbandry conditions and utilizing preference tests can go a long way in establishing a more humane practice of animal experimentation. Finally, the idea of pet keeping is offered as a model for treating experimental animals much as we would pets. The result would be a movement away from simply an instrumental and often harmful use of animals, to one which is based on the intrinsic value of animals.Less
The ultimate goal in animal experimentation is not necessarily to eliminate all experiments, but rather to establish a benign ethic for its practice. An interim ethic is described, which includes changes in current animal legislation, specifically with regard to the Animal Welfare Act. Paying attention to animal husbandry conditions and utilizing preference tests can go a long way in establishing a more humane practice of animal experimentation. Finally, the idea of pet keeping is offered as a model for treating experimental animals much as we would pets. The result would be a movement away from simply an instrumental and often harmful use of animals, to one which is based on the intrinsic value of animals.
Stephen H. Webb
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195152296
- eISBN:
- 9780199849178
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152296.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Many of us keep pet animals; we rely on them for companionship and unconditional love. For some people their closest relationships may be with their pets. In the wake of the animal rights movement, ...
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Many of us keep pet animals; we rely on them for companionship and unconditional love. For some people their closest relationships may be with their pets. In the wake of the animal rights movement, some ethicists have started to re-examine this relationship, and to question the rights of humans to “own” other sentient beings in this way. This book brings a Christian perspective to bear on the subject of our responsibility to animals, looked at through the lens of our relations with pets—especially dogs. The book argues that the emotional bond with companion animals should play a central role in the way we think about animals in general, and—against the more extreme animal liberationists—defends the intermingling of the human and animal worlds. It tries to imagine what it would be like to treat animals as a gift from God, and indeed argues that not only are animals a gift for us, but they give to us; we need to attend to their giving and return their gifts appropriately. Throughout, the book insists that what Christians call grace is present in our relations with animals just as it is with other humans. Grace is the inclusive and expansive power of God's love to create and sustain relationships of real mutuality and reciprocity, and the book unfolds the implications of the recognition that animals participate in God's abundant grace. The book's thesis affirms and persuasively defends many of the things that pet lovers feel instinctively—that their relationships with their companion animals are meaningful and important, and that their pets have value and worth in themselves in the eyes of God.Less
Many of us keep pet animals; we rely on them for companionship and unconditional love. For some people their closest relationships may be with their pets. In the wake of the animal rights movement, some ethicists have started to re-examine this relationship, and to question the rights of humans to “own” other sentient beings in this way. This book brings a Christian perspective to bear on the subject of our responsibility to animals, looked at through the lens of our relations with pets—especially dogs. The book argues that the emotional bond with companion animals should play a central role in the way we think about animals in general, and—against the more extreme animal liberationists—defends the intermingling of the human and animal worlds. It tries to imagine what it would be like to treat animals as a gift from God, and indeed argues that not only are animals a gift for us, but they give to us; we need to attend to their giving and return their gifts appropriately. Throughout, the book insists that what Christians call grace is present in our relations with animals just as it is with other humans. Grace is the inclusive and expansive power of God's love to create and sustain relationships of real mutuality and reciprocity, and the book unfolds the implications of the recognition that animals participate in God's abundant grace. The book's thesis affirms and persuasively defends many of the things that pet lovers feel instinctively—that their relationships with their companion animals are meaningful and important, and that their pets have value and worth in themselves in the eyes of God.
Walter Glannon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195307788
- eISBN:
- 9780199867431
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307788.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Our ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the ...
