PAUL LAITY
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199248353
- eISBN:
- 9780191714672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248353.003.07
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
As the international crisis intensified, issues of peace and war were pushed to the front of British politics and peace activists, or pacifists as they were increasingly known, increased in number. ...
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As the international crisis intensified, issues of peace and war were pushed to the front of British politics and peace activists, or pacifists as they were increasingly known, increased in number. In the years prior to World War I, the peace movement passed into a new and more powerful phase. The existing peace associations welcomed this increase in activity and, by means of a series of National Peace Congresses and the recently founded National Peace Council, achieved some success in marshalling it into a united campaign. This chapter discusses the formation of the Rationalist Peace Society, the Church of England Peace League, the Associated Councils of Churches for Fostering Friendly Relations between the British and German Peoples, and the Anglo-German Friendship Society; the emergence of the Norman Angell movement or angellism; the International Arbitration and Peace Association; the International Arbitration League; the Peace Society; naval armaments; and anti-militarism. The pre-war peace movement's influence on British foreign policy is also considered.Less
As the international crisis intensified, issues of peace and war were pushed to the front of British politics and peace activists, or pacifists as they were increasingly known, increased in number. In the years prior to World War I, the peace movement passed into a new and more powerful phase. The existing peace associations welcomed this increase in activity and, by means of a series of National Peace Congresses and the recently founded National Peace Council, achieved some success in marshalling it into a united campaign. This chapter discusses the formation of the Rationalist Peace Society, the Church of England Peace League, the Associated Councils of Churches for Fostering Friendly Relations between the British and German Peoples, and the Anglo-German Friendship Society; the emergence of the Norman Angell movement or angellism; the International Arbitration and Peace Association; the International Arbitration League; the Peace Society; naval armaments; and anti-militarism. The pre-war peace movement's influence on British foreign policy is also considered.
PAUL LAITY
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199248353
- eISBN:
- 9780191714672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248353.003.06
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
In 1898, Russian Tsar Nicholas II, partly for reasons of his country's interest and partly from humanitarian impulse, invited the powers to a conference to discuss the worrying build-up of armaments ...
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In 1898, Russian Tsar Nicholas II, partly for reasons of his country's interest and partly from humanitarian impulse, invited the powers to a conference to discuss the worrying build-up of armaments and ‘the most effectual means of ensuring to all peoples the benefits of a real and durable peace’. The move was hailed by the peace associations as one of the most remarkable events of human history. W. T. Stead led a campaign in support of the Tsar, on a much bigger scale than the peace associations in Britain could have managed on their own. This chapter discusses the Hague conferences; the South African War, which presented the British peace movement with its greatest challenge since the Crimean War; how the Peace Society lost credibility within the peace movement because of its record on the South African War; and the International Arbitration League's position on the war.Less
In 1898, Russian Tsar Nicholas II, partly for reasons of his country's interest and partly from humanitarian impulse, invited the powers to a conference to discuss the worrying build-up of armaments and ‘the most effectual means of ensuring to all peoples the benefits of a real and durable peace’. The move was hailed by the peace associations as one of the most remarkable events of human history. W. T. Stead led a campaign in support of the Tsar, on a much bigger scale than the peace associations in Britain could have managed on their own. This chapter discusses the Hague conferences; the South African War, which presented the British peace movement with its greatest challenge since the Crimean War; how the Peace Society lost credibility within the peace movement because of its record on the South African War; and the International Arbitration League's position on the war.
PAUL LAITY
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199248353
- eISBN:
- 9780191714672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248353.003.02
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
On July 19, 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began. Rumours circulated that Napoleon III intended to invade Belgium, and the peace movement in Britain found itself having to counter a ‘strong, warlike ...
