Jochen Prantl
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199287680
- eISBN:
- 9780191603723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199287686.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the question of what triggered the emergence of informal groups of states in the form of the advisory committees in the 1950s, and argues that their establishment has to be seen ...
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This chapter examines the question of what triggered the emergence of informal groups of states in the form of the advisory committees in the 1950s, and argues that their establishment has to be seen against the background of great power tensions in the Security Council. The early stages of UN peacekeeping saw a shift of governance from the Security Council to the Secretary-General and the General Assembly, which fostered the emergence of informal ad hoc groupings of states. The formation of advisory committees reflected the desire of the Secretary-General to strengthen his voice vis-á-vis the Security Council. When the lack of unanimity of the permanent members prevented the Council from assuming its responsibilities, the General Assembly took charge by recommending collective measures. However, when the Security Council was able to act, its resolutions and mandates entrusted to the Secretary-General often reflected a political compromise based on the lowest common denominator among its members. The workings of the two advisory committees established in the context of crises at the Suez Canal (1956-67) and in the Congo (1960-4) illustrate these points further.Less
This chapter examines the question of what triggered the emergence of informal groups of states in the form of the advisory committees in the 1950s, and argues that their establishment has to be seen against the background of great power tensions in the Security Council. The early stages of UN peacekeeping saw a shift of governance from the Security Council to the Secretary-General and the General Assembly, which fostered the emergence of informal ad hoc groupings of states. The formation of advisory committees reflected the desire of the Secretary-General to strengthen his voice vis-á-vis the Security Council. When the lack of unanimity of the permanent members prevented the Council from assuming its responsibilities, the General Assembly took charge by recommending collective measures. However, when the Security Council was able to act, its resolutions and mandates entrusted to the Secretary-General often reflected a political compromise based on the lowest common denominator among its members. The workings of the two advisory committees established in the context of crises at the Suez Canal (1956-67) and in the Congo (1960-4) illustrate these points further.
William Bain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260263
- eISBN:
- 9780191600975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260265.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Starts by pointing out that if the Berlin and Brussels Acts and the experience of the Congo Free State (as discussed in the last chapter) are understood as representing the internationalization of ...
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Starts by pointing out that if the Berlin and Brussels Acts and the experience of the Congo Free State (as discussed in the last chapter) are understood as representing the internationalization of the idea of trusteeship, then the League of Nations mandates system might be understood as representing its institutionalization in international society. Examines the current of ideas from which the institutionalization of trusteeship arose out of the debates concerning the disposal of German colonies conquered during the First World War, and the subsequent compromise that resulted in the creation of the mandates system, which stands as a response to the problem of ordering relations of Europeans and non‐Europeans by reconciling the obligations of trusteeship and the search for national security in a single institutional arrangement. The victorious Allied powers divided Germany's colonial possessions amongst themselves, in no small part for reasons of national security, but in assuming administrative responsibility for these territories they also accepted the oversight of ‘international machinery’ to ensure that the work of civilization was being done. The seven sections of the chapter are: War and the Old Diplomacy; Trusteeship or Annexation?; From the New World—the effect of the Russian revolution and the entry into the First World War of the US on the French and British annexation policy and Woodrow Wilson's ideas for peace; The Mandates System—the birth of the League of Nations; Impasse at Versailles—the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Versailles Peace Treaty; Trusteeship or Deception—the obligations and defects of the League of Nations Covenant; and Novelty and Tradition—the compromise of the League of Nations system.Less
Starts by pointing out that if the Berlin and Brussels Acts and the experience of the Congo Free State (as discussed in the last chapter) are understood as representing the internationalization of the idea of trusteeship, then the League of Nations mandates system might be understood as representing its institutionalization in international society. Examines the current of ideas from which the institutionalization of trusteeship arose out of the debates concerning the disposal of German colonies conquered during the First World War, and the subsequent compromise that resulted in the creation of the mandates system, which stands as a response to the problem of ordering relations of Europeans and non‐Europeans by reconciling the obligations of trusteeship and the search for national security in a single institutional arrangement. The victorious Allied powers divided Germany's colonial possessions amongst themselves, in no small part for reasons of national security, but in assuming administrative responsibility for these territories they also accepted the oversight of ‘international machinery’ to ensure that the work of civilization was being done. The seven sections of the chapter are: War and the Old Diplomacy; Trusteeship or Annexation?; From the New World—the effect of the Russian revolution and the entry into the First World War of the US on the French and British annexation policy and Woodrow Wilson's ideas for peace; The Mandates System—the birth of the League of Nations; Impasse at Versailles—the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Versailles Peace Treaty; Trusteeship or Deception—the obligations and defects of the League of Nations Covenant; and Novelty and Tradition—the compromise of the League of Nations system.
