David Vogel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691124162
- eISBN:
- 9781400842568
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691124162.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide ...
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This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.Less
This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.
Christopher Hood, Henry Rothstein, and Robert Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243631
- eISBN:
- 9780191599507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243638.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Uses the analytic framework developed in Ch. 2 to compare nine different risk regulation regimes, bringing out their similarities and differences. Those risks include attacks by dangerous dogs ...
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Uses the analytic framework developed in Ch. 2 to compare nine different risk regulation regimes, bringing out their similarities and differences. Those risks include attacks by dangerous dogs outside the home, exposure to radon at home and work, benzene in the air and in the workplace, paedophile offenders released from custody, local road safety, and exposure to pesticide residues in food and water. Analysis of those regimes provides empirical evidence that there are substantial differences between the regulation of different risks and even the same risks within different contexts. Those variations are not easily explained by historical ‘big picture’ theories, such as the risk society thesis. Instead, investigation of the revealed variations between regimes suggests a need for more systematic and nuanced explanations.Less
Uses the analytic framework developed in Ch. 2 to compare nine different risk regulation regimes, bringing out their similarities and differences. Those risks include attacks by dangerous dogs outside the home, exposure to radon at home and work, benzene in the air and in the workplace, paedophile offenders released from custody, local road safety, and exposure to pesticide residues in food and water. Analysis of those regimes provides empirical evidence that there are substantial differences between the regulation of different risks and even the same risks within different contexts. Those variations are not easily explained by historical ‘big picture’ theories, such as the risk society thesis. Instead, investigation of the revealed variations between regimes suggests a need for more systematic and nuanced explanations.
Adam Tompkins
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801456688
- eISBN:
- 9781501704215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801456688.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This book concludes by discussing the diversity and unity that have characterized the pesticide reform movement. It suggests that environmentalists and farmworker groups interested in pesticide ...
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This book concludes by discussing the diversity and unity that have characterized the pesticide reform movement. It suggests that environmentalists and farmworker groups interested in pesticide reform worked together and separately, using traditional political channels but also outside in the streets and in the fields as they tried to reduce the threat that dangerous pesticides pose to human health and the environment. It also reviews both the shortcomings and successes of pesticide activism, as well as the breaks that divide farmworkers and the environmental movement and the bridges between them. It argues that farmworker groups and environmental organizations belong to a broad social movement to transform the chemically intensive industrial agriculture system that developed in the post-World War II era. Finally, the book reminds environmental organizations and farmworker groups to remain ever vigilant as dangerous pesticides continue to be in use after decades of engagement in pesticide politics.Less
This book concludes by discussing the diversity and unity that have characterized the pesticide reform movement. It suggests that environmentalists and farmworker groups interested in pesticide reform worked together and separately, using traditional political channels but also outside in the streets and in the fields as they tried to reduce the threat that dangerous pesticides pose to human health and the environment. It also reviews both the shortcomings and successes of pesticide activism, as well as the breaks that divide farmworkers and the environmental movement and the bridges between them. It argues that farmworker groups and environmental organizations belong to a broad social movement to transform the chemically intensive industrial agriculture system that developed in the post-World War II era. Finally, the book reminds environmental organizations and farmworker groups to remain ever vigilant as dangerous pesticides continue to be in use after decades of engagement in pesticide politics.
Pamela C. Ronald and Raoul W. Adamchak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195301755
- eISBN:
- 9780199867196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301755.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter offers a discussion of consumer concerns about GE technology in terms of science and politics. Among other issues, it discusses concerns regarding herbicides and pesticides.
This chapter offers a discussion of consumer concerns about GE technology in terms of science and politics. Among other issues, it discusses concerns regarding herbicides and pesticides.
Pamela C. Ronald and Raoul W. Adamchak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195301755
- eISBN:
- 9780199867196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301755.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter discusses the potential risk and benefits of GE. For most humans, all the essentials of life — food, family, and work have associated risks. Does GE technology have potential for saving ...
