Mark D. Regnerus
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195320947
- eISBN:
- 9780199785452
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320947.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Americans remain deeply ambivalent about teenage sexuality. Many presume that such uneasiness is rooted in religion. This book tackles such questions as: how exactly does religion contribute to the ...
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Americans remain deeply ambivalent about teenage sexuality. Many presume that such uneasiness is rooted in religion. This book tackles such questions as: how exactly does religion contribute to the formation of teenagers' sexual values and actions? What difference, if any, does religion make in adolescents' sexual attitudes and behaviors? Are abstinence pledges effective? Who expresses regrets about their sexual activity and why? The book combines analyses of three national surveys with stories drawn from interviews with over 250 teenagers across America. It reviews how young people learn, and what they know about sex from their parents, schools, peers, and other sources. It examines what experiences teens profess to have had, and how they make sense of these experiences in light of their own identities as religious, moral, and responsible persons. The author's analysis discovers that religion can and does matter. However, the analysis finds that religious claims are often swamped by other compelling sexual scripts. Particularly interesting is the emergence of what the author calls a “new middle class sexual morality”, which has little to do with a desire for virginity but nevertheless shuns intercourse in order to avoid risks associated with pregnancy and STDs. And strikingly, evangelical teens aren't less sexually active than their non-evangelical counterparts, they just tend to feel guiltier about it. In fact, the analysis finds that few religious teens have internalized or are even able to articulate the sexual ethic taught by their denominations. The only-and largely ineffective-sexual message most religious teens are getting is: “don't do it until you're married”. Ultimately, the author concludes, religion may influence adolescent sexual behavior, but it rarely motivates sexual decision making.Less
Americans remain deeply ambivalent about teenage sexuality. Many presume that such uneasiness is rooted in religion. This book tackles such questions as: how exactly does religion contribute to the formation of teenagers' sexual values and actions? What difference, if any, does religion make in adolescents' sexual attitudes and behaviors? Are abstinence pledges effective? Who expresses regrets about their sexual activity and why? The book combines analyses of three national surveys with stories drawn from interviews with over 250 teenagers across America. It reviews how young people learn, and what they know about sex from their parents, schools, peers, and other sources. It examines what experiences teens profess to have had, and how they make sense of these experiences in light of their own identities as religious, moral, and responsible persons. The author's analysis discovers that religion can and does matter. However, the analysis finds that religious claims are often swamped by other compelling sexual scripts. Particularly interesting is the emergence of what the author calls a “new middle class sexual morality”, which has little to do with a desire for virginity but nevertheless shuns intercourse in order to avoid risks associated with pregnancy and STDs. And strikingly, evangelical teens aren't less sexually active than their non-evangelical counterparts, they just tend to feel guiltier about it. In fact, the analysis finds that few religious teens have internalized or are even able to articulate the sexual ethic taught by their denominations. The only-and largely ineffective-sexual message most religious teens are getting is: “don't do it until you're married”. Ultimately, the author concludes, religion may influence adolescent sexual behavior, but it rarely motivates sexual decision making.
Richard Feldman and Ted A. Warfield (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199226078
- eISBN:
- 9780191594236
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226078.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Disagreement is common. Even informed, intelligent, and generally reasonable people often come to different conclusions when confronted with what seems to be the same evidence. Can the competing ...
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Disagreement is common. Even informed, intelligent, and generally reasonable people often come to different conclusions when confronted with what seems to be the same evidence. Can the competing conclusions be reasonable? If not, what can we reasonably think about the situation? This book examines the epistemology of disagreement, with a focus on disagreements involving epistemic peers. Philosophical questions about disagreement arise in various areas, notably politics, ethics, aesthetics, and the philosophy of religion: this book focuses on the general epistemic issues arising from informed disagreement. Ten leading philosophers offer specially written chapters which together will offer a starting-point for future work on this topic.Less
Disagreement is common. Even informed, intelligent, and generally reasonable people often come to different conclusions when confronted with what seems to be the same evidence. Can the competing conclusions be reasonable? If not, what can we reasonably think about the situation? This book examines the epistemology of disagreement, with a focus on disagreements involving epistemic peers. Philosophical questions about disagreement arise in various areas, notably politics, ethics, aesthetics, and the philosophy of religion: this book focuses on the general epistemic issues arising from informed disagreement. Ten leading philosophers offer specially written chapters which together will offer a starting-point for future work on this topic.