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Our ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the neurobiological basis of human thought and behavior. Technologies like MRI and PET scans can detect early signs of psychiatric disorders before they manifest symptoms. Electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain can non-invasively relieve symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and other conditions resistant to treatment, while implanting neuro-electrodes can help patients with Parkinson's and other motor control-related diseases. New drugs can help regenerate neuronal connections otherwise disrupted by schizophrenia and similar diseases. All these procedures and drugs alter the neural correlates of our mind, and raise fascinating and important ethical questions about their benefits and harms. They are, in a sense, among the most profound bioethical questions we face, since these techniques can touch on the deepest aspects of the human mind: free will, personal identity, the self, and the soul. This book starts by describing the state of the art in neuroscientific research and treatment, and gives an up-to-date picture of the brain. It then looks at the ethical implications of various kinds of treatments, such as whether or not brain imaging will end up changing our views on free will and moral responsibility; whether patients should always be told that they are at future risk for neurological diseases; if erasing unconscious emotional memories implicated in depression can go too far; if forcing behavior-modifying drugs or surgery on violent offenders can ever be justified; the implications of drugs that enhance cognitive abilities; and how to define brain death and the criteria for the withdrawal of life–support.Less
Our ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the neurobiological basis of human thought and behavior. Technologies like MRI and PET scans can detect early signs of psychiatric disorders before they manifest symptoms. Electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain can non-invasively relieve symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and other conditions resistant to treatment, while implanting neuro-electrodes can help patients with Parkinson's and other motor control-related diseases. New drugs can help regenerate neuronal connections otherwise disrupted by schizophrenia and similar diseases. All these procedures and drugs alter the neural correlates of our mind, and raise fascinating and important ethical questions about their benefits and harms. They are, in a sense, among the most profound bioethical questions we face, since these techniques can touch on the deepest aspects of the human mind: free will, personal identity, the self, and the soul. This book starts by describing the state of the art in neuroscientific research and treatment, and gives an up-to-date picture of the brain. It then looks at the ethical implications of various kinds of treatments, such as whether or not brain imaging will end up changing our views on free will and moral responsibility; whether patients should always be told that they are at future risk for neurological diseases; if erasing unconscious emotional memories implicated in depression can go too far; if forcing behavior-modifying drugs or surgery on violent offenders can ever be justified; the implications of drugs that enhance cognitive abilities; and how to define brain death and the criteria for the withdrawal of life–support.
Barbara R. Ambros
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824836269
- eISBN:
- 9780824871512
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824836269.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
Since the 1990s the Japanese pet industry has grown to a trillion-yen business and estimates place the number of pets above the number of children under the age of fifteen. There are between 6,000 to ...
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Since the 1990s the Japanese pet industry has grown to a trillion-yen business and estimates place the number of pets above the number of children under the age of fifteen. There are between 6,000 to 8,000 businesses in the Japanese pet funeral industry, including more than 900 pet cemeteries. Of these about 120 are operated by Buddhist temples, and Buddhist mortuary rites for pets have become an institutionalized practice. This book investigates what religious and intellectual traditions constructed animals as subjects of religious rituals and how pets have been included or excluded in the necral landscapes of contemporary Japan. Pet mortuary rites are emblems of the ongoing changes in contemporary Japanese religions. The book sheds light on important questions such as: Who (or what) counts as a family member? What kinds of practices should the state recognize as religious and thus protect financially and legally? Is it frivolous or selfish to keep, pamper, or love an animal? Should humans and pets be buried together? How do people reconcile the deeply personal grief that follows the loss of a pet and how do they imagine the afterlife of pets? And ultimately, what is the status of animals in Japan?Less
Since the 1990s the Japanese pet industry has grown to a trillion-yen business and estimates place the number of pets above the number of children under the age of fifteen. There are between 6,000 to 8,000 businesses in the Japanese pet funeral industry, including more than 900 pet cemeteries. Of these about 120 are operated by Buddhist temples, and Buddhist mortuary rites for pets have become an institutionalized practice. This book investigates what religious and intellectual traditions constructed animals as subjects of religious rituals and how pets have been included or excluded in the necral landscapes of contemporary Japan. Pet mortuary rites are emblems of the ongoing changes in contemporary Japanese religions. The book sheds light on important questions such as: Who (or what) counts as a family member? What kinds of practices should the state recognize as religious and thus protect financially and legally? Is it frivolous or selfish to keep, pamper, or love an animal? Should humans and pets be buried together? How do people reconcile the deeply personal grief that follows the loss of a pet and how do they imagine the afterlife of pets? And ultimately, what is the status of animals in Japan?
Csaba Juhász and Harry T. Chugani
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
The interictal FDG PET often shows focal cortical hypometabolism in patients with extratemporal epilepsy and can correctly regionalize neocortical epileptic foci in more than 2/3 of the cases, even ...