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This chapter discusses the potential risk and benefits of GE. For most humans, all the essentials of life — food, family, and work have associated risks. Does GE technology have potential for saving children's lives through reduced exposure to pesticides or increased nutrients in their diet?Less
This chapter discusses the potential risk and benefits of GE. For most humans, all the essentials of life — food, family, and work have associated risks. Does GE technology have potential for saving children's lives through reduced exposure to pesticides or increased nutrients in their diet?
Malcolm Ausden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198568728
- eISBN:
- 9780191717529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568728.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Arable (also known as rowcrop fields) is land that is cultivated regularly for production of food and, increasingly, bioenergy. The value of arable land to wildlife is heavily influenced by the ...
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Arable (also known as rowcrop fields) is land that is cultivated regularly for production of food and, increasingly, bioenergy. The value of arable land to wildlife is heavily influenced by the presence of permanent grassland and other uncropped habitats along its boundaries, such as hedgerows, scattered trees, water-filled drainage ditches, grass strips, and stone walls. This chapter discusses the management of arable land. Topics covered include farming systems and crop types, minimizing pesticide and fertilizer use on field margins, providing cultivated but unsown areas within fields, minimizing destruction of birds' nests during mechanical operations, providing unharvested crops for birds to eat, and manipulating flooding regimes.Less
Arable (also known as rowcrop fields) is land that is cultivated regularly for production of food and, increasingly, bioenergy. The value of arable land to wildlife is heavily influenced by the presence of permanent grassland and other uncropped habitats along its boundaries, such as hedgerows, scattered trees, water-filled drainage ditches, grass strips, and stone walls. This chapter discusses the management of arable land. Topics covered include farming systems and crop types, minimizing pesticide and fertilizer use on field margins, providing cultivated but unsown areas within fields, minimizing destruction of birds' nests during mechanical operations, providing unharvested crops for birds to eat, and manipulating flooding regimes.
Adam Tompkins
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801456688
- eISBN:
- 9781501704215
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801456688.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
Throughout the twentieth century, despite compelling evidence that some pesticides posed a threat to human and environmental health, growers and the United States Department of Agriculture continued ...
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Throughout the twentieth century, despite compelling evidence that some pesticides posed a threat to human and environmental health, growers and the United States Department of Agriculture continued to favor agricultural chemicals over cultural and biological forms of pest control. This book reveals a history of cooperation between farmworker groups and environmental organizations. The separate movements shared a common concern about the effects of pesticides on human health. This enabled bridge-builders within the disparate organizations to foster cooperative relationships around issues of mutual concern to share information, resources, and support. Nongovernmental organizations played a key role in pesticide reform. For nearly fifty years, these groups served as educators, communicating to the public scientific and experiential information about the adverse effects of pesticides on human health and the environment, and built support for the amendment of pesticide policies and the alteration of pesticide use practices. Their efforts led to the passage of more stringent regulations to better protect farmworkers, the public, and the environment. Environmental organizations and farmworker groups also acted as watchdogs, monitoring the activity of regulatory agencies to ensure that they fulfilled their responsibilities to the public. These groups served as not only lobbyists but also essential components of successful democratic governance, ensuring public participation and more effective policy implementation.Less
Throughout the twentieth century, despite compelling evidence that some pesticides posed a threat to human and environmental health, growers and the United States Department of Agriculture continued to favor agricultural chemicals over cultural and biological forms of pest control. This book reveals a history of cooperation between farmworker groups and environmental organizations. The separate movements shared a common concern about the effects of pesticides on human health. This enabled bridge-builders within the disparate organizations to foster cooperative relationships around issues of mutual concern to share information, resources, and support. Nongovernmental organizations played a key role in pesticide reform. For nearly fifty years, these groups served as educators, communicating to the public scientific and experiential information about the adverse effects of pesticides on human health and the environment, and built support for the amendment of pesticide policies and the alteration of pesticide use practices. Their efforts led to the passage of more stringent regulations to better protect farmworkers, the public, and the environment. Environmental organizations and farmworker groups also acted as watchdogs, monitoring the activity of regulatory agencies to ensure that they fulfilled their responsibilities to the public. These groups served as not only lobbyists but also essential components of successful democratic governance, ensuring public participation and more effective policy implementation.