David Finkelhor
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342857
- eISBN:
- 9780199863631
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342857.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This book presents a vision of childhood victimization, one that unifies the conventional subdivisions like child molestation, child abuse, street crime, bullying, and exposure to community violence. ...
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This book presents a vision of childhood victimization, one that unifies the conventional subdivisions like child molestation, child abuse, street crime, bullying, and exposure to community violence. It shows how children are the most criminally victimized segment of the population, with over one-in-five facing multiple, serious “poly-victimizations” during a single year. Developmental Victimology, the book’s term for this new integrative perspective, looks at how victimization changes across the span of childhood and offers insights about how to categorize juvenile victimizations and how to think about risk and impact developmentally. It presents new data about unexpected declines in childhood victimization during the 1990s and early 2000s and suggest some of the reasons for this drop. The book also provides a new model of society’s response to child victimization — the Juvenile Victim Justice System — and a fresh way of thinking about barriers that victims and their families encounter when seeking help.Less
This book presents a vision of childhood victimization, one that unifies the conventional subdivisions like child molestation, child abuse, street crime, bullying, and exposure to community violence. It shows how children are the most criminally victimized segment of the population, with over one-in-five facing multiple, serious “poly-victimizations” during a single year. Developmental Victimology, the book’s term for this new integrative perspective, looks at how victimization changes across the span of childhood and offers insights about how to categorize juvenile victimizations and how to think about risk and impact developmentally. It presents new data about unexpected declines in childhood victimization during the 1990s and early 2000s and suggest some of the reasons for this drop. The book also provides a new model of society’s response to child victimization — the Juvenile Victim Justice System — and a fresh way of thinking about barriers that victims and their families encounter when seeking help.
Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691182179
- eISBN:
- 9780691185057
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182179.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
Prevailing wisdom dictates that without banks countries would be mired in poverty. Yet somehow much of Europe managed to grow rich long before the diffusion of banks. This book draws on centuries of ...
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Prevailing wisdom dictates that without banks countries would be mired in poverty. Yet somehow much of Europe managed to grow rich long before the diffusion of banks. This book draws on centuries of loan data from France to reveal how credit abounded well before banks opened their doors. The book shows how a vast system of shadow credit enabled nearly a third of French families to borrow in 1740, and by 1840 funded as much mortgage debt as the American banking system of the 1950s. The book traces how this extensive private network outcompeted banks and thrived prior to World War I—not just in France but in Britain, Germany, and the United States—until killed off by government intervention after 1918. Overturning common assumptions about banks and economic growth, the book paints a revealing picture of an until-now hidden market of thousands of peer-to-peer loans made possible by a network of brokers who matched lenders with borrowers and certified the borrowers' creditworthiness. The book challenges widespread misperceptions about French economic history, such as the notion that banks proliferated slowly, and the idea that financial innovation was hobbled by French law. By documenting how intermediaries in the shadow credit market devised effective financial instruments, this compelling book provides new insights into how countries can develop and thrive today.Less
Prevailing wisdom dictates that without banks countries would be mired in poverty. Yet somehow much of Europe managed to grow rich long before the diffusion of banks. This book draws on centuries of loan data from France to reveal how credit abounded well before banks opened their doors. The book shows how a vast system of shadow credit enabled nearly a third of French families to borrow in 1740, and by 1840 funded as much mortgage debt as the American banking system of the 1950s. The book traces how this extensive private network outcompeted banks and thrived prior to World War I—not just in France but in Britain, Germany, and the United States—until killed off by government intervention after 1918. Overturning common assumptions about banks and economic growth, the book paints a revealing picture of an until-now hidden market of thousands of peer-to-peer loans made possible by a network of brokers who matched lenders with borrowers and certified the borrowers' creditworthiness. The book challenges widespread misperceptions about French economic history, such as the notion that banks proliferated slowly, and the idea that financial innovation was hobbled by French law. By documenting how intermediaries in the shadow credit market devised effective financial instruments, this compelling book provides new insights into how countries can develop and thrive today.