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The interictal FDG PET often shows focal cortical hypometabolism in patients with extratemporal epilepsy and can correctly regionalize neocortical epileptic foci in more than 2/3 of the cases, even if MRI is non-localizing. In some cases, however, FDG PET overestimates the epileptogenic region, and hypometabolism may extend progressively to involve remote cortical and subcortical regions, thus establishing an epileptic network in chronic epilepsy. On the other hand, hypometabolism can occur adjacent to, rather than completely overlap with, ictal seizure onset zones. Therefore, FDG PET is best used for presurgical evaluation in combination with other clinical, electrophysiological and imaging data to guide intracranial grid placement and optimize tailored neocortical resection. When applied in this manner, the use of FDG PET can improve outcome of extratemporal lobe epilepsy surgery.Less
The interictal FDG PET often shows focal cortical hypometabolism in patients with extratemporal epilepsy and can correctly regionalize neocortical epileptic foci in more than 2/3 of the cases, even if MRI is non-localizing. In some cases, however, FDG PET overestimates the epileptogenic region, and hypometabolism may extend progressively to involve remote cortical and subcortical regions, thus establishing an epileptic network in chronic epilepsy. On the other hand, hypometabolism can occur adjacent to, rather than completely overlap with, ictal seizure onset zones. Therefore, FDG PET is best used for presurgical evaluation in combination with other clinical, electrophysiological and imaging data to guide intracranial grid placement and optimize tailored neocortical resection. When applied in this manner, the use of FDG PET can improve outcome of extratemporal lobe epilepsy surgery.
Aimee F. Luat and Harry T. Chugani
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has significantly improved our understanding of the pathomechanisms of different pediatric ...
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The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has significantly improved our understanding of the pathomechanisms of different pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Furthermore, it has dramatically altered our management approach of certain intractable epilepsy syndromes, such as infantile spasms. Glucose metabolism PET scanning has assumed an important role not only in the identification and localization of epileptogenic cortex, but also in assessing the functional integrity of the entire cerebral hemisphere, thereby providing useful diagnostic and prognostic information, including the suggestion of underlying neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorders which may preclude epilepsy surgery. In certain progressive epilepsy syndromes like Rasmussen encephalitis and Sturge-Weber syndrome, PET scanning also may be used to assess disease progression. In this chapter, we discuss the relevant role of brain glucose metabolism PET in understanding the pathogenesis of pediatric epilepsy syndromes with regard to diagnosis and treatment.Less
The advent of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has significantly improved our understanding of the pathomechanisms of different pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Furthermore, it has dramatically altered our management approach of certain intractable epilepsy syndromes, such as infantile spasms. Glucose metabolism PET scanning has assumed an important role not only in the identification and localization of epileptogenic cortex, but also in assessing the functional integrity of the entire cerebral hemisphere, thereby providing useful diagnostic and prognostic information, including the suggestion of underlying neurometabolic or neurogenetic disorders which may preclude epilepsy surgery. In certain progressive epilepsy syndromes like Rasmussen encephalitis and Sturge-Weber syndrome, PET scanning also may be used to assess disease progression. In this chapter, we discuss the relevant role of brain glucose metabolism PET in understanding the pathogenesis of pediatric epilepsy syndromes with regard to diagnosis and treatment.
Otto Muzik and Harry T. Chugani
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Advances in imaging technologies provide today an abundance of qualitatively diverse brain data sets with the purpose to guide the placement of subdural electrodes as a pre-requisite for epilepsy ...
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Advances in imaging technologies provide today an abundance of qualitatively diverse brain data sets with the purpose to guide the placement of subdural electrodes as a pre-requisite for epilepsy surgery. Current efforts focus on the development of integrative computational frameworks that allow quantitative assessment of relationships in anatomical and functional domains between complementing modalities. It is believed that such an approach is not simply additive but possesses an amplifying effect, as the information entailed in one modality is used to both enhance and re-interpret information derived from complementing modalities. By taking advantage of these advanced data integration schemes, quantitative results are subsequently combined into data structures that provide a consistent framework for the application of advanced data mining techniques. Such multimodality database structures hold promise of providing new insights into the formation, identification and maturation of epileptic foci and might eventually lead to new approaches in epilepsy surgery that are likely to improve clinical management of patients suffering from intractable epilepsy.Less
Advances in imaging technologies provide today an abundance of qualitatively diverse brain data sets with the purpose to guide the placement of subdural electrodes as a pre-requisite for epilepsy surgery. Current efforts focus on the development of integrative computational frameworks that allow quantitative assessment of relationships in anatomical and functional domains between complementing modalities. It is believed that such an approach is not simply additive but possesses an amplifying effect, as the information entailed in one modality is used to both enhance and re-interpret information derived from complementing modalities. By taking advantage of these advanced data integration schemes, quantitative results are subsequently combined into data structures that provide a consistent framework for the application of advanced data mining techniques. Such multimodality database structures hold promise of providing new insights into the formation, identification and maturation of epileptic foci and might eventually lead to new approaches in epilepsy surgery that are likely to improve clinical management of patients suffering from intractable epilepsy.