Peter J. Yearwood
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199226733
- eISBN:
- 9780191710308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226733.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
At the Paris peace conference the British and Americans worked together in drafting the Covenant, which was largely based on the Phillimore plans. This was intended to be a precedent for ...
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At the Paris peace conference the British and Americans worked together in drafting the Covenant, which was largely based on the Phillimore plans. This was intended to be a precedent for Anglo‐American cooperation throughout the conference and beyond. Wilson and Lloyd George came to share a vision of peace based on justice. Recognizing that the great power balance had broken down in Europe, London looked to the creation of smaller nation‐states under a league guarantee. Wilson and Cecil, who was effectively in charge of the British side of the negotiations despite his resignation from the government, envisaged a political rather than judicial body dominated by the major powers. The council would be the key element. They were also agreed in rejecting the proposals of the French delegate Léon Bourgeois which would have turned the league into an effective military institution.Less
At the Paris peace conference the British and Americans worked together in drafting the Covenant, which was largely based on the Phillimore plans. This was intended to be a precedent for Anglo‐American cooperation throughout the conference and beyond. Wilson and Lloyd George came to share a vision of peace based on justice. Recognizing that the great power balance had broken down in Europe, London looked to the creation of smaller nation‐states under a league guarantee. Wilson and Cecil, who was effectively in charge of the British side of the negotiations despite his resignation from the government, envisaged a political rather than judicial body dominated by the major powers. The council would be the key element. They were also agreed in rejecting the proposals of the French delegate Léon Bourgeois which would have turned the league into an effective military institution.
Lord Bullock and William Deakin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221142
- eISBN:
- 9780191678417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221142.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Paris peace conference was formally opened on 18 January 1919. The place and date, which marked the anniversary of the founding of the German empire in the Hall of Mirrors at the French royal ...
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The Paris peace conference was formally opened on 18 January 1919. The place and date, which marked the anniversary of the founding of the German empire in the Hall of Mirrors at the French royal palace of Versailles in 1871, were chosen by the French. Once opened, it would be another five months before the conference was ready to present the defeated Germans, in the form of the representatives of the newly formed Weimar republic, with their non-negotiable terms of peace. These peace terms, the muddled and lengthy process by which they were drafted, as well as the personalities and motivations of the men who drafted them, have been fiercely and continually maligned since the very moment of their presentation. The treaties of Paris did not represent the victory of principle and morality over national interest. If the treaties incorporated the principles of democracy, collective security, and self-determination, they also reflected the claims of state sovereignty and individual and often conflicting national requirements. The Treaty of Versailles was unquestionably flawed, but the treaty in itself did not shatter the peace that it established.Less
The Paris peace conference was formally opened on 18 January 1919. The place and date, which marked the anniversary of the founding of the German empire in the Hall of Mirrors at the French royal palace of Versailles in 1871, were chosen by the French. Once opened, it would be another five months before the conference was ready to present the defeated Germans, in the form of the representatives of the newly formed Weimar republic, with their non-negotiable terms of peace. These peace terms, the muddled and lengthy process by which they were drafted, as well as the personalities and motivations of the men who drafted them, have been fiercely and continually maligned since the very moment of their presentation. The treaties of Paris did not represent the victory of principle and morality over national interest. If the treaties incorporated the principles of democracy, collective security, and self-determination, they also reflected the claims of state sovereignty and individual and often conflicting national requirements. The Treaty of Versailles was unquestionably flawed, but the treaty in itself did not shatter the peace that it established.