Neil Weinstock Netanel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195137620
- eISBN:
- 9780199871629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137620.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
When does someone's inability to copy, distribute, or build upon a copyrighted work rise to the level of a burden on free speech? When, in contrast, should we readily countenance the restraints that ...
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When does someone's inability to copy, distribute, or build upon a copyrighted work rise to the level of a burden on free speech? When, in contrast, should we readily countenance the restraints that copyright imposes? To answer, this chapter begins with more fundamental questions: What counts as “speech” for purpose of “freedom of speech”? And what free speech principles apply to copyright? This chapter demonstrates that copyright law is an integral part of media and communications policy. It also argues that the important First Amendment value of “expressive diversity” requires a dispersal of communicative power and ample opportunity for speech that directly challenges mainstream culture and popular works. Creative appropriation, the ability to convey one's message and artistic vision by incorporating and building upon mass media sounds and images, thus lies at the heart, not the margins, of freedom of speech. But peer‐to‐peer file sharing is not “speech.”Less
When does someone's inability to copy, distribute, or build upon a copyrighted work rise to the level of a burden on free speech? When, in contrast, should we readily countenance the restraints that copyright imposes? To answer, this chapter begins with more fundamental questions: What counts as “speech” for purpose of “freedom of speech”? And what free speech principles apply to copyright? This chapter demonstrates that copyright law is an integral part of media and communications policy. It also argues that the important First Amendment value of “expressive diversity” requires a dispersal of communicative power and ample opportunity for speech that directly challenges mainstream culture and popular works. Creative appropriation, the ability to convey one's message and artistic vision by incorporating and building upon mass media sounds and images, thus lies at the heart, not the margins, of freedom of speech. But peer‐to‐peer file sharing is not “speech.”
Brett M. Frischmann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199895656
- eISBN:
- 9780199933280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199895656.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter discusses the application of infrastructure theory to other modern debates covering Google Books, peer-to-peer file-sharing software, and open-source software.
This chapter discusses the application of infrastructure theory to other modern debates covering Google Books, peer-to-peer file-sharing software, and open-source software.
Jana Matthews and Jeff Dennis
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195168259
- eISBN:
- 9780199849734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168259.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
For aspiring business owners, this book hopefully has inspired avoidance of “the edge”. For those who are already experiencing the edge, the book contains help for those people to evaluate the ...
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For aspiring business owners, this book hopefully has inspired avoidance of “the edge”. For those who are already experiencing the edge, the book contains help for those people to evaluate the situation and identify the possible courses of action to be taken. This final chapter encourages entrepreneurs to participate in peer group activities since this may promote growth through sharing experiences with other entrepreneurs, discussing certain issues, and other such activities. Also, the chapter advises that having a mentor outside the peer group is helpful since such people may provide impartial judgment and advice about the business. In sum, one must be able to learn, if not from one's own mistakes, but from the mistakes of others especially in terms of business and avoiding being on the edge.Less
For aspiring business owners, this book hopefully has inspired avoidance of “the edge”. For those who are already experiencing the edge, the book contains help for those people to evaluate the situation and identify the possible courses of action to be taken. This final chapter encourages entrepreneurs to participate in peer group activities since this may promote growth through sharing experiences with other entrepreneurs, discussing certain issues, and other such activities. Also, the chapter advises that having a mentor outside the peer group is helpful since such people may provide impartial judgment and advice about the business. In sum, one must be able to learn, if not from one's own mistakes, but from the mistakes of others especially in terms of business and avoiding being on the edge.
Faye Mishna
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199795406
- eISBN:
- 9780199949687
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199795406.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
The phenomenon of bullying is highly complex. Bullying issues span individual to societal variables, including individual characteristics and vulnerability, peer and family relationships and ...