Salima Ikram (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774248580
- eISBN:
- 9781936190010
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774248580.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
The invention of mummification enabled the ancient Egyptians to preserve the bodies not only of humans but also of animals, so that they could live forever. Mummified animals are of four different ...
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The invention of mummification enabled the ancient Egyptians to preserve the bodies not only of humans but also of animals, so that they could live forever. Mummified animals are of four different types: food offerings, pets, sacred animals, and votive offerings. Here, a series of studies on the different types of animal mummies, the methods of mummification, and the animal cemeteries located at sites throughout Egypt are drawn together in a definitive volume on ancient Egyptian animal mummies. Studies of these animals provide information not only about the fauna of the country, and indirectly, its climate, but also about animal domestication, veterinary practices, human nutrition, mummification technology, and the religious practices of the ancient Egyptians.Less
The invention of mummification enabled the ancient Egyptians to preserve the bodies not only of humans but also of animals, so that they could live forever. Mummified animals are of four different types: food offerings, pets, sacred animals, and votive offerings. Here, a series of studies on the different types of animal mummies, the methods of mummification, and the animal cemeteries located at sites throughout Egypt are drawn together in a definitive volume on ancient Egyptian animal mummies. Studies of these animals provide information not only about the fauna of the country, and indirectly, its climate, but also about animal domestication, veterinary practices, human nutrition, mummification technology, and the religious practices of the ancient Egyptians.
Marivic Dizon, Lisa D. Butler, and Cheryl Koopman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182910
- eISBN:
- 9780199786794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182910.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
In recent decades, researchers in the health and social science fields have begun investigating the psychological and physical health benefits of the human-animal bond, which can be described as a ...
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In recent decades, researchers in the health and social science fields have begun investigating the psychological and physical health benefits of the human-animal bond, which can be described as a ‘dynamic relationship between people and animals in that each influences the psychological and physiological state of the other’. The strength of the human-animal bond and its positive effects on health and wellness have been demonstrated in a variety of populations, including children, adolescents, the elderly, and the physically and mentally ill. This chapter discusses animal-directed altruism and the origins of the human-animal bond. It provides a brief review of the literature on the effects of pet ownership and attachment, and how befriending animals can promote health and wellness for individuals across the developmental lifespan.Less
In recent decades, researchers in the health and social science fields have begun investigating the psychological and physical health benefits of the human-animal bond, which can be described as a ‘dynamic relationship between people and animals in that each influences the psychological and physiological state of the other’. The strength of the human-animal bond and its positive effects on health and wellness have been demonstrated in a variety of populations, including children, adolescents, the elderly, and the physically and mentally ill. This chapter discusses animal-directed altruism and the origins of the human-animal bond. It provides a brief review of the literature on the effects of pet ownership and attachment, and how befriending animals can promote health and wellness for individuals across the developmental lifespan.
William Jagust and Mark D'Esposito (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
The study of brain aging has been revolutionized through advances in molecular neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and brain imaging. The application of new concepts and techniques has permitted ...