Karma Nabulsi
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294078
- eISBN:
- 9780191599972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294077.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This is the first of three chapters that set out the differing contexts through which the dilemma in the laws of war over the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants can be viewed: ...
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This is the first of three chapters that set out the differing contexts through which the dilemma in the laws of war over the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants can be viewed: political and diplomatic (this chapter), social (Chapter 2) and intellectual (Chapter 3). The narrative begins by summarizing the diplomatic history of the conferences at Brussels in 1874, at the Hague in 1899 and 1907, and at Geneva in 1949. While the negotiations of the laws of war proved successful in many respects, they consistently failed to agree on a common legal understanding of a lawful combatant.Less
This is the first of three chapters that set out the differing contexts through which the dilemma in the laws of war over the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants can be viewed: political and diplomatic (this chapter), social (Chapter 2) and intellectual (Chapter 3). The narrative begins by summarizing the diplomatic history of the conferences at Brussels in 1874, at the Hague in 1899 and 1907, and at Geneva in 1949. While the negotiations of the laws of war proved successful in many respects, they consistently failed to agree on a common legal understanding of a lawful combatant.
Erik Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198215844
- eISBN:
- 9780191678226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198215844.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This introductory chapter discusses the importance of studying the planning phase in order to understand better British actions at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. It suggests that though a third ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the importance of studying the planning phase in order to understand better British actions at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. It suggests that though a third of the period between the armistice and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles was occupied solely with preparations, the histories of the peace settlement have neglected it because of a lack of information. It highlights the Foreign Office's creation of the Political Intelligence Department (PID) to coordinate and synthesize the materials that were to be used by British officials in the post-war negotiating table.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the importance of studying the planning phase in order to understand better British actions at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. It suggests that though a third of the period between the armistice and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles was occupied solely with preparations, the histories of the peace settlement have neglected it because of a lack of information. It highlights the Foreign Office's creation of the Political Intelligence Department (PID) to coordinate and synthesize the materials that were to be used by British officials in the post-war negotiating table.
Derek Drinkwater
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199273850
- eISBN:
- 9780191602344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273855.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Sir Harold Nicolson’s international thought, more specifically, his thinking on international order, diplomacy, a united Europe, world government, and global peace, was shaped by his upbringing in a ...
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Sir Harold Nicolson’s international thought, more specifically, his thinking on international order, diplomacy, a united Europe, world government, and global peace, was shaped by his upbringing in a diplomatic household, an Oxford classical education, and two decades as a diplomat in Europe and Asia Minor. Especially significant were his Foreign Office service in London during the First World War and his involvement in peacemaking at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, which culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Nicolson also made important contributions at the Lausanne Conference (1922–23), en poste in Germany between 1927 and 1929, and as an anti-appeasement MP prior to the Second World War. His fifty-year career, from the time of the Balkan Wars to Suez, represented an attempt to resolve the question of how best to secure international stability: through power politics, idealism, or an amalgam of realist and idealist approaches.Less
Sir Harold Nicolson’s international thought, more specifically, his thinking on international order, diplomacy, a united Europe, world government, and global peace, was shaped by his upbringing in a diplomatic household, an Oxford classical education, and two decades as a diplomat in Europe and Asia Minor. Especially significant were his Foreign Office service in London during the First World War and his involvement in peacemaking at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, which culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Nicolson also made important contributions at the Lausanne Conference (1922–23), en poste in Germany between 1927 and 1929, and as an anti-appeasement MP prior to the Second World War. His fifty-year career, from the time of the Balkan Wars to Suez, represented an attempt to resolve the question of how best to secure international stability: through power politics, idealism, or an amalgam of realist and idealist approaches.
Erik Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198215844
- eISBN:
- 9780191678226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198215844.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter examines the struggle for control in Great Britain's preparation for the 1919 peace conference. Foreign Office Under-Secretary Charles Hardinge had developed a carefully laid plan for ...