Daniel Strickman, Stephen P Frances, and Mustapha Debboun
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195365771
- eISBN:
- 9780199867677
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365771.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
Venoms from scorpions, spiders, centipedes, ants, wasps, and bees can be very poisonous, or induce serious allergic reactions. Blood sucking mites, ticks, lice, bed bugs, kissing bugs, sand flies, ...
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Venoms from scorpions, spiders, centipedes, ants, wasps, and bees can be very poisonous, or induce serious allergic reactions. Blood sucking mites, ticks, lice, bed bugs, kissing bugs, sand flies, biting midges, black flies, mosquitoes, snipe flies, horse flies, tsetse flies, stable flies, and fleas cause irritation. More seriously, some of them can leave behind pathogens that cause serious diseases. This volume presents the full spectrum of methods necessary for prevention of bites and stings from the worldwide variety of bloodsucking and venomous arthropods. The first step is identification of the problem by identifying the bug, knowing where the bug occurs, and deciding whether or not the problem is seriously connected to health problems. The next step is to build the bugs out of the personal environment of the home and its surrounding property. If those methods do not give complete relief, insecticides can sometimes provide the solution. Barriers like screens and doors can at least help when people are indoors. Outside, clothing can make a big difference, especially if repellents are applied to the cloth. The last resort for people exposed to bloodsucking bugs is to use repellents on the skin. This book provides information that will help in choosing the right repellent among the dozens of natural and synthetic products.Less
Venoms from scorpions, spiders, centipedes, ants, wasps, and bees can be very poisonous, or induce serious allergic reactions. Blood sucking mites, ticks, lice, bed bugs, kissing bugs, sand flies, biting midges, black flies, mosquitoes, snipe flies, horse flies, tsetse flies, stable flies, and fleas cause irritation. More seriously, some of them can leave behind pathogens that cause serious diseases. This volume presents the full spectrum of methods necessary for prevention of bites and stings from the worldwide variety of bloodsucking and venomous arthropods. The first step is identification of the problem by identifying the bug, knowing where the bug occurs, and deciding whether or not the problem is seriously connected to health problems. The next step is to build the bugs out of the personal environment of the home and its surrounding property. If those methods do not give complete relief, insecticides can sometimes provide the solution. Barriers like screens and doors can at least help when people are indoors. Outside, clothing can make a big difference, especially if repellents are applied to the cloth. The last resort for people exposed to bloodsucking bugs is to use repellents on the skin. This book provides information that will help in choosing the right repellent among the dozens of natural and synthetic products.
R. Ford Denison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139500
- eISBN:
- 9781400842810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139500.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter considers ongoing evolution, particularly as it relates to control of agricultural pests. It begins with a discussion of how weeds evolved resistance to herbicides, focusing on the case ...
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This chapter considers ongoing evolution, particularly as it relates to control of agricultural pests. It begins with a discussion of how weeds evolved resistance to herbicides, focusing on the case of watergrass. It then examines the high dose/refuge strategy for slowing the evolution of pesticide resistance, along with the experience of Australian cotton farmers with this approach. It shows that cooperation among Australian cotton farmers was key to the relatively successful management of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) resistance. The chapter also explores two different ways in which nature can serve as a source of ideas for improving pest control in agriculture: comparing natural ecosystems and studying the pest-defense strategies of individual wild plants.Less
This chapter considers ongoing evolution, particularly as it relates to control of agricultural pests. It begins with a discussion of how weeds evolved resistance to herbicides, focusing on the case of watergrass. It then examines the high dose/refuge strategy for slowing the evolution of pesticide resistance, along with the experience of Australian cotton farmers with this approach. It shows that cooperation among Australian cotton farmers was key to the relatively successful management of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) resistance. The chapter also explores two different ways in which nature can serve as a source of ideas for improving pest control in agriculture: comparing natural ecosystems and studying the pest-defense strategies of individual wild plants.
Daniel Strickman, Stephen P. Frances, and Mustapha Debboun
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195365771
- eISBN:
- 9780199867677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365771.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
Many people are afraid of pesticides, but these chemicals can be used with safety and effectiveness to help control many kinds of biting and stinging pests. The use of insecticides has changed a ...