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The phenomenon of bullying is highly complex. Bullying issues span individual to societal variables, including individual characteristics and vulnerability, peer and family relationships and dynamics, classroom and school milieu and societal values and attitudes, including stigma, and discrimination. Moreover, new forms of bullying such as cyber bullying have emerged, with unique implications for prevention and intervention. The prevalence of bullying suggests that bullying may be one of the underlying issues when youth struggle with social, emotional or academic difficulties, although bullying is likely not mentioned or even considered to be part of the presenting problem. The impact of the child or youth’s involvement in bullying, as victim or as the aggressor, might consequently go unrecognized—by the child or youth and their parents and/or by a practitioner. There is a tremendous amount of research on the prevalence, associated factors and effects of bullying; on the theoretical approaches applied to bullying; and on the evaluation of anti-bullying prevention and intervention school wide programs. This book is a compilation of relevant information on bullying. Challenges and obstacles to addressing bullying are reviewed as are practice principles to address barriers in prevention and intervention with children and youth who are bullied and who bully.Less
The phenomenon of bullying is highly complex. Bullying issues span individual to societal variables, including individual characteristics and vulnerability, peer and family relationships and dynamics, classroom and school milieu and societal values and attitudes, including stigma, and discrimination. Moreover, new forms of bullying such as cyber bullying have emerged, with unique implications for prevention and intervention. The prevalence of bullying suggests that bullying may be one of the underlying issues when youth struggle with social, emotional or academic difficulties, although bullying is likely not mentioned or even considered to be part of the presenting problem. The impact of the child or youth’s involvement in bullying, as victim or as the aggressor, might consequently go unrecognized—by the child or youth and their parents and/or by a practitioner. There is a tremendous amount of research on the prevalence, associated factors and effects of bullying; on the theoretical approaches applied to bullying; and on the evaluation of anti-bullying prevention and intervention school wide programs. This book is a compilation of relevant information on bullying. Challenges and obstacles to addressing bullying are reviewed as are practice principles to address barriers in prevention and intervention with children and youth who are bullied and who bully.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0021
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Having passed the lower house, the proposed revision came next before the House of Peers. The aristocratic upper house would exist no longer under the new constitution, yet its approval was critical ...
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Having passed the lower house, the proposed revision came next before the House of Peers. The aristocratic upper house would exist no longer under the new constitution, yet its approval was critical to the project's legitimacy. Ch. 19 tells how the proposed revision came under severe attack by peers, but was also stoutly defended. The principal defenders, besides Kanamori, were a highly respected lawyer, Takayanagi Kenzō, and Nanbara Shigeru, president of the University of Tokyo; the scholarly Sasaki Sōichi and a fierce and eloquent peer, Sawada Ushimaro, led the critics. Again the role of the emperor under the new charter (kokutai) was an object of earnest interest, as was Article 9 and the bill of rights.Less
Having passed the lower house, the proposed revision came next before the House of Peers. The aristocratic upper house would exist no longer under the new constitution, yet its approval was critical to the project's legitimacy. Ch. 19 tells how the proposed revision came under severe attack by peers, but was also stoutly defended. The principal defenders, besides Kanamori, were a highly respected lawyer, Takayanagi Kenzō, and Nanbara Shigeru, president of the University of Tokyo; the scholarly Sasaki Sōichi and a fierce and eloquent peer, Sawada Ushimaro, led the critics. Again the role of the emperor under the new charter (kokutai) was an object of earnest interest, as was Article 9 and the bill of rights.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0022
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
On August 31, a “special committee,” consisting of 45 members of the House of Peers, began a series of secret meetings that would last until October 3. Attention focused again on the emperor's role ...
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On August 31, a “special committee,” consisting of 45 members of the House of Peers, began a series of secret meetings that would last until October 3. Attention focused again on the emperor's role (kokutai), popular sovereignty, and the proposed electoral review of judges. Peers also criticized the American‐sounding rhetoric of the preamble and the notion in Chapter X of the constitution as “supreme law.” Notable during these debates were exchanges between Takayanagi Kenzō and Sasaki Sōichi. In the end, after making a few minor amendments, the House of Peers added its approval of the revision.Less
On August 31, a “special committee,” consisting of 45 members of the House of Peers, began a series of secret meetings that would last until October 3. Attention focused again on the emperor's role (kokutai), popular sovereignty, and the proposed electoral review of judges. Peers also criticized the American‐sounding rhetoric of the preamble and the notion in Chapter X of the constitution as “supreme law.” Notable during these debates were exchanges between Takayanagi Kenzō and Sasaki Sōichi. In the end, after making a few minor amendments, the House of Peers added its approval of the revision.