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This chapter examines the struggle for control in Great Britain's preparation for the 1919 peace conference. Foreign Office Under-Secretary Charles Hardinge had developed a carefully laid plan for the peace settlement through the Political Intelligence Department (PID) but it was significantly affected by the decision of Prime Minister David Lloyd George to attend personally the conference and appoint Arthur Balfour as chief delegate. In addition, Lloyd George had other ideas on how arrangements for the conference should be made and he appointed Maurice Hankey to handle administrative planning and General Jan Christiaan Smuts to prepare the peace brief.Less
This chapter examines the struggle for control in Great Britain's preparation for the 1919 peace conference. Foreign Office Under-Secretary Charles Hardinge had developed a carefully laid plan for the peace settlement through the Political Intelligence Department (PID) but it was significantly affected by the decision of Prime Minister David Lloyd George to attend personally the conference and appoint Arthur Balfour as chief delegate. In addition, Lloyd George had other ideas on how arrangements for the conference should be made and he appointed Maurice Hankey to handle administrative planning and General Jan Christiaan Smuts to prepare the peace brief.
Mark Weston Janis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579341
- eISBN:
- 9780191722653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579341.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Legal History
This chapter shows how the quest for a good way to enforce the good rules of international law settled on the path long advocated by the American utopians: new international institutions. The Hague ...
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This chapter shows how the quest for a good way to enforce the good rules of international law settled on the path long advocated by the American utopians: new international institutions. The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 brought forth new treaties and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Alongside these hesitant steps towards world government came the American Society of International Law and a new breed of professional international lawyers; among them Elihu Root, James Brown Scott, and William Howard Taft. They were dedicated to building world peace by legalizing the conduct of international relations. They trusted in public opinion as a means of enforcing the law of nations, a trust disappointed by the outbreak of the Great War in 1914.Less
This chapter shows how the quest for a good way to enforce the good rules of international law settled on the path long advocated by the American utopians: new international institutions. The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 brought forth new treaties and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Alongside these hesitant steps towards world government came the American Society of International Law and a new breed of professional international lawyers; among them Elihu Root, James Brown Scott, and William Howard Taft. They were dedicated to building world peace by legalizing the conduct of international relations. They trusted in public opinion as a means of enforcing the law of nations, a trust disappointed by the outbreak of the Great War in 1914.
Erik Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198215844
- eISBN:
- 9780191678226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198215844.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter examines the beginnings of Great Britain's preparation for the post-war peace settlement. It explains that Britain had been planning for the peace conference even before the armistice ...
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This chapter examines the beginnings of Great Britain's preparation for the post-war peace settlement. It explains that Britain had been planning for the peace conference even before the armistice was signed in November 1918. It explains that the planning for the eventual post-war conference originated as vaguely defined discussions in a series of ad hoc committees and reports which started with Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's War Committee in August 1916.Less
This chapter examines the beginnings of Great Britain's preparation for the post-war peace settlement. It explains that Britain had been planning for the peace conference even before the armistice was signed in November 1918. It explains that the planning for the eventual post-war conference originated as vaguely defined discussions in a series of ad hoc committees and reports which started with Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's War Committee in August 1916.
Conan Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208006
- eISBN:
- 9780191716607
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208006.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter summarises and evaluates the pattern of Franco–German relations from the Armistice talks of late 1918 to the reparations crisis of autumn 1922. It explains how and why inter-Allied ...
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This chapter summarises and evaluates the pattern of Franco–German relations from the Armistice talks of late 1918 to the reparations crisis of autumn 1922. It explains how and why inter-Allied disagreements compromised the peace and reparations settlement, and investigates German responses to the reparations regime in particular. Specific events discussed include the 1918 Armistice, the Paris Peace Conference and Versailles Treaty of 1919, the London Reparations Agreement of 1921, the abortive attempts at rapprochement — Wiesbaden (1921) and Locarno (1922) — and the ensuing crises that persuaded the French army and government to launch an occupation of Germany's Ruhr District.Less
This chapter summarises and evaluates the pattern of Franco–German relations from the Armistice talks of late 1918 to the reparations crisis of autumn 1922. It explains how and why inter-Allied disagreements compromised the peace and reparations settlement, and investigates German responses to the reparations regime in particular. Specific events discussed include the 1918 Armistice, the Paris Peace Conference and Versailles Treaty of 1919, the London Reparations Agreement of 1921, the abortive attempts at rapprochement — Wiesbaden (1921) and Locarno (1922) — and the ensuing crises that persuaded the French army and government to launch an occupation of Germany's Ruhr District.