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The study of brain aging has been revolutionized through advances in molecular neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and brain imaging. The application of new concepts and techniques has permitted investigators to explore the changes in structure, function, and biochemistry in living humans in order to unravel mechanisms that underlie both age-related cognitive decline and preservation of cognition into old age. This book reviews both the basic science and clinical applications of brain imaging in the study of brain aging. Topics reviewed include technical issues associated with imaging studies in older brains, pathology of brain aging, structural changes in the aging brain, changes in dopamine function, and mechanisms of brain reserve and plasticity. The use of genetics in combination with brain imaging and the use of animal models are also explored. Clinical applications include the diagnosis and prediction of cognitive decline using a variety of different imaging approaches as well as a detailed description of amyloid imaging using PET scanning. Other topics include functional MRI studies in aging, the use of imaging in therapeutic monitoring and drug development, and the role of large-scale databases. The volume contains information both for those involved in brain imaging research and for those new to the field who are in need of a systematic overview.Less
The study of brain aging has been revolutionized through advances in molecular neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and brain imaging. The application of new concepts and techniques has permitted investigators to explore the changes in structure, function, and biochemistry in living humans in order to unravel mechanisms that underlie both age-related cognitive decline and preservation of cognition into old age. This book reviews both the basic science and clinical applications of brain imaging in the study of brain aging. Topics reviewed include technical issues associated with imaging studies in older brains, pathology of brain aging, structural changes in the aging brain, changes in dopamine function, and mechanisms of brain reserve and plasticity. The use of genetics in combination with brain imaging and the use of animal models are also explored. Clinical applications include the diagnosis and prediction of cognitive decline using a variety of different imaging approaches as well as a detailed description of amyloid imaging using PET scanning. Other topics include functional MRI studies in aging, the use of imaging in therapeutic monitoring and drug development, and the role of large-scale databases. The volume contains information both for those involved in brain imaging research and for those new to the field who are in need of a systematic overview.
Rachel Mistur, Lisa Mosconi, Remigiusz Switalski, Susan De Santi, Yi Li, Lidia Glodzik, Miroslaw Brys, Wai Tsui, Henry Rusinek, and Mony J. de Leon
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
Reductions in the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc), a measure of neuronal function, have proven to be a promising tool in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). FDG-PET imaging ...
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Reductions in the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc), a measure of neuronal function, have proven to be a promising tool in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). FDG-PET imaging demonstrates progressive CMRglc reductions in AD patients, the extent and topography of which correlate with symptom severity. There is increasing evidence that hypometabolism appears during the preclinical stages of AD and can predict decline years before the onset of symptoms. This chapter provides an overview of FDG-PET results in individuals at risk for developing dementia, including presymptomatic individuals carrying mutations responsible for early-onset familial AD, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), nondemented carriers of the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) e4 allele, cognitively normal subjects with a family history of AD, subjects with subjective memory complaints, and the normal elderly followed longitudinally until they expressed the clinical symptoms of AD. Finally, this chapter discusses the potential to combine different PET tracers and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of pathology to improve the early detection of AD.Less
Reductions in the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc), a measure of neuronal function, have proven to be a promising tool in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). FDG-PET imaging demonstrates progressive CMRglc reductions in AD patients, the extent and topography of which correlate with symptom severity. There is increasing evidence that hypometabolism appears during the preclinical stages of AD and can predict decline years before the onset of symptoms. This chapter provides an overview of FDG-PET results in individuals at risk for developing dementia, including presymptomatic individuals carrying mutations responsible for early-onset familial AD, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), nondemented carriers of the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) e4 allele, cognitively normal subjects with a family history of AD, subjects with subjective memory complaints, and the normal elderly followed longitudinally until they expressed the clinical symptoms of AD. Finally, this chapter discusses the potential to combine different PET tracers and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of pathology to improve the early detection of AD.
Mark D’Esposito, William Jagust, and Adam Gazzaley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195328875
- eISBN:
- 9780199864836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328875.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Development
The emergence of functional neuroimaging technology such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has ushered in a new stage in the study of the aging ...
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The emergence of functional neuroimaging technology such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has ushered in a new stage in the study of the aging brain, allowing us to gain a unique appreciation of the complexity of the brain and cognitive aging. Although these methods are exciting and promising, it is important to be cautious given their increased availability. We must critically examine these methods and the potential of misinterpretation of results and overstatement of conclusions that might occur as a result of applying these methods to the aging brain. This chapter addresses methodological and conceptual issues that affect the interpretation of imaging data with specific regard to the study of brain aging.Less
The emergence of functional neuroimaging technology such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has ushered in a new stage in the study of the aging brain, allowing us to gain a unique appreciation of the complexity of the brain and cognitive aging. Although these methods are exciting and promising, it is important to be cautious given their increased availability. We must critically examine these methods and the potential of misinterpretation of results and overstatement of conclusions that might occur as a result of applying these methods to the aging brain. This chapter addresses methodological and conceptual issues that affect the interpretation of imaging data with specific regard to the study of brain aging.