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Many people are afraid of pesticides, but these chemicals can be used with safety and effectiveness to help control many kinds of biting and stinging pests. The use of insecticides has changed a great deal during the last 60 years since the first introduction of DDT. Modern chemicals are much safer for the environment. Insecticides for use by the public in and near homes are generally the safest of the chemicals. It is important to follow all the precautions and directions on a product's label in order to avoid injury to the applicator and other people who might contact the insecticide.Less
Many people are afraid of pesticides, but these chemicals can be used with safety and effectiveness to help control many kinds of biting and stinging pests. The use of insecticides has changed a great deal during the last 60 years since the first introduction of DDT. Modern chemicals are much safer for the environment. Insecticides for use by the public in and near homes are generally the safest of the chemicals. It is important to follow all the precautions and directions on a product's label in order to avoid injury to the applicator and other people who might contact the insecticide.
Daniel Strickman, Stephen P. Frances, and Mustapha Debboun
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195365771
- eISBN:
- 9780199867677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365771.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
Industry, universities, and government continue to do research on better ways to solve pest problems. Speculating about a better future, we can expect to see better spatial repellents, pesticides ...
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Industry, universities, and government continue to do research on better ways to solve pest problems. Speculating about a better future, we can expect to see better spatial repellents, pesticides that target particular pests, and repellent products that are easier to use. The difficulty of bringing a new insecticide or repellent to market is a barrier to development that may be at least partially solved by better communication between regulating authorities. One example is presented of an altruistic attempt to bring inexpensive repellents to the poorest of the poor who suffer from dengue and malaria.Less
Industry, universities, and government continue to do research on better ways to solve pest problems. Speculating about a better future, we can expect to see better spatial repellents, pesticides that target particular pests, and repellent products that are easier to use. The difficulty of bringing a new insecticide or repellent to market is a barrier to development that may be at least partially solved by better communication between regulating authorities. One example is presented of an altruistic attempt to bring inexpensive repellents to the poorest of the poor who suffer from dengue and malaria.
Michael Lannoo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520255883
- eISBN:
- 9780520942530
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520255883.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
The widespread appearance of frogs with deformed bodies has generated much press coverage over the past decade. Frogs with extra limbs or digits, missing limbs or digits, or misaligned appendages ...
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The widespread appearance of frogs with deformed bodies has generated much press coverage over the past decade. Frogs with extra limbs or digits, missing limbs or digits, or misaligned appendages raise an alarming question: “Are deformed humans next?” Taking a fresh look at this disturbing environmental problem, this book provides a balanced overview of the science behind the malformed frog phenomenon. Bringing together data from ecology, parasitology, and other disciplines, the author considers the possible causes of these deformities, tells which frogs have been affected, and addresses questions about what these malformations might mean to human populations. Featuring high-quality radiographic images, the book suggests that our focus should be on finding practical solutions, a key component of which will be controlling chemical, nutrient, and pesticide runoff into wetlands.Less
The widespread appearance of frogs with deformed bodies has generated much press coverage over the past decade. Frogs with extra limbs or digits, missing limbs or digits, or misaligned appendages raise an alarming question: “Are deformed humans next?” Taking a fresh look at this disturbing environmental problem, this book provides a balanced overview of the science behind the malformed frog phenomenon. Bringing together data from ecology, parasitology, and other disciplines, the author considers the possible causes of these deformities, tells which frogs have been affected, and addresses questions about what these malformations might mean to human populations. Featuring high-quality radiographic images, the book suggests that our focus should be on finding practical solutions, a key component of which will be controlling chemical, nutrient, and pesticide runoff into wetlands.
Linda Sargent Wood
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377743
- eISBN:
- 9780199869404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377743.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on nature writer and zoologist Rachel Carson. It offers a short biographical sketch and shows how she formulated and articulated her holistic ethos. Influenced by ...