Karma Nabulsi
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294078
- eISBN:
- 9780191599972
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294077.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book examines wars and military occupation, and the ideas underlying them. The search for these ideas is conducted in the domain of the laws of war, a body of rules that sought to regulate the ...
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This book examines wars and military occupation, and the ideas underlying them. The search for these ideas is conducted in the domain of the laws of war, a body of rules that sought to regulate the practices of war and those permitted to fight in it. This work introduces three ideologies: the martial, Grotian, and republican. These traditions were rooted in incommensurable conceptions of the good life, and the overall argument is that their differences lay at the heart of the failure fully to resolve the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants at successive diplomatic conferences of Brussels in 1874, the Hague in 1899 and 1907, and Geneva in 1949. Based on a wide range of sources and a plurality of intellectual disciplines, the book places these diplomatic failures in their broader social and political contexts. By bringing out ideological continuities and drawing on the social history of army occupation in Europe and resistance to it, the book both challenges and illuminates the understanding of modern war.Less
This book examines wars and military occupation, and the ideas underlying them. The search for these ideas is conducted in the domain of the laws of war, a body of rules that sought to regulate the practices of war and those permitted to fight in it. This work introduces three ideologies: the martial, Grotian, and republican. These traditions were rooted in incommensurable conceptions of the good life, and the overall argument is that their differences lay at the heart of the failure fully to resolve the distinction between lawful and unlawful combatants at successive diplomatic conferences of Brussels in 1874, the Hague in 1899 and 1907, and Geneva in 1949. Based on a wide range of sources and a plurality of intellectual disciplines, the book places these diplomatic failures in their broader social and political contexts. By bringing out ideological continuities and drawing on the social history of army occupation in Europe and resistance to it, the book both challenges and illuminates the understanding of modern war.
Erik Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198215844
- eISBN:
- 9780191678226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198215844.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter examines how Great Britain's peace settlement plan materialized at the Paris peace conference in France. The British delegation did not have an overall strategic view of the post-war ...
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This chapter examines how Great Britain's peace settlement plan materialized at the Paris peace conference in France. The British delegation did not have an overall strategic view of the post-war world given the complex concerns of the Empire but the delegates were able to come through with basic principles which did not mutually contradict one another and which run right through British thinking on the post-war order. These principles were the New Europe, the balance of power, and imperial expansion.Less
This chapter examines how Great Britain's peace settlement plan materialized at the Paris peace conference in France. The British delegation did not have an overall strategic view of the post-war world given the complex concerns of the Empire but the delegates were able to come through with basic principles which did not mutually contradict one another and which run right through British thinking on the post-war order. These principles were the New Europe, the balance of power, and imperial expansion.
Neil Smith
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520230279
- eISBN:
- 9780520931527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520230279.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses the Paris Peace Conference, which resolved the diplomatic, territorial, and economic issues that provoked war. It defines the term “Old World” and notes that the Conference was ...
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This chapter discusses the Paris Peace Conference, which resolved the diplomatic, territorial, and economic issues that provoked war. It defines the term “Old World” and notes that the Conference was mostly about fixing the map of territorial possession among the nation-states. It looks at the Intelligence Section, which included Bowman, and the factual and cartographic materials it provided for the American commissioners. The territorial settlements and fixing of the borders of Poland and the Fiume/Rijeka Crisis are discussed, along with the House Affairs. The chapter ends with a discussion of the result of the conference, Bowman's dissatisfaction with President Wilson, and the cartography of ethnicity.Less
This chapter discusses the Paris Peace Conference, which resolved the diplomatic, territorial, and economic issues that provoked war. It defines the term “Old World” and notes that the Conference was mostly about fixing the map of territorial possession among the nation-states. It looks at the Intelligence Section, which included Bowman, and the factual and cartographic materials it provided for the American commissioners. The territorial settlements and fixing of the borders of Poland and the Fiume/Rijeka Crisis are discussed, along with the House Affairs. The chapter ends with a discussion of the result of the conference, Bowman's dissatisfaction with President Wilson, and the cartography of ethnicity.