Cynthia Grant Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390209
- eISBN:
- 9780199866670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390209.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
By 1915, the half‐empty pews in the Portland church are a miniature of the big institutional picture. Efforts to bring in more men have had little effect, and many women have left for more empowering ...
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By 1915, the half‐empty pews in the Portland church are a miniature of the big institutional picture. Efforts to bring in more men have had little effect, and many women have left for more empowering alternatives: Christian Science, which offers the power to heal and the chance to lead Sunday services; the Post Office Mission, where letter‐writing allows them to preach and interpret their faith for appreciative audiences; and for those who aspire to pulpits but find them off limits, the suffrage crusade, which gives them a platform to lift up their gospel and prayers. Even ladies who distance themselves from political action eventually stage a revolt when it comes out that two of the men who have managed the funds of their pet philanthropy, The Home, have stolen vast sums. Converted, the women rewrite the bylaws, creating an all‐female board of trustees.Less
By 1915, the half‐empty pews in the Portland church are a miniature of the big institutional picture. Efforts to bring in more men have had little effect, and many women have left for more empowering alternatives: Christian Science, which offers the power to heal and the chance to lead Sunday services; the Post Office Mission, where letter‐writing allows them to preach and interpret their faith for appreciative audiences; and for those who aspire to pulpits but find them off limits, the suffrage crusade, which gives them a platform to lift up their gospel and prayers. Even ladies who distance themselves from political action eventually stage a revolt when it comes out that two of the men who have managed the funds of their pet philanthropy, The Home, have stolen vast sums. Converted, the women rewrite the bylaws, creating an all‐female board of trustees.
Ivan Kreilkamp
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226576237
- eISBN:
- 9780226576404
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226576404.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
In the nineteenth century, richly-drawn social fiction became one of England’s major cultural exports. At the same time, a surprising companion came to stand alongside the novel as a key embodiment ...
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In the nineteenth century, richly-drawn social fiction became one of England’s major cultural exports. At the same time, a surprising companion came to stand alongside the novel as a key embodiment of British identity: the domesticated pet. As England became known as a nation of shop-keepers, it was also preeminently associated with long novels and beloved pet animals, two cultural forms which, I argue in this book, developed not just in parallel but in tandem. Indeed, the history of English domestic fiction is deeply bound up with that of the domestic animal. In works by authors from Dickens to George Eliot, the Brontës to Olive Schreiner and Thomas Hardy, animals appeared as markers of domestic coziness and familial kindness. Yet for all their supposed significance, the animals in nineteenth-century fiction were never granted the same fullness of character or consciousness as their human masters: they remain secondary figures. Minor Creatures re-examines a slew of literary classics to show how Victorian notions of domesticity, sympathy, and individuality were shaped in response to the burgeoning pet class. The presence of beloved animals in the home led to a number of welfare-minded political movements, inspired in part by the Darwinian thought that began to sprout at the time. Nineteenth-century animals may not have been the heroes of their own lives but, as Kreilkamp shows, the history of domestic pets deeply influenced the history of the English novel.Less
In the nineteenth century, richly-drawn social fiction became one of England’s major cultural exports. At the same time, a surprising companion came to stand alongside the novel as a key embodiment of British identity: the domesticated pet. As England became known as a nation of shop-keepers, it was also preeminently associated with long novels and beloved pet animals, two cultural forms which, I argue in this book, developed not just in parallel but in tandem. Indeed, the history of English domestic fiction is deeply bound up with that of the domestic animal. In works by authors from Dickens to George Eliot, the Brontës to Olive Schreiner and Thomas Hardy, animals appeared as markers of domestic coziness and familial kindness. Yet for all their supposed significance, the animals in nineteenth-century fiction were never granted the same fullness of character or consciousness as their human masters: they remain secondary figures. Minor Creatures re-examines a slew of literary classics to show how Victorian notions of domesticity, sympathy, and individuality were shaped in response to the burgeoning pet class. The presence of beloved animals in the home led to a number of welfare-minded political movements, inspired in part by the Darwinian thought that began to sprout at the time. Nineteenth-century animals may not have been the heroes of their own lives but, as Kreilkamp shows, the history of domestic pets deeply influenced the history of the English novel.
Roberto Cabeza, Lars Nyberg, and Denise Park (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195156744
- eISBN:
- 9780199864171
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156744.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
Until very recently, our knowledge about the neural basis of cognitive aging was based on two disciplines that had very little contact with each other. Whereas the neuroscience of aging investigated ...