Bruce Morrison (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083640
- eISBN:
- 9789882209299
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083640.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Independent learning is not a new concept for language educators, but while teachers, curriculum designers and policy makers have embraced it as underpinning modern notions of education, it remains a ...
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Independent learning is not a new concept for language educators, but while teachers, curriculum designers and policy makers have embraced it as underpinning modern notions of education, it remains a dynamic and vibrant field for researchers and academics who aim to broaden its scope and deepen our understanding of how it may be applied most effectively both inside and outside the classroom. The contributors to this book use their experience of applying the concepts related to independent learning in various geographical, cultural and pedagogical tertiary-level learning contexts to present new perspectives on how independent learning can inform and support policy, teaching methodology, curriculum development and the nurturing of successful learners. While the first section of the book provides a view of the field from three broad curriculum development perspectives, the remaining chapters primarily focus on the experience of learners, teachers and curriculum developers in applying principles of learner autonomy, self-regulation and self-direction with various types of learner — each with their own identities, motivations, expectations and goals. These learner and teacher stories provide insights that are important for an understanding of some of the impacts an independent learning approach to language learning have on learners in various educational contexts.Less
Independent learning is not a new concept for language educators, but while teachers, curriculum designers and policy makers have embraced it as underpinning modern notions of education, it remains a dynamic and vibrant field for researchers and academics who aim to broaden its scope and deepen our understanding of how it may be applied most effectively both inside and outside the classroom. The contributors to this book use their experience of applying the concepts related to independent learning in various geographical, cultural and pedagogical tertiary-level learning contexts to present new perspectives on how independent learning can inform and support policy, teaching methodology, curriculum development and the nurturing of successful learners. While the first section of the book provides a view of the field from three broad curriculum development perspectives, the remaining chapters primarily focus on the experience of learners, teachers and curriculum developers in applying principles of learner autonomy, self-regulation and self-direction with various types of learner — each with their own identities, motivations, expectations and goals. These learner and teacher stories provide insights that are important for an understanding of some of the impacts an independent learning approach to language learning have on learners in various educational contexts.
Francis Wing-lin Lee
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028801
- eISBN:
- 9789882207226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028801.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
During a period in a person's life when he or she is between two and 22 years of age, the three fundamental social systems he or she is exposed to includes family, school, and peers. Adopting a ...
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During a period in a person's life when he or she is between two and 22 years of age, the three fundamental social systems he or she is exposed to includes family, school, and peers. Adopting a system perspective would reveal that each of these systems entails internal dimensions or subsystems that aid in shaping the fulfillment of the expectations and needs of an individual. The family is responsible for providing intimacy, emotional and material support, guidance, and discipline, as well as nurturing personalities and teaching the individual the basic skills and rules of life. In school, the individual is given the opportunity to build self-esteem through positive experiences that concern facing new environments, interacting with teachers and classmates, dealing with stress, and other such activities while avoiding negative experiences. Lastly, peers are found to be most influential since individuals feel freedom, power, and a source of belonging that develop one's self-confidence when with their peers.Less
During a period in a person's life when he or she is between two and 22 years of age, the three fundamental social systems he or she is exposed to includes family, school, and peers. Adopting a system perspective would reveal that each of these systems entails internal dimensions or subsystems that aid in shaping the fulfillment of the expectations and needs of an individual. The family is responsible for providing intimacy, emotional and material support, guidance, and discipline, as well as nurturing personalities and teaching the individual the basic skills and rules of life. In school, the individual is given the opportunity to build self-esteem through positive experiences that concern facing new environments, interacting with teachers and classmates, dealing with stress, and other such activities while avoiding negative experiences. Lastly, peers are found to be most influential since individuals feel freedom, power, and a source of belonging that develop one's self-confidence when with their peers.