Matthew Frank
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233649
- eISBN:
- 9780191716294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233649.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines initial British responses to developments in Poland and Czechoslovakia during the transition period from war to peace, when these states began expelling German populations and ...
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This chapter examines initial British responses to developments in Poland and Czechoslovakia during the transition period from war to peace, when these states began expelling German populations and creating faits accomplis on the ground in advance of any formal decisions being taken at a peace conference. The first signs of public disquiet in Britain at the manner in which Germans, from Czechoslovakia in particular, were being treated are examined, as is the decisive role that the British delegation at the Potsdam Conference played in ensuring that the Great Powers endorsed the principle of population transfer, and called for a halt to further expulsions until a plan for the organized transfer of Germans was in place.Less
This chapter examines initial British responses to developments in Poland and Czechoslovakia during the transition period from war to peace, when these states began expelling German populations and creating faits accomplis on the ground in advance of any formal decisions being taken at a peace conference. The first signs of public disquiet in Britain at the manner in which Germans, from Czechoslovakia in particular, were being treated are examined, as is the decisive role that the British delegation at the Potsdam Conference played in ensuring that the Great Powers endorsed the principle of population transfer, and called for a halt to further expulsions until a plan for the organized transfer of Germans was in place.
David Vital
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199246816
- eISBN:
- 9780191697623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246816.003.0035
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
When the Peace Conference was over and the delegations of Jews took stock, they could hardly be in doubt about the outcome. What the minorities treaties marked in practice was less the inauguration ...
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When the Peace Conference was over and the delegations of Jews took stock, they could hardly be in doubt about the outcome. What the minorities treaties marked in practice was less the inauguration of an era of generosity and good will towards the Jews than the point beyond which the powers of Europe, great and small, had refused to go on their behalf. The Alliance Israélite Universelle, always the flag-bearer of the anti-nationalist school in Jewry, promptly pronounced itself well satisfied with the Polish Treaty. The Alliance had always argued, its spokesmen pointed out, and had affirmed before the Peace Conference itself, that what the Jews needed before all else was full citizenship in each one of the new states: citizenship as individuals, that is to say, citizenship such as all inhabitants were entitled to enjoy without distinction of race, language, or religion – unless, indeed, they explicitly desired otherwise.Less
When the Peace Conference was over and the delegations of Jews took stock, they could hardly be in doubt about the outcome. What the minorities treaties marked in practice was less the inauguration of an era of generosity and good will towards the Jews than the point beyond which the powers of Europe, great and small, had refused to go on their behalf. The Alliance Israélite Universelle, always the flag-bearer of the anti-nationalist school in Jewry, promptly pronounced itself well satisfied with the Polish Treaty. The Alliance had always argued, its spokesmen pointed out, and had affirmed before the Peace Conference itself, that what the Jews needed before all else was full citizenship in each one of the new states: citizenship as individuals, that is to say, citizenship such as all inhabitants were entitled to enjoy without distinction of race, language, or religion – unless, indeed, they explicitly desired otherwise.
Erik Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198215844
- eISBN:
- 9780191678226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198215844.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of Great Britain for the 1919 peace conference in Paris, France. The experts proved invaluable in assisting Britain in the negotiations for they were ...
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This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of Great Britain for the 1919 peace conference in Paris, France. The experts proved invaluable in assisting Britain in the negotiations for they were the source of much of the intellectual vision which provided the underlying coherence in British diplomatic strategy. Despite the disappointment of the delegates, the British delegation in Paris attained the maximum possible in the circumstances and Britain left with more of its aims attained that any of its allies.Less
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of Great Britain for the 1919 peace conference in Paris, France. The experts proved invaluable in assisting Britain in the negotiations for they were the source of much of the intellectual vision which provided the underlying coherence in British diplomatic strategy. Despite the disappointment of the delegates, the British delegation in Paris attained the maximum possible in the circumstances and Britain left with more of its aims attained that any of its allies.
G. I. A. D. Draper
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198277712
- eISBN:
- 9780191598890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198277717.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Ideas about ‘just war’, having developed in ancient Rome, were adapted in the centuries after Christ as part of the thinking Western Church. St Augustine (ad 354–430), the most influential of the ...