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This chapter focuses on nature writer and zoologist Rachel Carson. It offers a short biographical sketch and shows how she formulated and articulated her holistic ethos. Influenced by Presbyterianism, the nature movement, and scientific studies, Carson adopted a holistic understanding of life and popularized it in best‐selling books on the sea and pesticides. She wrote of a world of interconnecting parts that formed a whole. “In the ecological web of life,” she explained, “nothing exists alone.” Life was more than a mere collection of individuated atoms; earth's inhabitants survived in a community of interdependent relationships. The naturalist provided her readers with a compelling vision that emphasized harmony, balance, community, and mutuality, and she struck a chord in American society that resonated with particular appeal. Her books became a catalyst for the modern environmental movement and shaped the way many understood the relationships between humans and nature. This study supports the work of environmental historians who have situated Carson within a holistic paradigm in ecology, and it extends our understanding of Carson by positioning her in the culture more broadly. Alongside architects, psychologists, and social reformers, she invoked holistic frameworks to comprehend the world, question the status quo, express individual needs, and enact change.Less
This chapter focuses on nature writer and zoologist Rachel Carson. It offers a short biographical sketch and shows how she formulated and articulated her holistic ethos. Influenced by Presbyterianism, the nature movement, and scientific studies, Carson adopted a holistic understanding of life and popularized it in best‐selling books on the sea and pesticides. She wrote of a world of interconnecting parts that formed a whole. “In the ecological web of life,” she explained, “nothing exists alone.” Life was more than a mere collection of individuated atoms; earth's inhabitants survived in a community of interdependent relationships. The naturalist provided her readers with a compelling vision that emphasized harmony, balance, community, and mutuality, and she struck a chord in American society that resonated with particular appeal. Her books became a catalyst for the modern environmental movement and shaped the way many understood the relationships between humans and nature. This study supports the work of environmental historians who have situated Carson within a holistic paradigm in ecology, and it extends our understanding of Carson by positioning her in the culture more broadly. Alongside architects, psychologists, and social reformers, she invoked holistic frameworks to comprehend the world, question the status quo, express individual needs, and enact change.
Moore Colleen F.
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195153910
- eISBN:
- 9780199846986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153910.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter provides evidence on why carbamate and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides should be studied for their effects on children's development. It explains that OP and carbamate pesticides alter ...
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This chapter provides evidence on why carbamate and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides should be studied for their effects on children's development. It explains that OP and carbamate pesticides alter the levels of certain brain chemicals which perform important signalling functions directing the course of early brain development and that exposure to these pesticides is quite widespread in most parts of the world. This chapter provides tips for reducing exposure to these pesticides and for preventing their further dispersal in the environment.Less
This chapter provides evidence on why carbamate and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides should be studied for their effects on children's development. It explains that OP and carbamate pesticides alter the levels of certain brain chemicals which perform important signalling functions directing the course of early brain development and that exposure to these pesticides is quite widespread in most parts of the world. This chapter provides tips for reducing exposure to these pesticides and for preventing their further dispersal in the environment.
Clapperton Chakanetsa Mavhunga
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780262535021
- eISBN:
- 9780262345859
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262535021.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The tsetse fly is a pan-African insect that bites an infective forest animal and ingests blood filled with invisible parasites, which it carries and transmits into cattle and people as it bites them, ...
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The tsetse fly is a pan-African insect that bites an infective forest animal and ingests blood filled with invisible parasites, which it carries and transmits into cattle and people as it bites them, leading to n'gana (animal trypanosomiasis) and sleeping sickness. This book examines how the presence of the tsetse fly turned the forests of Zimbabwe and southern Africa into an open laboratory where African knowledge formed the basis of colonial tsetse control policies. The book traces the pestiferous work that an indefatigable, mobile insect does through its movements, and the work done by humans to control it. The book restores the central role not just of African labor but of African intellect in the production of knowledge about the tsetse fly. It describes how European colonizers built on and beyond this knowledge toward destructive and toxic methods, including cutting down entire forests, forced “prophylactic” resettlement, massive destruction of wild animals, and extensive spraying of organochlorine pesticides. Throughout, the book uses African terms to describe the African experience, taking vernacular concepts as starting points in writing a narrative of ruzivo (knowledge) rather than viewing Africa through foreign keywords.Less
The tsetse fly is a pan-African insect that bites an infective forest animal and ingests blood filled with invisible parasites, which it carries and transmits into cattle and people as it bites them, leading to n'gana (animal trypanosomiasis) and sleeping sickness. This book examines how the presence of the tsetse fly turned the forests of Zimbabwe and southern Africa into an open laboratory where African knowledge formed the basis of colonial tsetse control policies. The book traces the pestiferous work that an indefatigable, mobile insect does through its movements, and the work done by humans to control it. The book restores the central role not just of African labor but of African intellect in the production of knowledge about the tsetse fly. It describes how European colonizers built on and beyond this knowledge toward destructive and toxic methods, including cutting down entire forests, forced “prophylactic” resettlement, massive destruction of wild animals, and extensive spraying of organochlorine pesticides. Throughout, the book uses African terms to describe the African experience, taking vernacular concepts as starting points in writing a narrative of ruzivo (knowledge) rather than viewing Africa through foreign keywords.