Luis Moreno-Caballud
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781381939
- eISBN:
- 9781781382295
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781381939.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This book studies the emergence of collaborative and non-hierarchical cultures in the context of the Spanish economic crisis of 2008. It explains how peer-to-peer social networks that have arisen ...
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This book studies the emergence of collaborative and non-hierarchical cultures in the context of the Spanish economic crisis of 2008. It explains how peer-to-peer social networks that have arisen online and through social movements such as the Indignados have challenged a longstanding cultural tradition of intellectual elitism and capitalist technocracy in Spain. From the establishment of a technocratic and consumerist culture during the second part of the Franco dictatorship to the transition to neoliberalism that accompanied the ‘transition to democracy’, intellectuals and ‘experts’ have legitimized contemporary Spanish history as a series of unavoidable steps in a process of ‘modernization’. But when unemployment skyrocketed and a growing number of people began to feel that the consequences of this Spanish ‘modernization’ had increasingly led to precariousness, this paradigm collapsed. In the wake of Spain's financial meltdown of 2008, new ‘cultures of anyone’ have emerged around the idea that the people affected by or involved in a situation should be the ones to participate in changing it. Growing through grassroots social movements, digital networks, and spaces traditionally reserved for ‘high culture’ and institutional politics, these cultures promote processes of empowerment and collaborative learning that allow the development of the abilities and knowledge base of ‘anyone’, regardless of their economic status or institutional affiliations.Less
This book studies the emergence of collaborative and non-hierarchical cultures in the context of the Spanish economic crisis of 2008. It explains how peer-to-peer social networks that have arisen online and through social movements such as the Indignados have challenged a longstanding cultural tradition of intellectual elitism and capitalist technocracy in Spain. From the establishment of a technocratic and consumerist culture during the second part of the Franco dictatorship to the transition to neoliberalism that accompanied the ‘transition to democracy’, intellectuals and ‘experts’ have legitimized contemporary Spanish history as a series of unavoidable steps in a process of ‘modernization’. But when unemployment skyrocketed and a growing number of people began to feel that the consequences of this Spanish ‘modernization’ had increasingly led to precariousness, this paradigm collapsed. In the wake of Spain's financial meltdown of 2008, new ‘cultures of anyone’ have emerged around the idea that the people affected by or involved in a situation should be the ones to participate in changing it. Growing through grassroots social movements, digital networks, and spaces traditionally reserved for ‘high culture’ and institutional politics, these cultures promote processes of empowerment and collaborative learning that allow the development of the abilities and knowledge base of ‘anyone’, regardless of their economic status or institutional affiliations.
David P. Farrington and Brandon C. Welsh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195304091
- eISBN:
- 9780199944071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304091.003.0016
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter examines the importance of socioeconomic factors as predictors of offending and reviews peer, school, and community influences. The findings reveal that offenders usually come from ...
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This chapter examines the importance of socioeconomic factors as predictors of offending and reviews peer, school, and community influences. The findings reveal that offenders usually come from deprived families, have friends who are also delinquents, attend high delinquency-rate school, and live in deprived areas. This chapter suggests that early prevention programs should target all these factors and should seek to improve a family's economic status, discourage a child's association with delinquent peers or encourage association with prosocial peers, change the climate of schools, or improve the social cohesiveness of areas.Less
This chapter examines the importance of socioeconomic factors as predictors of offending and reviews peer, school, and community influences. The findings reveal that offenders usually come from deprived families, have friends who are also delinquents, attend high delinquency-rate school, and live in deprived areas. This chapter suggests that early prevention programs should target all these factors and should seek to improve a family's economic status, discourage a child's association with delinquent peers or encourage association with prosocial peers, change the climate of schools, or improve the social cohesiveness of areas.
William A. Silverman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192630889
- eISBN:
- 9780191723568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192630889.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents a 1989 commentary on the growing number of medical articles being published each year. It considers the question of how readers can cope with this unprecedented glut of data. It ...
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This chapter presents a 1989 commentary on the growing number of medical articles being published each year. It considers the question of how readers can cope with this unprecedented glut of data. It cites editors' rising concerns over the failure of the time-honoured peer review process to control the quality of published information.Less
This chapter presents a 1989 commentary on the growing number of medical articles being published each year. It considers the question of how readers can cope with this unprecedented glut of data. It cites editors' rising concerns over the failure of the time-honoured peer review process to control the quality of published information.