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Ideas about ‘just war’, having developed in ancient Rome, were adapted in the centuries after Christ as part of the thinking Western Church. St Augustine (ad 354–430), the most influential of the Western fathers, laid down conditions that had to be satisfied if war was to be permissible. His ideas, later elaborated by St Thomas Aquinas (1226–74), Francisco de Vitoria (1480–1546) and others, formed the background to the work of Grotius, who made an important contribution with his emphasis on the idea of temperamenta belli, i.e. moderation in the conduct of war. Modern ideas about the application of law to warfare, which were codified at the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907, are not strictly those advanced by Grotius, but they stand in the Grotian tradition.Less
Ideas about ‘just war’, having developed in ancient Rome, were adapted in the centuries after Christ as part of the thinking Western Church. St Augustine (ad 354–430), the most influential of the Western fathers, laid down conditions that had to be satisfied if war was to be permissible. His ideas, later elaborated by St Thomas Aquinas (1226–74), Francisco de Vitoria (1480–1546) and others, formed the background to the work of Grotius, who made an important contribution with his emphasis on the idea of temperamenta belli, i.e. moderation in the conduct of war. Modern ideas about the application of law to warfare, which were codified at the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907, are not strictly those advanced by Grotius, but they stand in the Grotian tradition.
Erik Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198215844
- eISBN:
- 9780191678226
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198215844.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
The Paris Peace Conference marked a turning-point in international history generally, and for the British Empire in particular. This book studies the evolution of British plans for the peace ...
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The Paris Peace Conference marked a turning-point in international history generally, and for the British Empire in particular. This book studies the evolution of British plans for the peace settlement following the First World War. The introduction of expert advisers into the foreign policy process was a critical innovation. Some perceived new imperatives for the age; others remained wedded to traditional beliefs. The book shows that the handful of individuals closely involved in the formulation of foreign policy succeeded in creating a coherent diplomatic strategy. It examines the growth of government planning and the changing relations between the Civil Service and ministers. The book analyses the considerable influence of the little-studied Political Intelligence Department, whose members included Arnold Toynbee, Lewis Namier, Harold Nicolson, Alfred Zimmern, and Robert Vansittart.Less
The Paris Peace Conference marked a turning-point in international history generally, and for the British Empire in particular. This book studies the evolution of British plans for the peace settlement following the First World War. The introduction of expert advisers into the foreign policy process was a critical innovation. Some perceived new imperatives for the age; others remained wedded to traditional beliefs. The book shows that the handful of individuals closely involved in the formulation of foreign policy succeeded in creating a coherent diplomatic strategy. It examines the growth of government planning and the changing relations between the Civil Service and ministers. The book analyses the considerable influence of the little-studied Political Intelligence Department, whose members included Arnold Toynbee, Lewis Namier, Harold Nicolson, Alfred Zimmern, and Robert Vansittart.
William H. Boothby
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199569946
- eISBN:
- 9780191705250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569946.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the early rules, particularly those relating to poisons. The early beginnings of the modern law are charted, from the Lieber Code, through the St Petersburg Declaration to the ...
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This chapter discusses the early rules, particularly those relating to poisons. The early beginnings of the modern law are charted, from the Lieber Code, through the St Petersburg Declaration to the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. The learned writings of the 19th century are put in context and the evolution of the modern law, including the Geneva Gas Protocol, the Environmental Modification Convention, the Conventional Weapons Convention, and the Ottawa and Cluster Munitions Conventions, is related. The approach is to give a brief historical perspective against which the later detailed analysis of the respective texts can then be considered.Less
This chapter discusses the early rules, particularly those relating to poisons. The early beginnings of the modern law are charted, from the Lieber Code, through the St Petersburg Declaration to the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. The learned writings of the 19th century are put in context and the evolution of the modern law, including the Geneva Gas Protocol, the Environmental Modification Convention, the Conventional Weapons Convention, and the Ottawa and Cluster Munitions Conventions, is related. The approach is to give a brief historical perspective against which the later detailed analysis of the respective texts can then be considered.