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Until very recently, our knowledge about the neural basis of cognitive aging was based on two disciplines that had very little contact with each other. Whereas the neuroscience of aging investigated the effects of aging on the brain independently of age-related changes in cognition, the cognitive psychology of aging investigated the effects of aging on cognition independently of age-related changes in the brain. The lack of communication between these two disciplines is currently being addressed by an increasing number of studies that focus on the relationships between cognitive aging and cerebral aging. This rapidly growing body of research has come to constitute a new discipline, which may be called cognitive neuroscience of aging. The goal of this book is to introduce this new discipline. This book is divided into four main sections. The first section describes non-invasive measures of cerebral aging, including structural (e.g., volumetric MRI), chemical (e.g., dopamine PET), electrophysiological (e.g., ERPs), and hemodynamic (e.g., fMRI), and discusses how they can be linked to behavioral measures of cognitive aging. The second section reviews evidence for the effects of aging on neural activity during different cognitive functions, including perception and attention, imagery, working memory, long-term memory, and prospective memory. The third section focuses on clinical and applied topics, such as the distinction between healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease and the use of cognitive training to ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. The last section describes theories that relate cognitive and cerebral aging, including models accounting for functional neuroimaging evidence and models supported by computer simulations.Less
Until very recently, our knowledge about the neural basis of cognitive aging was based on two disciplines that had very little contact with each other. Whereas the neuroscience of aging investigated the effects of aging on the brain independently of age-related changes in cognition, the cognitive psychology of aging investigated the effects of aging on cognition independently of age-related changes in the brain. The lack of communication between these two disciplines is currently being addressed by an increasing number of studies that focus on the relationships between cognitive aging and cerebral aging. This rapidly growing body of research has come to constitute a new discipline, which may be called cognitive neuroscience of aging. The goal of this book is to introduce this new discipline. This book is divided into four main sections. The first section describes non-invasive measures of cerebral aging, including structural (e.g., volumetric MRI), chemical (e.g., dopamine PET), electrophysiological (e.g., ERPs), and hemodynamic (e.g., fMRI), and discusses how they can be linked to behavioral measures of cognitive aging. The second section reviews evidence for the effects of aging on neural activity during different cognitive functions, including perception and attention, imagery, working memory, long-term memory, and prospective memory. The third section focuses on clinical and applied topics, such as the distinction between healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease and the use of cognitive training to ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. The last section describes theories that relate cognitive and cerebral aging, including models accounting for functional neuroimaging evidence and models supported by computer simulations.
John P. O'Doherty and Raymond J. Dolan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
In order to survive, most animals including humans need to be able to learn and adapt flexibly their behavior so that optimal choices can be made in an uncertain environment. This chapter reviews ...
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In order to survive, most animals including humans need to be able to learn and adapt flexibly their behavior so that optimal choices can be made in an uncertain environment. This chapter reviews functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies on the nature of the orbitofrontal cortices (OFC) contribution to adaptive and flexible behavior in humans. These studies indicate that the OFC encodes the reward and punishment value of stimuli, maintains flexible representations of predicted reward and punishment value (using both stimulus substitution and CS-specific coding mechanisms), encodes errors in reward prediction, and signals future behavioral choice. The OFC shows heterogeneous response profiles with distinct regions mediating each of these functions. The relationship of the OFC to other brains regions processing reward is also discussed.Less
In order to survive, most animals including humans need to be able to learn and adapt flexibly their behavior so that optimal choices can be made in an uncertain environment. This chapter reviews functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies on the nature of the orbitofrontal cortices (OFC) contribution to adaptive and flexible behavior in humans. These studies indicate that the OFC encodes the reward and punishment value of stimuli, maintains flexible representations of predicted reward and punishment value (using both stimulus substitution and CS-specific coding mechanisms), encodes errors in reward prediction, and signals future behavioral choice. The OFC shows heterogeneous response profiles with distinct regions mediating each of these functions. The relationship of the OFC to other brains regions processing reward is also discussed.
Véronique Dasen and Thomas Späth (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199582570
- eISBN:
- 9780191595271
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582570.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This book discusses the transmission of social memory and social identities in elite and non-elite families. It provides definitions of the notion of individual and collective memory, and examines ...