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On July 19, 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began. Rumours circulated that Napoleon III intended to invade Belgium, and the peace movement in Britain found itself having to counter a ‘strong, warlike feeling’ against the traditional enemy. The Peace Society responded to the crisis in a characteristically cautious manner; it circulated an address emphasising the fragility of ‘armed peace’. Artisan radicals, on the other hand, were eager to agitate for peace, expressing its opposition to the idea of British intervention against France. The Workmen's Peace Association, whose council members were all artisans, also opposed a British war against Russia. In August 1871, Henry Richard gave notice to the House of Commons of a motion in favour of international arbitration. Three months before, the Treaty of Washington had enlivened the campaign of peace activists and more optimistic international lawyers for a codification of international law and a permanent court to apply such a code.Less
On July 19, 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began. Rumours circulated that Napoleon III intended to invade Belgium, and the peace movement in Britain found itself having to counter a ‘strong, warlike feeling’ against the traditional enemy. The Peace Society responded to the crisis in a characteristically cautious manner; it circulated an address emphasising the fragility of ‘armed peace’. Artisan radicals, on the other hand, were eager to agitate for peace, expressing its opposition to the idea of British intervention against France. The Workmen's Peace Association, whose council members were all artisans, also opposed a British war against Russia. In August 1871, Henry Richard gave notice to the House of Commons of a motion in favour of international arbitration. Three months before, the Treaty of Washington had enlivened the campaign of peace activists and more optimistic international lawyers for a codification of international law and a permanent court to apply such a code.
Martin Ceadel
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198226741
- eISBN:
- 9780191678660
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198226741.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book identifies the dominant pre-modern theory of international relations, which fatalistically assumed that war was beyond human control. It then shows how this theory was undermined from the ...
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This book identifies the dominant pre-modern theory of international relations, which fatalistically assumed that war was beyond human control. It then shows how this theory was undermined from the 1730s onwards, with the consequence that a debate began about how best to prevent war in which a vocal minority argued that war as an institution for settling disputes could be abolished. Britain led the way in this repudiation of fatalism and exploration of pacific alternatives: it produced the world’s first peace movement (which appeared in the mid-1790s as a response to the French wars) and the first enduring national peace association (the Peace Society, founded in 1816 and active for nearly a century); and it was the first country to allow peace thinking (for example, as expounded by Richard Cobden) to enter its political mainstream.Less
This book identifies the dominant pre-modern theory of international relations, which fatalistically assumed that war was beyond human control. It then shows how this theory was undermined from the 1730s onwards, with the consequence that a debate began about how best to prevent war in which a vocal minority argued that war as an institution for settling disputes could be abolished. Britain led the way in this repudiation of fatalism and exploration of pacific alternatives: it produced the world’s first peace movement (which appeared in the mid-1790s as a response to the French wars) and the first enduring national peace association (the Peace Society, founded in 1816 and active for nearly a century); and it was the first country to allow peace thinking (for example, as expounded by Richard Cobden) to enter its political mainstream.
Martin Ceadel
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241170
- eISBN:
- 9780191696893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241170.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Peace activism underwent a disappointing relapse during the intervention of Britain in Egypt and Sudan. The established primary movement faltered through difficulties in both financial and ...
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Peace activism underwent a disappointing relapse during the intervention of Britain in Egypt and Sudan. The established primary movement faltered through difficulties in both financial and ideological aspects as one of the most conspicuous independent publicist W. T. Stead became one of the peace movement's biggest burdens as he did not take the peace cause until 1894. In order to mobilize support on particular issues, primary associations created ad hoc bodies one clear example of which is the Arbitration Alliance created in 1894 to win support from the churches on specific issues. This period is disappointing in the history of peace movement as primary associations left the goal of promoting ideas to rather focus on their own internal problems.Less
Peace activism underwent a disappointing relapse during the intervention of Britain in Egypt and Sudan. The established primary movement faltered through difficulties in both financial and ideological aspects as one of the most conspicuous independent publicist W. T. Stead became one of the peace movement's biggest burdens as he did not take the peace cause until 1894. In order to mobilize support on particular issues, primary associations created ad hoc bodies one clear example of which is the Arbitration Alliance created in 1894 to win support from the churches on specific issues. This period is disappointing in the history of peace movement as primary associations left the goal of promoting ideas to rather focus on their own internal problems.
Martin Ceadel
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241170
- eISBN:
- 9780191696893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241170.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The optimism regarding Britain's peace movement waned by the time of the Crimean War as during the 18th century there were already changing attitudes towards both international relations and ...