Nancy Whittier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325102
- eISBN:
- 9780199869350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325102.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses the hybrid political/therapeutic approach of feminist self‐help groups of the very early 1980s, which developed an analysis of internalized oppression that linked the political ...
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This chapter discusses the hybrid political/therapeutic approach of feminist self‐help groups of the very early 1980s, which developed an analysis of internalized oppression that linked the political and the personal. Like their immediate feminist predecessors, these women constructed influential experiential knowledge about child sexual abuse, expanding on the politics and techniques of self‐help. They drew on and contributed to identity politics, constructing a collective identity as survivors. They also sought to influence how professional psychotherapy addressed child sexual abuse. They have been analyzed as part of a therapeutic turn in feminism; this chapter argues that the therapeutic turn remained fundamentally oriented toward social change.Less
This chapter discusses the hybrid political/therapeutic approach of feminist self‐help groups of the very early 1980s, which developed an analysis of internalized oppression that linked the political and the personal. Like their immediate feminist predecessors, these women constructed influential experiential knowledge about child sexual abuse, expanding on the politics and techniques of self‐help. They drew on and contributed to identity politics, constructing a collective identity as survivors. They also sought to influence how professional psychotherapy addressed child sexual abuse. They have been analyzed as part of a therapeutic turn in feminism; this chapter argues that the therapeutic turn remained fundamentally oriented toward social change.
Karolyn Tyson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199736447
- eISBN:
- 9780199943951
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736447.003.0021
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter addresses high-achieving adolescents' vulnerability to peer cultures that are oppositional to the norms and values of schools. These include youth subcultures in which students are ...
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This chapter addresses high-achieving adolescents' vulnerability to peer cultures that are oppositional to the norms and values of schools. These include youth subcultures in which students are ridiculed for achievement-related behaviors in both racialized and non-racialized ways. Whereas the previous chapter considered where and when taunts of acting white for achievement-related behaviors occur, the present chapter investigates why some high-achieving black adolescents succumb to pressure to conform to oppositional aspects of the peer environment at their schools while others are able to resist and reject such pressures. It demonstrates that there are conditions (both internal and external) that help high-achieving adolescents resist, reject, or ignore this type of negative peer pressure. These include, for example, a strong sense of identity (who they are and are not) and clear post-high school goals and aspirations. The chapter also shows that the age at which adolescents develop the characteristics and goals that keep them focused on academic achievement varies.Less
This chapter addresses high-achieving adolescents' vulnerability to peer cultures that are oppositional to the norms and values of schools. These include youth subcultures in which students are ridiculed for achievement-related behaviors in both racialized and non-racialized ways. Whereas the previous chapter considered where and when taunts of acting white for achievement-related behaviors occur, the present chapter investigates why some high-achieving black adolescents succumb to pressure to conform to oppositional aspects of the peer environment at their schools while others are able to resist and reject such pressures. It demonstrates that there are conditions (both internal and external) that help high-achieving adolescents resist, reject, or ignore this type of negative peer pressure. These include, for example, a strong sense of identity (who they are and are not) and clear post-high school goals and aspirations. The chapter also shows that the age at which adolescents develop the characteristics and goals that keep them focused on academic achievement varies.
Michael A. Carrier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867035
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342581.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
In recent years, innovation has been threatened by the United States legal system. Much of the blame can be attributed to the antitrust and intellectual property (IP) laws. This book seeks to ...