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This book discusses the transmission of social memory and social identities in elite and non-elite families. It provides definitions of the notion of individual and collective memory, and examines the importance of children in the transmission of family tradition and values from the Republican period to the Late Roman world. It deals also with threats to familial memory, in terms of children deliberately or accidentally excluded from the family group. This collection of chapters reveals a multifaceted picture of the Roman family, based on the analysis of material, epigraphical, and literary evidence. The focus is on relationships and practices, rather than institutions, reflecting shifting concerns among a new generation of Roman family historians. Twenty-five years after the first Roman Family Conference, this fifth volume continues a tradition of innovation: it presents the latest approaches of American, Australian, and European research on Roman family history.Less
This book discusses the transmission of social memory and social identities in elite and non-elite families. It provides definitions of the notion of individual and collective memory, and examines the importance of children in the transmission of family tradition and values from the Republican period to the Late Roman world. It deals also with threats to familial memory, in terms of children deliberately or accidentally excluded from the family group. This collection of chapters reveals a multifaceted picture of the Roman family, based on the analysis of material, epigraphical, and literary evidence. The focus is on relationships and practices, rather than institutions, reflecting shifting concerns among a new generation of Roman family historians. Twenty-five years after the first Roman Family Conference, this fifth volume continues a tradition of innovation: it presents the latest approaches of American, Australian, and European research on Roman family history.
Partha P. Mitra and Hemant Bokil
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195178081
- eISBN:
- 9780199864829
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178081.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Molecular and Cellular Systems
The development of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as noninvasive methods for measuring brain activity has given rise to a relatively new field of ...
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The development of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as noninvasive methods for measuring brain activity has given rise to a relatively new field of neuroscience research in recent decades. This chapter presents a brief overview of the biophysical bases of PET and fMRI, followed by a survey of experimental and analysis protocols. The analysis procedures discussed focus largely on fMRI rather than PET, since the former give rise to longer time series data sets to which the methods described in this book may be applied.Less
The development of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as noninvasive methods for measuring brain activity has given rise to a relatively new field of neuroscience research in recent decades. This chapter presents a brief overview of the biophysical bases of PET and fMRI, followed by a survey of experimental and analysis protocols. The analysis procedures discussed focus largely on fMRI rather than PET, since the former give rise to longer time series data sets to which the methods described in this book may be applied.
Buzsáki György
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195301069
- eISBN:
- 9780199863716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301069.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Techniques
Monitoring brain activity requires methods with appropriate resolutions. Field potential analysis (EEG and MEG), imaging of energy production (fMRI), optical recording methods, and single-cell ...
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Monitoring brain activity requires methods with appropriate resolutions. Field potential analysis (EEG and MEG), imaging of energy production (fMRI), optical recording methods, and single-cell recording techniques are dominant in contemporary cognitive-behavioral neuroscience. Unfortunately, even combined they fall short of explaining how neuronal groups generate representations of environments and appropriate responses. In the brain, behaviors emerge from the interaction of neurons and neuronal pools. Studying these processes requires the simultaneous monitoring of large numbers of neurons in multiple areas. Large-scale recording from multiple single neurons with tetrodes or silicon probes is an attempt at this. However, these methods are invasive and cannot be used to investigate the healthy human brain. Many other methods, such as pharmacological manipulations, macroscopic and microscopic imaging, and molecular biological tools, can provide insights, but all these indirect observations should be reconverted into neuronal spike trains to understand the brain's control of behavior.Less
Monitoring brain activity requires methods with appropriate resolutions. Field potential analysis (EEG and MEG), imaging of energy production (fMRI), optical recording methods, and single-cell recording techniques are dominant in contemporary cognitive-behavioral neuroscience. Unfortunately, even combined they fall short of explaining how neuronal groups generate representations of environments and appropriate responses. In the brain, behaviors emerge from the interaction of neurons and neuronal pools. Studying these processes requires the simultaneous monitoring of large numbers of neurons in multiple areas. Large-scale recording from multiple single neurons with tetrodes or silicon probes is an attempt at this. However, these methods are invasive and cannot be used to investigate the healthy human brain. Many other methods, such as pharmacological manipulations, macroscopic and microscopic imaging, and molecular biological tools, can provide insights, but all these indirect observations should be reconverted into neuronal spike trains to understand the brain's control of behavior.