More
The optimism regarding Britain's peace movement waned by the time of the Crimean War as during the 18th century there were already changing attitudes towards both international relations and political activism. This geared the possibility of a peace association as suggested by the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham in 1789 as the first peace campaign of the world began early in Britain's French wars of February 1793 to June 1815. The long conflict brought to establishment the first peace associations and the peace movement of Britain enjoyed favourable geographical and cultural conditions. It was an impressive first six decades for Britain's peace movement as it faced adversity both during and after the French war leading to the establishment of pacifism as significant minority viewpoint within the debate of war or peace.Less
The optimism regarding Britain's peace movement waned by the time of the Crimean War as during the 18th century there were already changing attitudes towards both international relations and political activism. This geared the possibility of a peace association as suggested by the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham in 1789 as the first peace campaign of the world began early in Britain's French wars of February 1793 to June 1815. The long conflict brought to establishment the first peace associations and the peace movement of Britain enjoyed favourable geographical and cultural conditions. It was an impressive first six decades for Britain's peace movement as it faced adversity both during and after the French war leading to the establishment of pacifism as significant minority viewpoint within the debate of war or peace.
Heloise Brown
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719065309
- eISBN:
- 9781781700457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719065309.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter reviews the study of the Peace Society and suggests that it was simply impractical to expect pacifists divided by Christianity in the peace principle to work together. Yet the work of ...
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This chapter reviews the study of the Peace Society and suggests that it was simply impractical to expect pacifists divided by Christianity in the peace principle to work together. Yet the work of one of the most active women in the late nineteenth-century peace movement demonstrates that it was possible for absolute pacifists to work closely with non-absolutists, even when differences of opinion and principle occurred. Priscilla Peckover provides a key example of interorganisational co-operation, especially in respect of the mass movement she generated: the Local Peace Associations. Her methods of working drew upon both Quaker ideals and domestic ideology. In contrast to the Peace Society's approach, which was often both defensive and, to some extent, uncooperative, Peckover was influenced by gendered norms of behaviour that, when combined with her Quaker background and the context of the peace movement, gave rise to more collaborative and conciliatory methods.Less
This chapter reviews the study of the Peace Society and suggests that it was simply impractical to expect pacifists divided by Christianity in the peace principle to work together. Yet the work of one of the most active women in the late nineteenth-century peace movement demonstrates that it was possible for absolute pacifists to work closely with non-absolutists, even when differences of opinion and principle occurred. Priscilla Peckover provides a key example of interorganisational co-operation, especially in respect of the mass movement she generated: the Local Peace Associations. Her methods of working drew upon both Quaker ideals and domestic ideology. In contrast to the Peace Society's approach, which was often both defensive and, to some extent, uncooperative, Peckover was influenced by gendered norms of behaviour that, when combined with her Quaker background and the context of the peace movement, gave rise to more collaborative and conciliatory methods.
Heloise Brown
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719065309
- eISBN:
- 9781781700457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719065309.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Political History
In late 1894, Priscilla Peckover handed the Ladies' Peace Auxiliary and the Local Peace Association movement over to Ellen Robinson, a fellow Quaker and long-standing colleague in the peace movement. ...
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In late 1894, Priscilla Peckover handed the Ladies' Peace Auxiliary and the Local Peace Association movement over to Ellen Robinson, a fellow Quaker and long-standing colleague in the peace movement. Robinson reorganised the Auxiliary, renaming it the Peace Union, and began to work for the establishment of a union of women's peace societies across Europe and North America. This union, despite the Peace Society's reservations in relation to the International Peace Bureau about linking itself with European movements, received notice in the Herald for its ‘truly international and widely useful’ work. This chapter explores how the fact that both Robinson and Peckover's first work was done locally suggests that their approach differed significantly from the men's peace movements of this period. The contributions of Peckover and Robinson to pacifist feminist ideas can be seen in the impact that both had upon the roles of women within the peace movement, especially the Peace Society.Less
In late 1894, Priscilla Peckover handed the Ladies' Peace Auxiliary and the Local Peace Association movement over to Ellen Robinson, a fellow Quaker and long-standing colleague in the peace movement. Robinson reorganised the Auxiliary, renaming it the Peace Union, and began to work for the establishment of a union of women's peace societies across Europe and North America. This union, despite the Peace Society's reservations in relation to the International Peace Bureau about linking itself with European movements, received notice in the Herald for its ‘truly international and widely useful’ work. This chapter explores how the fact that both Robinson and Peckover's first work was done locally suggests that their approach differed significantly from the men's peace movements of this period. The contributions of Peckover and Robinson to pacifist feminist ideas can be seen in the impact that both had upon the roles of women within the peace movement, especially the Peace Society.