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In recent years, innovation has been threatened by the United States legal system. Much of the blame can be attributed to the antitrust and intellectual property (IP) laws. This book seeks to encourage a reversal of this trend, offering ten revolutionary proposals, from pharmaceuticals to peer-to-peer software, to help foster innovation. The book illustrates the benefits of improving the patent system and incorporating innovation into copyright and antitrust law. It also dips into a rich business literature to import ideas on “disruptive innovation” and “user innovation.” The book replaces the 20th-century view that the IP and antitrust laws are in conflict with a new 21st-century framework that treats them as collaborators. It also offers a comprehensive framework for the patent, copyright, and antitrust laws to promote innovation.Less
In recent years, innovation has been threatened by the United States legal system. Much of the blame can be attributed to the antitrust and intellectual property (IP) laws. This book seeks to encourage a reversal of this trend, offering ten revolutionary proposals, from pharmaceuticals to peer-to-peer software, to help foster innovation. The book illustrates the benefits of improving the patent system and incorporating innovation into copyright and antitrust law. It also dips into a rich business literature to import ideas on “disruptive innovation” and “user innovation.” The book replaces the 20th-century view that the IP and antitrust laws are in conflict with a new 21st-century framework that treats them as collaborators. It also offers a comprehensive framework for the patent, copyright, and antitrust laws to promote innovation.
Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691182179
- eISBN:
- 9780691185057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182179.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter explains how, in the wake of the French Revolution's devastating inflation, local, peer-to-peer credit markets recuperated slowly. After such enormous losses, conditions for lending were ...
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This chapter explains how, in the wake of the French Revolution's devastating inflation, local, peer-to-peer credit markets recuperated slowly. After such enormous losses, conditions for lending were hardly promising. Worse yet, one of the major revolutionary reforms that would eventually bolster credit markets—the Hypothèques registers created to record liens—took decades to take hold, particularly outside Paris. Yet despite these obstacles, credit markets did grow outside Paris and they did so substantially. By 1840, the stock of debt outside Paris exceeded its Old Regime peak. Clearly, the three decades between 1807 and 1840 was a time when notarial credit revived and expanded.Less
This chapter explains how, in the wake of the French Revolution's devastating inflation, local, peer-to-peer credit markets recuperated slowly. After such enormous losses, conditions for lending were hardly promising. Worse yet, one of the major revolutionary reforms that would eventually bolster credit markets—the Hypothèques registers created to record liens—took decades to take hold, particularly outside Paris. Yet despite these obstacles, credit markets did grow outside Paris and they did so substantially. By 1840, the stock of debt outside Paris exceeded its Old Regime peak. Clearly, the three decades between 1807 and 1840 was a time when notarial credit revived and expanded.
Walter van de Leur
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195124484
- eISBN:
- 9780199868711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195124484.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter unravels Strayhorn’s often hidden contributions to the successful LP albums recorded by the Ellington orchestra in the 1950s. It discusses Strayhorn’s contributions to Blue Rose ...
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This chapter unravels Strayhorn’s often hidden contributions to the successful LP albums recorded by the Ellington orchestra in the 1950s. It discusses Strayhorn’s contributions to Blue Rose (featuring singer Rosemary Clooney), Historically Speaking – The Duke, Duke Ellington Presents …, Newport Jazz Festival Suite, A Drum Is a Woman, Such Sweet Thunder, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook, Ellington Indigos, Anatomy of a Murder, Ellington Jazz Party, Blues in Orbit, Recollections of the Big Band Era, The Nutcracker Suite, The Peer Gynt Suite, A Midnight in Paris, Mary Poppins, and Suite Thursday. The responsibility for a significant part of the band’s repertory fell entirely to Strayhorn. As a result, the sound of the Ellington band in the 1950s was equally indebted to Ellington and Strayhorn, even though it was understood by its audiences as purely Ellingtonian.Less
This chapter unravels Strayhorn’s often hidden contributions to the successful LP albums recorded by the Ellington orchestra in the 1950s. It discusses Strayhorn’s contributions to Blue Rose (featuring singer Rosemary Clooney), Historically Speaking – The Duke, Duke Ellington Presents …, Newport Jazz Festival Suite, A Drum Is a Woman, Such Sweet Thunder, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook, Ellington Indigos, Anatomy of a Murder, Ellington Jazz Party, Blues in Orbit, Recollections of the Big Band Era, The Nutcracker Suite, The Peer Gynt Suite, A Midnight in Paris, Mary Poppins, and Suite Thursday. The responsibility for a significant part of the band’s repertory fell entirely to Strayhorn. As a result, the sound of the Ellington band in the 1950s was equally indebted to Ellington and Strayhorn, even though it was understood by its audiences as purely Ellingtonian.