Sinan Koont
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037578
- eISBN:
- 9780813042114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037578.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Cuba faced challenges in provisioning urban agriculture with a workforce, extension services, and material inputs, the Cuban efforts to deal with which this chapter addresses. There exist extensive ...
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Cuba faced challenges in provisioning urban agriculture with a workforce, extension services, and material inputs, the Cuban efforts to deal with which this chapter addresses. There exist extensive training, education, and dissemination efforts by various institutions, such as ACTAF, ANAP (farmer-to-farmer), GNAU, Centers for Sustainable Agriculture Studies, INCA, Agroecological Beacons Program, and GNAU. The efforts in educating school children include circles of interest (primary level) and a network of Agricultural Polytechnic Institutes (IPAs, secondary level). In terms of material inputs, seeds are available through municipal seed farms, and individual producers are encouraged to produce their own seeds. There also exist large-scale programs for providing organic/biological fertilizers, such as compost and worm humus, as well as a network of over 200 CREE centers producing biological pesticides. These materials are made available to the producers through CTA stores providing both sales of material inputs and extension services.Less
Cuba faced challenges in provisioning urban agriculture with a workforce, extension services, and material inputs, the Cuban efforts to deal with which this chapter addresses. There exist extensive training, education, and dissemination efforts by various institutions, such as ACTAF, ANAP (farmer-to-farmer), GNAU, Centers for Sustainable Agriculture Studies, INCA, Agroecological Beacons Program, and GNAU. The efforts in educating school children include circles of interest (primary level) and a network of Agricultural Polytechnic Institutes (IPAs, secondary level). In terms of material inputs, seeds are available through municipal seed farms, and individual producers are encouraged to produce their own seeds. There also exist large-scale programs for providing organic/biological fertilizers, such as compost and worm humus, as well as a network of over 200 CREE centers producing biological pesticides. These materials are made available to the producers through CTA stores providing both sales of material inputs and extension services.
Moore Colleen F.
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195153910
- eISBN:
- 9780199846986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153910.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to review some of the best science on how pollution affects the quality of children's lives, particularly intellectual functioning, ...
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This chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to review some of the best science on how pollution affects the quality of children's lives, particularly intellectual functioning, behaviour, and emotional states. This book argues that a body count of deaths of cancer is not needed to conclude that a category of pollution has serious developmental effects. It analyses different types of pollutants including lead, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.Less
This chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to review some of the best science on how pollution affects the quality of children's lives, particularly intellectual functioning, behaviour, and emotional states. This book argues that a body count of deaths of cancer is not needed to conclude that a category of pollution has serious developmental effects. It analyses different types of pollutants including lead, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.
Adam Tompkins
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801456688
- eISBN:
- 9781501704215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801456688.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This book examines the cooperative efforts between farmworkers and environmentalists to campaign for pesticide reform. It charts the development of chemically intensive, industrial-style agriculture ...
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This book examines the cooperative efforts between farmworkers and environmentalists to campaign for pesticide reform. It charts the development of chemically intensive, industrial-style agriculture in the United States and shows how environmental and farmworker groups found a common ground to battle the indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture and acted as important knowledge brokers advocating for reform of pesticide use practices in order to make agricultural pest control safer and thus protect human health. It considers how cooperation between farmworker groups and the environmental movement often depended upon the work of bridge-builders within one or more of the organizations. It argues that these bridge-builders transcended differences among diverse movements and ably negotiated their cultural terrain to foster working relationships. The book also discusses pesticide politics from the local to international levels, with particular emphasis on the long struggle to halt the usage of methyl bromide.Less
This book examines the cooperative efforts between farmworkers and environmentalists to campaign for pesticide reform. It charts the development of chemically intensive, industrial-style agriculture in the United States and shows how environmental and farmworker groups found a common ground to battle the indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture and acted as important knowledge brokers advocating for reform of pesticide use practices in order to make agricultural pest control safer and thus protect human health. It considers how cooperation between farmworker groups and the environmental movement often depended upon the work of bridge-builders within one or more of the organizations. It argues that these bridge-builders transcended differences among diverse movements and ably negotiated their cultural terrain to foster working relationships. The book also discusses pesticide politics from the local to international levels, with particular emphasis on the long struggle to halt the usage of methyl bromide.
Adam Tompkins
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801456688
- eISBN:
- 9781501704215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801456688.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter focuses on the pesticide conflict that pitted Arizona growers and the state’s Board of Pesticide Control (BPC) against farmworkers and suburban families during the 1970s and 1980s. In ...
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This chapter focuses on the pesticide conflict that pitted Arizona growers and the state’s Board of Pesticide Control (BPC) against farmworkers and suburban families during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1971, an “insecticide fog” drifted west from the fields that growers leased on the Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community Reservation into the city of Scottsdale. People living within a mile of the fields complained of breathing problems, coughing, and burning eyes, throats, and noses. The spread of suburban development into other agricultural areas of the Valley of the Sun intensified the complaints about pesticides. This chapter examines the collaboration among farmworkers, environmentalists, and suburbanites affected by pesticide drift as they tried to make the BPC more responsive to the concerns of the public and to overcome the power of the agricultural lobby.Less
This chapter focuses on the pesticide conflict that pitted Arizona growers and the state’s Board of Pesticide Control (BPC) against farmworkers and suburban families during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1971, an “insecticide fog” drifted west from the fields that growers leased on the Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community Reservation into the city of Scottsdale. People living within a mile of the fields complained of breathing problems, coughing, and burning eyes, throats, and noses. The spread of suburban development into other agricultural areas of the Valley of the Sun intensified the complaints about pesticides. This chapter examines the collaboration among farmworkers, environmentalists, and suburbanites affected by pesticide drift as they tried to make the BPC more responsive to the concerns of the public and to overcome the power of the agricultural lobby.
Jill Lindsey Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520292130
- eISBN:
- 9780520965652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520292130.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter showcases the work of California’s pesticide drift activists, who address their environmental concerns by advocating for regulatory restrictions on the use of the most-toxic and unruly ...
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This chapter showcases the work of California’s pesticide drift activists, who address their environmental concerns by advocating for regulatory restrictions on the use of the most-toxic and unruly pesticides. It shows that pesticide drift activism is a critical reaction to the longstanding inadequacies and more recent neoliberalization of the pesticide regulatory apparatus, as well as to the sustainable agriculture movement’s reliance on market-based practices. Pesticide drift activists mobilize their anger about pesticide exposure not by giving up on the state but by holding it responsible for reducing environmental hazards that threaten human health. Their work illustrates why stronger health-protective pesticide regulations are necessary and demonstrates that they are possible.Less
This chapter showcases the work of California’s pesticide drift activists, who address their environmental concerns by advocating for regulatory restrictions on the use of the most-toxic and unruly pesticides. It shows that pesticide drift activism is a critical reaction to the longstanding inadequacies and more recent neoliberalization of the pesticide regulatory apparatus, as well as to the sustainable agriculture movement’s reliance on market-based practices. Pesticide drift activists mobilize their anger about pesticide exposure not by giving up on the state but by holding it responsible for reducing environmental hazards that threaten human health. Their work illustrates why stronger health-protective pesticide regulations are necessary and demonstrates that they are possible.
